Passivisation

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Passivisation is the transformation of a sentence from an active form to a passive form. Through the process of passivition the direct object of an active (declarative sentence) can become the subject of a passive sentence, for example of passivisation
(a)The man in the service station was seen by Muriel (active)
(b)The man was seen by Muriel in the service station (object)
In the case of passivition in English language we are looking two things according to the meaning. Active and passive voice which appeared in sentence level. Let us look the meaning of active and passive voice.
            Active voice, this is when a verb form shows that the subject has done something. In this voice the subject of the sentence performs an action. The subject appears at the beginning of the clause or sentence. For examples
·         Elia visited Happy
·         I shall bring you a book
·         We invite our best friend
Passive voice, this is when a verb form shows that something has been done to the subject. Or is the one in which the action of the sentence is performed by the object. In this a sentence begins with an object. For examples
·         Elia was visited by Happy
·         Our best friend is invited by us
·         A book shall be brought by me                                           
Note that;
·         It should be noted that passive voice is only possible with the transitive verb(the ones that carries an object)
·         Passive voice allows a speaker or writer to mention or omit the subject stressing the focus to what has been done and not the doer(agent)
·         Not all verbs allow passivization to the same extent

How to change Active sentence into Passive sentence or voice
            In changing or transforming active sentence or voice to passive sentence we are to consider:
a.      Tenses and aspect
b.      Verb to be (am, is,was,are,were,be,been,being,)
c.       Personal pronouns (I ,we, you, he, she, it, they which are subjective case and me, us, you, her/hers/him, it and them which are objective case                                                                            
Roles for changing Active sentence to passive voice
a.   Separate a sentence into a subject, verb and object
For example; Andrea wrote   a letter
                        S              V          O
            b.    The object of the sentence must be turned into subject position
                        For example; A letter was written by Andrew
C.     The verb “to be” form must be inserted according to the appropriate tense of the verb
d.        The participle of the verb must be used
            For example; The letter was written by Andrew
            e.       Add the preposition “by” soon after the verb
            f. The subject must be changed into an object position                                                          For example;The letter was written by Andrew
           
Active and Passive voice with Regard to Tenses and Aspect
1.Present simple Tense
            Formula; Am / is / are / + Participle
For examples:
            Actives sentences                                           Passive sentences
            We play music                                                 Music is played by us
            She helps children                                           Children are helped by him
2. Simple past tense
            Formula; Was/ were/+by+participle
For examples:
Active sentences                                                         Passive sentences
  He wrote a letter                                           A letter was written by her
  I drove a car to the garage       A car was driven by me to the garage

3. Present continuous tense
            Formula; is / are + being + past participle
For example;
Active sentences                                                         passive sentences
She is teaching the students                                          The students are being taught by her                                                    My friend is washing clothes                                      Clothes are being painted by my friend

4. Past continuous
            Formula: Was /Were + Being +Participle
For example;
Active sentences                                                                     Passive sentences
Fussy was teaching us                         we were being taught by fussy
We were eating rice                                        Rice was being eaten by us

5. Present perfect
            Formula; Have / has + been + past participle
For example;
Active sentences                                                                     passive sentences
 I have killed a snake                          A snake has been killed by me
 Samira has invited you                               You have been invited by Samira
6. Past perfective
            Formula; Had + been+ participle
For example:
Active sentences                                                                     Passive sentences
I had killed a snake                                         A snake had been killed by me
Anna had invited you                                                 You had been invited by John

7. Present perfect continuous
            Formula; Has/have + been + being + participle
For example:
Active sentences                                                                     Passive sentences  John has been studying English   English has been being studied by John
He has been peeling potatoes  Potatoes have been being peeled by him

8. Past perfect continuous
Formula: Had + been +being + Participate
For example:
Active sentences                                                                     Passive sentences  We had been being fetching water  Water had been being fetched by us
Students had been studying English    English had been being studied by student.
9. Future Tense
            Formula: Shall/ will + Be + Participle
For example:Active sentence                                          Passive sentences
Elia will marry Amina                                     Amina will be married by Elia
I shall help Musa to wash cloths         Musa will be helped by me to wash cloths


10. Future continuous
            Formula: Shall/will + being +participle
For example;
Active sentences                                                                     Passive sentences
Shall be sweeping the class                 The class will be being swept by me
He will be directing people        People will being directed  by him

11. Future perfect
            Formula: Shall /will + have +been + participle
For example:
Active sentences                                                         Passive sentences
I shall have seen her                                        She will have been seen by me
John will have taught us                     We shall have been taught by John

12. Future perfect continuous
            Formula: Shall /will + have + been + being + participle
For example;
Active sentence                                                                                  passive sentence                     He will have been playing music    Music will have been being played by him                   Merry will have been writing notes    Notes will have been being written by marry
                                               



   
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        REFERENCE

Jayanthi, D.M. (2009). Contemporary English Grammar. New Delhi:Book Palace.
Leech, G. & Starvik, J. (2001).A Communicative Grammar of English. London: Longman.
Forlini, G.(1987).Grammar and Composition (3rd  ed). New Delhi: Prentice Hall.   

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