a) What are the effects of education on economic development? (b) Explain the relationship between education and economic development.

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Education
Education can be variedly defined depending on the purpose it is meant to serve and the discipline in perspective.  In Sociology, education can be simply explained as an activity which goes on in a society where its aims and methods depend on the nature of the society in which it takes place.
This means that education is to provide well behaved individuals in the society and persons who have the ability to analyze and organize ideas to be able to contribute meaningfully towards the development of the society in which they live. Education in any society is to help transmit to the young the culture of that society.
It invariably means that every member of the society has the statutory function to transmit knowledge for the survival of individuals.  The home transmit informal education, the school delivers formal education while the open society transmit non-formal education.  It is unavoidably possible to live in any society without one form of education or the other.  Hence, education is a veritable tool for human growth and development,( Claudia & Dobrin,2005).
Therefore education refers to the process of transmitting knowledge, skills values and attitude from one generation to another.
Economic development
Economic development means the proportion of national income that is devoted to physical investment. John Vaizey redefines economic development as the total effect of development of the labor force, the accumulation of physical capital, and additions to the stock of knowledge and the skill available in the community.
Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries, regions or communities for wellbeing of their people. From a police perspective, economic development can be defined efforts that seek to improve the economic wellbeing and quality of life for a community by creating and or retaining jobs and supporting or growing incomes and tax base. (S. Davis, 1995 2007).


RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Education and economic development has positive relationship since economic development of any country depend much on the education. The level of education of the country can determine the level of economic development of that country.
The following are the relationship between education and economic development.
·         Education is an important means towards the production of material wealth;the role of human resources in the economic delovepment of country is more important. Education changes a man into manpower. According Alfred marshal, Education produces a man more intelligence, more ready and trustworthy.  Education has the power to improve quality and make human resource more productive; Since through education the country can get professional people who are creative and efficiency also people who have enough ability to use different modern machines in production, ( Claudia& Dobrin,2005).
·         Education alleviates poverty as it produces skilled labor and creates right attitude to work and development. This means that the increased access to education can contribute to reduce poverty this is through acquired basic skills such as reading, wrings and numeracy have a documented positive effect on marginalized population’s incomes. Therefore it increases the rate of return on economy, ( Davis, 2007).

·         Education determines the wage structure, the profile of professional values and guarantees economic security of the people. As we can see in today’s economy people with education are given high priority in production and other sectors and also the level of education determine the wage structure in the sense thatlabor who are educated has more high wage compared to uneducated labor,( Claudia & Dobrin,2005).


·         Education provide the labor force with the manpower that matches the need of the economy; As we know that the curriculum in education change as the needs of the society or country’s economy change therefore wherever needs of the economy change people will be trained according to the needs of the economy at that time there the labors which are output of education will have man power that matches with the needs of the economy, (Aysit&NilGungor,2013).


EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Education have great effect in economic development as it has brought changes in different areas such as, the effect of education on labor productivity, poverty, trade, technology, health, income distribution and family structure. Where by this are the important areas which can contribute much on the increase or decrease of the countries development economically.
The following are effect of education on economic development in different area;
Education and Productivity; educational provisions within any given country represent one of the main determinants of the composition and growth of that country’s output and exports and constitute an important ingredient in a system’s capacity to borrow foreign technology effectively. Both primary and secondary education all raise the productivity of workers, rural and urban; secondary education, including vocational, facilitates the acquisition of skills and managerial capacity, also tertiary education supports the development of basic science, the appropriate selection of technology imports and the domestic adaptation and development of technologies. Secondary and tertiary education also represent critical elements in the development of key institutions, of government, the law, and the financial system, among others, all essential for economic growth.
Also in  agriculture, shows positive effects of education on productivity among farmers using modern technologies, but less impact, as might be expected, among those using traditional methods and this is a result of education.
Education is also an important contributor to technological capability and technical change in industry. Example, showed that the skill and education levels of workers and entrepreneurs should be positively related to the rate of technical change of the firm. The higher the level of education of the work force the higher the overall productivity of capital because the more educated are more likely to innovate, and thus affect everyone’s productivity. In other models a similar externality is generated as the increased education of individuals raises not only their own productivity but also that of others with whom they interact, so that total productivity increases as the average level of education rise,( Ozturk, 2001).

Education and Income; There is also a positive feedback from improved education to greater income equality, which, in turn, is likely to favor higher rates of growth. As education becomes more broadly based, low-income people are better able to seek out economic opportunities. Education may affect per capita income growth via its impact on the denominator, i.e. population growth. Example nowadays in Tanzania there is education about family planning this lead do decrease in population growth of the countries as is expected that per capital income should be direct proportional to population growth. This will help people to afford their basic needs and also to be able to save and invest in their economy as the result country economic development will also go higher,(Ozturk, 2001).

Education and the Family; One has to start with the family since family is where human capital come from and it constitutes a successful investment in human capital, either at the individual or national level and  it is the foundation of a good society and of economic success. Families make a variety of decisions. One is whether to have many children or to have fewer children. Also some try to do more for each child. As countries develop, the trend shifts very strongly toward the latter. Every nation that has developed has done that, some in remarkably short periods of time.
More educated men and women tend to invest more in their own health and the health of their children. Indeed, education may be the single most important personal determinant of a person’s health and life expectancy.
Education of the poor helps improve their food intake not only by raising their incomes and spending on food but also by inducing them to make better, healthier, choices. All the studies from different nations I have seen indicate that educated persons tend to consume a healthier diet even when the total amount spent on food is held constant. Of course, the relation between education and better health and life expectancy involves causation in both directions, for greater health and lower mortality also induce larger investments in education and other human capital since rates of return on these investments are greater when the expected amount of working time is greater,( Ozturk, 2001).

Education and Trade;some countries have successfully combined openness and investment in learning and education, forming a virtuous circle: openness creates demand for education, and learning and education make a country’s export sector more competitive. Knowledge accumulation influences a country’s trade performance and competitiveness, trade, in turn, enhances knowledge accumulation, especially through imports.
David and Loewy, (1995). Lucas notes that to sustain any kind of knowledge accumulation, a country has to be outward-oriented and a significant exporter. Young and Keller find that trade itself cannot be the engine of growth, but rather must operate throughout some mechanism, such as the formation of human capital, to affect growth.
 A World Bank study found that economic growth rates in a sample of 60 developing countries during 1965-87 were especially high where there was a combination of a high level of education and macroeconomic stability and openness (Tilak, 1989). The impact of trade openness on long-term growth thus depends on how well people are able to absorb and use the information and technology made available through trade and foreign investment. 
It is widely accepted that in order to adapt to an environment of stronger competition, and to a world emphasizing the role of information, knowledge and skills, advanced economies need continuously to upgrade the overall quality of their labor force,(Ozturk, 2001).
Conclusion
Education is indispensable to economic development. No economic development is possible without good education. A balanced education system promotes not only economic development, but productivity, and generates individual income per capita. Its influence is noticeable at the micro level of an individual family.
Education alone, cannot transform an economy. The quantity and quality of investment, domestic and foreign, together with the overall policy environment, form the other important determinants of economic performance. Yet the level of human development has a bearing on these factors too. The quality of policy making and of investment decisions is bound to be influenced by the education of both policy makers and managers; moreover, the volume of both domestic and foreign investment is likely to be larger when a system’s human capital supply is more plentiful




















REFERENCES
Ozturk, Ilhan, 2001. "The role of education in economic development: a theoretical perspective," MPRA Paper 9023, University Library of Munich, Germany. AysitTansel&NilGungor,(2013):Gender effects of education on economic development  in Turkey.
Claudia Cicea& Cosmin Dobrin, (2005): The contribution of education on the economic development.
Strike Mbulawa&Piyush Mehta, 2016. "The Effect of Access and Quality of Education on Economic Development in Botswana," International Journal of Business, Economics and Management, Conscientia Beam, vol. 3(11), pages 144-159.
S. Davis,(2007). Economic development Association.
Tilak, J.B., (1989), “Education and its Relation to Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Distribution: Past Evidence and Further Analysis” World Bank Working Papers 46.
Ben-David, D. and M. Loewy, (1995), “Free Trade and Long Run Growth”, CEPR working paper 1183

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