An Assessment of the sunflower production in socio-economic development in Ikungi district, a case of Ikungi district
STELLA MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE
(A constituent College of Saint Augustine university of Tanzania)
Faculty
of Education
An
Assessment of the sunflower production in socio-economic development in Ikungi
district,
a case of Ikungi district
A Research Proposal submitted to the Faculty of Education
in Partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award Bachelor of Arts with
Education of Stella Maris Mtwara University College.
PAULO RENALDA B
STE/BAED/162931
0762643798
CERTIFICATION
The
undersigned certifies that, he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by
Stella Maris Mtwara University Colleges (A
Constituent College of Saint Augustine University of Tanzania) a research
report entailed: The
Contribution of sunflower production to socio-economic development of Ikungi
District, full fulfillment of the requirements for
the award the Bachelor Degree of Arts with Education.
Fr.
Lubuva
(Supervisor)
Signature…………………
Date………………………
DECLARATION
I declare that this research report is my original
work to the best level of my knowledge and my understanding capacity except
where stated and was submitted to Stella Maris Mtwara University College in
full fulfillment for the award the Bachelor Degree of Arts with Education and
it has not been presented to any other university or higher learning
institution for similar or any other Bachelor Degree award.
Researcher’s name PAULO, Renalda B
Signature………………………………
Date……………………………………
DEDICATION
This
work is dedicated to my beloved parents, Mr. Bonifasi P. Sungita and Mrs Rehema
Kimoho who contribute much in education of my education.
This
work also dedicated to my beloved grandparents for both side Mr. Lameck Kimoho
and his wife Maria, also Mr. Paulo Sungita and his wife Salome, my lovely Flora
Sungita sister and her husband Philipo Mhinjo, together with their families for
their courage, compassion and love they show to me during my studies.
COPYLIGHT
No part of this
work may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmitted in any other
form including photocopying electronic or mechanical recording or otherwise
without the prior written permission of the author or Stella Maris Mtwara University
College, a constituent of St. Augustine University of Tanzania on behalf
Copyright
Paulo Renalda B.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I thank God the almighty for guiding me during my
all study until this moment of accomplishing my studies, for I understand that
without his presence I could not be able to reach this stage.
Second, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my
supervisor Fr, Lubuva for wise advice, constructive criticism and tireless
guidance during all the period of my studies. I really appreciate his
consultation and without him my academic dreams would not become a reality.
Third, I would like to thank the Ward Executive Officer (WEO) at
Nkuninkana Village for the warm welcome, and for introducing me to the Village
Executive Officer (VEO) who assisted me by introducing me to the smallholder
farmers in the village.
Fourth, my sincere gratitude should go to the Village Executive
Officer (VEO) in the surveyed villages namely: Paulo Alphonce for providing me
with cooperation and allowing conducting the research in their areas.
Fifth, I would like to extend my thanks to smallholder farmers in
all villages to whom questionnaires were administered, for their co-operation
when I were soliciting information required for the present study.
Lastly, but not least, I
would like to pass my thanks to my parents Mr. Bonifasi P. Sungita and Mrs Rehema Kimoho grandparents for both side MR Lameck Kimoho
and his wife Maria, also Mr. Paulo Sungita and his wife Salome , my lovely
sister Flora Sungita and her husband
Philipo Mhinjo . I thank all mentioned for their moral,
spiritual and material support, patience and encourage which is one way or
another made my study to be successfully, it is not easy to mention all who
contribute in one way or another in making this work done, but I say thank you
to all of you .and all might God bless you all with his mercy.
ABSTRACT
Sunflower
is the one of the new crop in Tanzania that has high contribution to farmers to
food and income of farmers. It is one of the biggest source of fats, protein,
carbohydrates, and vitamin for human consumption. The crops is also the source
of human nutritious minerals as well as others manufactured animal feed. Despite
the cited overall importance of the crop amongst small holders in the farmers
in the country. The aim of the study was to investigate the contribution of
sunflower production to social economic development of Ikungi district, the study was conducted in Puma ward in Ikungi district. The result revealed that the contribution of sunflower production
socio-economic development contribute income of the households and used as source
of animal feed demand for edible oil.
Table
of Contents
LIST
OF ABBEREVIATION
FAO –Food
and Agricultural Organization
FYM-Farm
Yard Manure
GCC- Global
Commodity Chain
GVS- Global
Value Chain
TFA-Tanganyika
Farmers Association
TFDA-Tanzania
Food Drugs and Authority
VEO- Village
Executive Office
WEO-Ward
Executive Office
WFP-World
Food Program
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This
section will discuss the background of the problem, statement of the problem,
research objectives, research questions, purpose of the study, significance of
the study, scope of the study, definition of the key terms and conceptual
framework.
1.1
Background of the problem
The
world production of sunflower depending on favorable weather condition in major
producing countries and decreased demands for the oil seeds in the world
market. The better price in the market spiral for increased production the
coming season due to high expectation for better returns to producers; other
factors increase preferences for the consumers in the market and favorable
government policies are mostly promote collection and trading of the crops in
both local and international markets (FAO, 2010).
In
other words, sunflower is used in production of oil, cake, confectionery
products. This is usually conducted through crushing and refinery process,
crushing process offers income and employment opportunities for different
actors involved in the world value chain. Globally sunflower producing
countries are the major sunflower producers due to their high production of
seeds which attract huge investment from edible-oil companies from around the
world (Mielke, 2013).
Besides,
South Africa is the largest producer of sunflower seeds in Africa raking eight
in the world, the country production stands at the average of 699000 MT per
annum. Most of seeds are marketed locally to sunflower marketers, animal food
manufacturers and for seed only 3 percentage of the seeds produced in South
Africa are marketed to international markets such as Kenya, Pakistan, and
France (Republic of South Africa, 2015).
In
Africa tropical countries, Tanzania production stands at 108000MT per annum,
Sudan 18000MT, Kenya 12000MT, Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. Most of sunflower
oil is consumed in these countries of origin and less than 30% reaches the
international market. Low exports of sunflower oil are attributed to high demands
in the domestic market. Low quality and standard restrict the flow to
international market and to most small scale processors (Berglund, 2007).
Tanzania
is ranked second and tenth producer of sunflower seeds in Africa and world
respectively (FAOSTAT, 20150 in Trienekens). The country accounts for 2.4% of
the world share in sunflower seed production which has increased of fold from
135000MT in 2000 to 1083000MT in 2013. Apart from the ranking above,
production, processing and marketing of sunflower are very low in Tanzania
compared to other countries in the world due to large dependence on rain-fed
agriculture, poor mechanization for cultivation, using hand-hoe, small size of
most processors, unbranded and low quality products. Sunflower is cultivated by
around 250000 households in Tanzania, these households are smallholder farmers
owning an average of 0.422 hectares using hand hoes, with a few medium and
large scale farmer cultivating 405 hectares (TEOSA, 2012) in (FAO, 2010).
It
is estimated more than 80% of these smallholders are located in central
corridors (Manyara, Singida, and Morogoro) and southern highland regions
(Kigoma, Iringa, Mbeya).The seed type grown by these smallholder farmers is
record, the seed was initially introduced in Tanzania before 1950s and it is
patented by ARI-ILONGA, this seed cultivars can be grown in drier regions, 200M
altitude but they are unsuitable for humid climate temperature for optimum growth and 23 to 27
degree centigrade and yield of 1.0 to 2.0 tons per hectares, when sunflower
grown in hotter climate, the content is lower and composition of oil change
with less linoleic and more oleic-acid content which reduces the nutritional content
of the oil (TEOSA, 2012).
In
line with TEOSA, MMA (2000) in opine that the other seeds include SRN 1435
was introduced in the country in 1995 by the Monsanto Kenya seed company,
PAN7352 (2002) by PINNER Kenya seed company, K-fedha (2006) by Kenya seed
company. These varieties are grown in altitude 500-2250 with yield of 1.5 to
3.5 tons per hectares. The researcher is therefore has chosen this typical kind
of the problem because the farmers in sunflower production encounter several
challenges like poor marketing, lack of power to bargain the better price, economic
freedom is limited as result of land conflicts and outdated means of farming
methods (Mielkel, 2013).
1.2
Statement of the problem
If
you embark on any kind of business you expect to have a business that gives a
maximum profit. The opposite is equally true to the business that does not give
profit. Sunflower production in Ikungi district is dwindling due many factors
that are not yet properly investigated Sussana Larsson (2015), came out with
result that intends to investigate position of individual only and suggest that
the only way to improve sunflower production is to use modern method in
production
Yohana Elia
Sintoo (2015) conducted research on factors affecting income of smallholder
sunflower farmers in Singida Region by saying that sunflower production will be
increased by suits challenges such as poor market, unreliable rainfall, poor
infrastructures, Also he suggested that government should play its role in
surfer guiding the interest of the farmers by streaming the private sector to
setup their purchase points and storage center’s in the major sunflower
production areas.
Cuthebert
William Mushi (2016) conducted research on cost efficiency of small scale
sunflower processors in Dodoma region. He suggested that there is a need to
ensure their reliable supply of seeds and power supply which could increase the
processors’ capacity utilization and efficiency.
Despite
of the efforts done by different writers and researchers the problem is still
in existence therefore this study intends to fill the gap left by previous
researchers.
1.3
Research Objectives
1.3.1
General Objective.
This
study intends to investigate on the contribution of sunflower production to the
socio-economic development of Ikungi district
1.3.
2 Specific Objectives
This study will be guided by the following
research objectives;
a)
To
identify the contribution of the sunflower production in socio-economic development in Ikungi
district
b)
To find out challenges facing
sunflower production in socio-economic development in Ikungi district
c)
To establish solutions so as to
improve sunflower production to
socio-economic development of Ikungi district
1.4
Research Question
This study will be carried by the
following questions;
a)
What are the contributions of
sunflower production in socio-economic development in Ikungi district?
b)
What are the challenges led low
contribution of sunflower production in socio-economic development of Ikungi
district?
c)
What are possible solutions should
be done to the sunflower production in order to improve socio-economic
development of Ikungi district?
1.5 Significance/ rationale of the study
Significance
means the importance of the study to the researcher, to the society and
government
The
study will be helpful to the researcher and community at large.
To the researcher
This
study will help the researcher to be awarded the degree of education
To The farmers
Famers
will benefit by improving their cropping methods to step ahead in this kind of
cash crop as well as getting chance to seek better approaches used from their
neighboring agricultural and livestock officers.
To the government
The
study will shade some light to the government on the importance sunflower
production to the socio-economic development,
To the further research
The
study will add some benefits for the coming researchers
1.6 Scope of the study
Scope of the study means
is the coverage of the study where researcher will be covered during data
collection (Admin, 2014).
This
study was conducted in Ikungi district .Ikungi district is one
of six
district of the Singida region of Tanzania , also Ikungi district is one
of new twenty (20) district that were formed in Tanzania since 2010. Ikungi
district it lie between longitude 05◦ 08′ South and 34◦46′ East. It was split
from Singida rural district. Ikungi district is bordered to the north by Iramba
district, Singida urban district and Singida rural district, to the east by Manyara
region, to the south by Manyoni district and the west by Tabora region. Its
administrative seat is town of Ikungi. Ikungi district it occupies 8,861km
square. Ikungi have twenty six wards including Puma, Kituntu, Mungaa, iseke,
Ihanja, and others. The study include Puma ward.
1.7 The Limitation of study
Limitation
of the study refers to the problem which will be challenge for researcher
during data collection or methodology that impacted or influenced the
interpretation of the findings from your research (Price, 2004).
The
researcher expected to face the following limitations during the research
i.
Inadequate fund. Due to shortage of funds the researcher decided to reduce
number of respondent in order to meet financial needs of the study
ii.
Long distance. The research was conducted in three different villages of Puma
ward, there was a long distance from one village to the other. This would have
consumed a lot of time during my data collection, in order not to run into such
a problem researcher used motorcycle so as to accomplish the research on time.
iii. Language barrier. The
researcher also faced the problem of language barrier, which led to find
translator so as translate
iv. Insufficient time for
conducting research. The allocated time for conduct a detailed was research was
not enough, therefore I had sacrifice my leisure time so as to meet the
required time.
1.8 Conceptual framework
Conceptual
framework is an analytical tool with several variations and contexts. It can be
applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is needed
(Riggan 2012). The study will guided by some constructs and models emphasizing
on the assessment of sunflower production in socio-economic development in
Ikungi district. The following conceptual framework underlies the protocol; the
definitions of terms often lead to the need for other definitions, in a logical
sequence.
·
Optimum pollination; the pollination
that leads to maximum sexual reproduction output given current available
resources over the lifetime of the plant. In the case of crops, this refers to
the agricultural output that depends upon pollination, and it takes into
account the production objectives in relation to the market and sustainability
of the crop management.
·
Pollination deficit: qualitative and
quantitative in adequate pollen receipt which decreases the sexual reproductive
output of plants (Wilcock and Neiland2002).
·
Quantitative pollination deficit is
insufficient number of conspecific pollen grains deposited onto the stigma
during the effective pollination period. In this deficit, insufficient
transport and deposition of pollens onto the stigmas and lack of male-fertile flowers
relative to male-sterile one in hybrid seed production may act as conditions
for its existence.
Figure
no. 1. DEFICIT POLLINATION
Source:
(Wilcock and Neiland2002).
Qualitative
pollination deficit is when sufficient conspecific pollen deposited onto the
stigma, but this pollen is not effective for fertilization. This reduce pollen
quality may result from a low intrinsic viability and /or the genetic origin of
the pollen in self-incompatible species for which pollen must come from a plant
genetically different from that of the receptive stigma for fertilization to
take place. In this deficit, poor pollen viability, as in some fruits varieties
and crops such as strawberry when grown under low light and lack of pollinizer
flowers in self-incompatible crops all these act as conditions for the
pollination deficit to occur.
Pollination
level is critical for the yield for all crops in which their output is a
product of sexual reproduction. However, the precise relationship between the
yield and the number and genetic diversity of pollen grains that reach the
stigma during effective pollination period is known, it is not possible to
quantify directly the optimum level of pollination service needed to achieve
maximum sustainable output. It then becomes necessary to use alternate variable
as proxies to assess this level of pollination. Examples of pollinating species
includes; pollinator density (number of pollinators) and pollinator diversity.
1.9 Definition of the key terms
The
study expects to explain the difficult terms to understand by the researcher
while dealing with the problem; assessment, sunflower, and socio-economic
development.
a) Assessment- is
the process of gathering and discussing information from multiple and diverse sources
in order to develop a deep understanding of what somebody know, understand and can do with their knowledge as result of
their experience. Research assessment includes
evaluation of research quality and measurements of research inputs, outputs, and impacts, and embraces both
qualitative and quantitative
methodologies.
b) Socio-economic development-
is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and
is shaped by social process. In general it analyses how societies progress, stagnant, or regress because of their local or regional
economy, or the global economy.
c) Sunflower-
is a tall North America plant of the daisy family, with very large golden-rayed
flowers. Sunflowers are cultivated for their edible
seeds, which are important source of oil for cooking and
margarine. The common sunflower (Helianthus annulus) is the large annual forbs
of the genus helianthus grown as a crop for its edible
oil and edible fruits.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This
section intends to introduce theoretical literature review which involves two
sections for discussion ; philosophical review of literature, operationalization
of the concepts or constructs and effects of the theories in the study,
literature form earlier studies and research gap r syntheses that co-exists
with the statement of the problem.
2.1 Philosophical review of Literature
This
section will deal with the philosophical arguments and review of related
literature and the operationalisation of the constructs and variables.
Sunflower being
photoperiod-insensitive crop can be grown successfully in all the seasons under
a wide range of agro climatic conditions in India. The weather, climatic
conditions play a significant role in pollination, seed set and seed yield.
Besides, seed quality is influenced by several factors such as synchronization
of flowering between parental lines, planting ratio, agronomic management of
the seed crop, incidence of pests and diseases and climatic conditions that
prevail during crop growth and seed development. Among these factors,
synchronization of flowering between parental lines is assuming greater
significance on better seed set and quality. (Kaplinsky and Moris, 2011).
Some philosophers introduce the
theory of value chain which can be compared to the terms such as supply chain,
commodity chain, and production network. However, it is important to bear in
mind that different terms may have slightly different emphasis and may be used
with different disciplines (Bair, 2008).
It is important to clarify value chain
analysis consists of different levels of analytical process at the simplest
value chain analysis consist of plotting out of the flow of products and
services up and down. Here, value is descriptive construct enabling generation
of data, however value chain analysis may be used in more theoretical way
providing insight into determinants of global income distribution and
identification of effective policy strategies to decrease trends toward unequal
income distribution (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2001).
In line with Morris, opines that within management studies or
philosophies there is theoretical streams called supply chain management which
like value chain analysis looks at production laws within value chains, the
approach focuses on management flow between different companies, information
and communication system are from this perspective seen as vital
well-functioning value chain. One reason for large interest for supplying
management is that the practical adoption of supply chain Management Company as
resulted into many different gains, such as being able to cut supply cost or
streamlining information flows resulting in low cost for Company involved
(Kilger, 2005).
With regard of the global economy
and international trade, there is stream of literature and theory focusing on
global value chain as a way to conceptualize and analyze globalization. A large
of this literature has its roots, in world system theory which introduced
concept and ideas that lead up to more contemporary ideas of GVC. One feature
of the world system theory is focused on how the global division and
integration of labor into a world economy as evolved over time. World theory
system investigates unequal distribution of gains throughout the value chain, something
that has become a prominent aspect of research within global sunflower
production today (Bair, 2008).
With foundations in world system
perspectives, the dependency traditional and radical development theory the
global commodity chain (GCC) approach was developed. Gereffi on his book “commodity
chains and global capitalism” comments that the start of relative coherent
paradigm of GCC analysis. The concepts have developed over time and in 2000 a
group of researchers , all working on value chain came together to try and
develop a common framework of value chain research especially in regard to
create a standard set of terms and key theoretical variable for value chain
analysis. Here, the GVC concept was chosen over other terms such as commodity
chain, supply chain as it was seen as most inclusive out of the terms (Gereffi,
et al. 2011).
The GCC concept was thus replaced
with GVC approach as today developed even further and the main dimension of GVC
analysis are today: input-output structure, geographical scope, governance,
upgrading, local institutional context and stakeholder analysis. The former
three dimensions have top-down (global) perspective and are related to the
dynamic of industries at a global level where the later dimensions have
bottom-up (local) perspective and explain how individual countries participate
in GVC( Fernandez-stark, 2016). Gereffi (2011) defines governance as the
authority and power relationships that determine how financial, material and
human resources are allocated and flow within a chain, this can be seen as
non-market co-ordination of economic activity where firms which create
governance structure make decisions that have consequences for actors access to
international market and what activity firms in low and middle-income countries
can undertake (Gereffiet al, 2011).
Uses the GVC approach together with
the supply management studies, new institutional economics studies and social
network theory to develop his own framework for value chain analysis in low and
middle-income countries. His framework characterizes value chain by the way
they are structured the different way value is added and how they constitute
different forms of governance. Understanding of network structure builds up the
net chain analysis where supply chain management and network theory are
combined to provide a holistic picture of both horizontal and vertical
relationship with value chain (Trieknens, 2011).
Value added looks at where and how
value is added through the value chain and divided value adding options into
five categories. However, all value adding options may be limited by certain
conditions such as availability of resources or infrastructure. The governance
form entails the governance and bargaining positions of value chain actors and
how this affects value adding low and middle-income countries governance form
focuses on how transactions are organized vertically between different actors,
power relationship, position of the lead firm and consequence of how value is
distributed throughout the value chain (Trienekens, 2011).
Continues to identify three market
systems in developing world system; the first system, an A-system, mainly
consist of small producers who sell their products to low and market locally.
This system is evidenced by the large number of intermediary arties making the
value chain relatively long. This deliver a big share of agricultural
production but generate low relatively income. The second system is B-system
that comprises of mainly small to medium sized producers who sell to the
emerging supermarket sectors in developing world. These producers tend to be
grouped into cooperatives or work through sub-contractors value chain within
B-system hold a small share of agricultural production compared to A-system but
tend to generate high value. The third system is C-system that based on
export-oriented and comprises of uneven small share of agricultural production
while are generating a relatively high value. This export chains, have become
more integrated with direct for foreign investments and fewer actors.
Framework of a value chain analysis
provide the structure for analyzing a production, processing and trade of
sunflower oil and helps define different actors of the chain the sunflower oil
value chain will there be plotted out and value chain concept will enable the
identification of different linkages and actors within a chain. Trienekens,
identifies three market system in low and middle income countries that is; A,
B, and C market systems. This classification will be used to identify which
market system that exists within sunflower oil production in Ikungi, Tanzania
as better how they function and contribute to socio-economic development in the
community. When looking at constraints to sunflower production, three
constraint categories may be used to frame the different constraints that
interferes this production with regard to (Trienekens, 2011)
Market access and market orientation this
category will enable the identification of different issues that hinder the
access to the development to socio-economic development such as available
market knowledge and understanding and market orientation. The second
constraint category is available resources and physical infrastructure will
also enable the identification of different resources such as knowledge, input
that may create a hinder to socio-economic development. The final constraint
category is an institutional void which will be used to look on hinders faced
by the farmers and processors and how this related to different institutions
such as regulative institutions which consists government regulations,
normative institution, and cognitive institution.
Sunflowers are relatively drought
resistant in general requires few input. The most obvious input required seeds.
Some individuals prefer the traditional as they think they taste better and
some farmers lack knowledge for choosing seeds for re-planting, where others
have knowledge in this case some farmers buy seeds from neighbors who have
seeds left from previous harvest. The remaining buy farmers buy seeds from seed
agro-vets such like Tanganyika Farmers Association (TFA) or private agro-vets
although many feel that seed is too expensive and that they do not afford to
buy them. However, sunflower production is claimed by most of the people that they
do not have the capital to buy seeds from agro-vets but that investment is
relatively very large and that farmers do not wish to put in the investment
unless they are sure with larger profits seeds as important factors involving
in sunflower production but farmers, processors and other informants argue how
one prepares the earth, plants and takes care of the plants serve an important
in how well production goes (Trienekens, 2010)
Intercropping is most common way to
grow sunflower among the farmers and the most common practice is to intercrop
with beans and leguminous plants. This is due to the fact that beans are
nitrogen fixing, their roots break up the soil (which is important for the
sunflower if they are to root properly) and grow very low and therefore do not
compete with the sunflowers for the sun example maize. According to Farm
Africa, Mono-cropping is the best for sunflower preference within hybrid and
use of fertilizer , most of farmers own or
rent a tractor for first ploughing and use of an ox-ploughing for second
ploughing and finally hoes for weeding. Sunflowers are not affected by many
pests nor diseases however the fungus, powdery mildew acts as common
pestilence. There seems to be some different thoughts as to what causes diseases.
The most common explanations being called weather and too much moisture regard
the solutions some farmers believe that as a way to curb the disease to plant
earlier before the short rain.
The seed can then be sold by farmers
who go into the closest town to sell directly like processors whereas some may
sell to middlemen or processors go out into the village to buy directly into
the farmers. Regarding the price of sunflower seed and processors believe that
it is the processor who sets the price with the few “ the market sets the
price” and some farmers believe that there would be some sort of bargaining
some price, this can create a common market place to sell the seed in order to
increase the farmers bargaining position; most key informants also states that
the price is set by processors with one saying that it is beneficial to farmers
to work together in some form of cooperatives as this would give farmer more
power to bargain regarding the price, the price fluctuates depending on both
the year and high or low season as a price for a bag of sunflower seed
sometimes arises from around 35000Tsh during
high season and around 70,000Tsh
during low season (Fernandez, 2016).
Sunflower processing oil and production needs
a general guideline for good manufacturing practices of food products, when
comparing the small part of this
document with processing industries they do not seem to defer from another
regard to hygiene for example concerning the general maintenance of facilities
the document states that buildings, fixtures, and other physical facilities of
the plant should be maintained with sanitary condition when visiting processing
industries they do not seem to be much concern with sanitation of the oil is
often stored in re-used bottles while the processing take place in the midst of
sunflower oil processing.(TFDA, 2O13).
Sunflower oil processing has three
main parts; first is cleaning of the seed, where a large form of sieve is used
to rinse out a large amount of rocks and dirt, there are different sunflower
seeds available in Ikungi district but during processing all different seeds
are processed together. Secondly, the seeds are brought to the processing
machine where the seeds are crushed and oil is separated from the seed which
produces crude sunflower oil and sunflower cake. The oil is then taken to a
filter which rinses out dust. This is at least with the case with smaller
processing factories in Singida while bigger filters may remove iron or
unwanted coloring. To have this type of machine which also package the oil
after filtering it is something the processor believe may benefit from it
(TFDA, 2013).
In a total acreage of 2551, 600
hectares who yield amount to 306,720 metric tons, processing of cake worthy
shillings 34.5 billion (US$ million); the number of sunflower mills placed in
the sunflower growing zones has greatly boosted
employment opportunities in rural areas. Sunflower oil is manufacturing
soaps and cosmetics. In line with the theme of this symposium of sunflower for
the development, the government of Uganda has for long time recognized
sunflower as the one of the crop which will the bedrock of commercializing
agriculture in the Uganda. Quoted Gilbert Bukenya (vice President of Uganda) cites
that sunflower is a global oilseed crop of economic importance next to soybeans
and groundnuts (Jimmy, 2007).
In other words, Bukenya
emphasizes that this kind of agriculture
is categorized among those activities which can generate periodic income under
the Uganda’s prospects for all (PFA program) in those areas where it is predominantly
growing that is to say the North and North-East the government intervened to
encourage its growing based on following considerations; sustainability of
agro-ecological environment, market potential (potential for value addition in
form of infrastructure and skills for value addition), land size and tenure
system (an issue that affects the skill of its production).
In support of this crop in given those areas
the office has already secured and given motorised processing sunflower unit to
the most Northern district (Uganda) of lira, Apac, and North Eastern district
of Kumi, Kaberamaidao and Sironko.The Vice president, Bukenya theorizes in his
national meeting (address) basing on agriculture that he cites with the belief
in WFP would continue assisting the ministry to empower other areas with
agricultural technology to support sunflower growing (Jimmy, 2007).
Additionally, some scholars put
forward that sunflower production is also made the common crop for the oilseeds
in some parts of India, sunflower crop is drought tolerant crop and suitable
for dry-land farming. Karnataka is found and be the second largest dry-land in
the country the next to Rajsthan. This made Karnataka onto internal sunflower
cultivation in the country despite the state’s contribution of sunflower crop
in the country, the yield rate of this crop is relatively lower than in the
national level example 2010-11, the yield level of sunflower in Karnataka was
625kg/ha compared to 1441kg/ha in Bihar and 701kg/ha on all India level
(Norwood, 1999).
This clearly indicates that the
state has got a room to improve production and productivity of sunflower crop
in the country. This area where we need to emphasize and detail analysis in
state’s economy, in Karnataka through share of agriculture to state’s economy
has declining the share of it still remains very large, lingers around 14% of
the state Net state Domestic Product (SNSDP 2010-11). Within primary sector
during the tenth plan period, agriculture occupied the largest share but the
growth rate of it during the period was at bottom at 1.4%.
However, the employment level was
found to be declining marginally from 65% in 1993 to 61% in 2015 (Sigha, 2013).
This implies that the population
pressure in agriculture is still very high and sector require major shift in
overall development for the development of the socio-economic development and
employment of rural community. Karnataka is major sunflower producing state in
India and it is mostly grown as arable crop with meager irrigation support.
Therefore, this crop is accentuated in dry-land of Karnataka. Besides, the
biological and physical constraints of oil seed cultivation, institutional
difficulties have been widely noticed in recent past.
Basically, the crop sunflower
(helianthus annuus) is relatively a recent introduction in India which was
first reached in Southern part of the country to improve oil seed production.
In 1969, initially Russian varieties was preferred for cultivation in region
and hybrids were introduced in 1980 (Krishna, 2010).
Sunflower production is one of
the economic activities which contributes so much to poverty reduction and
hence improve community livelihood, sunflower can be grown successfully in
dry-zone with little managed irrigation, also grows well in wide range of
well-drained soil from sandy loam and heavy clays with inception of
“BhooChetana” (soli enrichment programme) in 2009 in six districts of Karnataka
and further expanded to entire state with 50 hectares of land in 2012, the
yield rate of sunflower has increased up to 345% in dry-land areas and farmers
find sunflower as highly profitable crop especially Northern Karnataka
(Zilihona et al., 2013).
In line with Zilihona, the
convectional theory of production functions where growth of sunflower is
enthused by the land function, labor, capital, and organization. Its growth and
enhances the dry-land farmers of Karnataka where other major food crops faced
lackluster due to the shortage with development of technology, expansion of the
area, capital and labor seem incomplete not only in oil sector but also in
other agricultural sectors. Application of quality seeds, fertilizer, and other
improved process and stages of production become necessities in sector
development. Based on aforesaid factors, the households which adopt effective
strategies a likely to increase income from crop and therefore improve
livelihood. On the other hand, households in dry-land rural areas that do not
adopt effective strategies may likely to remain their income to low and live on
poverty (Kumar, 2014).
2.1.2
Operationalization of the constructs/ concepts and variables
Operationalizing of variables is
very important in psychological research to clearly define what researcher
means by both IV and DV. Operational variables or operational definitions refer
to the how researcher will define and measure a specific variable as it is used
in the study. Variable is defined as anything has a quality and quantity that
varies. DV is the variable believed researcher is interested in. IV is a
variable believed to affect the DV. Extraneous variable is interference caused
by another variable. The extraneous variable is being divided into situational
variables (noise, light, temperature) and participant variable (mood,
intelligence, anxiety, nerves, concentration).
In other side, the constructs are
the personality which is extrinsically and intrinsically defined on the
individual. Theoretically, the constructs are defined conceptually, the
researcher asks a question what does it mean and operationally, the researcher
asks a question how to measure it; the constructs may includes; love, divorce,
intelligence, depression, stress, life satisfaction, and happiness. For
instance, the experimenter measures the intelligence of the respondents “Is intelligence
related to happiness. In this case, intelligence conceptually constitutes
capacity for abstract through understanding, learning, communication,
reasoning, and ability to solve the problem. The intelligence operationally
means that the score resulting from performing the test or level of
understanding and responding questions by the respondents.
2.2 Literature from Earlier Studies
The
world production of sunflower depending on favorable weather condition in major
producing countries and decreased demands for the oil seeds in the world
market. The better price in the market spiral for increased production the
coming season due to high expectation for better returns to producers; other
factors increase preferences for the consumers in the market and favorable
government policies are mostly promote collection and trading of the crops in
both local and international markets. In other words, sunflower is used in
production of oil, cake, confectionery products. This is usually conducted
through crushing and refinery process, crushing process offers income and
employment opportunities for different actors involved in the world value
chain. Globally sunflower producing countries are the major sunflower producers
due to their high production of seeds which attract huge investment from
edible-oil companies from around the world (Mielke, 2013).
Sunflowers are relatively drought
resistant in general requires few input. The most obvious input required seeds.
Some individuals prefer the traditional as they think they taste better and
some farmers lack knowledge for choosing seeds for re-planting, where others have
knowledge in this case some farmers buy seeds from neighbors who have seeds
left from previous harvest. The remaining buy farmers buy seeds from seed agro-
vets such like Tanganyika Farmers Association (TFA) or private agro-vets
although many feel that seed is too expensive and that they do not afford to
buy them. However, sunflower production is claimed by most of the people that
they do not have the capital to buy seeds from agro-vets but that investment is
relatively very large and that farmers do not wish to put in the investment
unless they are sure with larger profits seeds as important factors involving
in sunflower production but farmers, processors and other informants argue how
one prepares the earth, plants and takes care of the plants serve an important
in how well production goes (Trienekens, 2013).
Sunflower processing industries is
still profitable and viable due to competitiveness of the market and low
investment costs. Nonetheless, the industry is hand-capped by over dependence
of raw materials from smallholder farmers who produce in small qualities and
are seasonally. This affects the level of production of small scale processors
who have to compete with large scale processors and dealers for the seed in the
market; it has also led to increased transaction cost to find right sellers of
the input in the market according to (Dilmann and Ijumba 2011).
Furthermore, the processors are hindered by
high cost of power and outage, high cost of technicians and spare-parts. Since,
performance in terms of cost efficiency is tantamount to determining how
processors are intense of utilizing resources to minimize the cost given level
of output and price which improve competitiveness in local and international
market. The cost efficiency can also be influenced by the nature of quality of
input ownership form and managerial characteristics (Kumbhkar and Lovell, 2000)
Intercropping is most common way to
grow sunflower among the farmers and the most common practice is to intercrop
with beans and leguminous plants. This is due to the fact that beans are
nitrogen fixing, their roots break up the soil (which is important for the
sunflower if they are to root properly) and grow very low and therefore do not
compete with the sunflowers for the sun example maize. According to Farm
Africa, Mono-cropping is the best for sunflower preference within hybrid and
use of fertilizer , most of farmers own
or rent a tractor for first ploughing and use of an ox-ploughing for second
ploughing and finally hoes for weeding. Sunflowers are not affected by many
pests nor diseases however the fungus, powdery mildew acts as common
pestilence. There seems to be some different thoughts as to what causes
diseases. The most common explanations being called weather and too much
moisture regard the solutions some farmers believe that as a way to curb the
disease to plant earlier before the short rain. (Konyali 2014).
Carries a research and says
sunflower is the one of most important oilseed in Turkey and in the world. In
the world 11% of crude oil production is supplied by sunflower , cultivated
sunflower (Helianthus annus) is one of principal source of edible oil produced
by annual yield crop in Turkey which has 4% ration of sunflower production is
the first one of 10 countries in the world, Turkey sunflower production is not
sufficient even for the domestic use. There is a continuous increase of
consumption of vegetable oil is result of rapid population growth and the
increase per capita consumption due to increase population and consequently
population per capital over oil production cannot meet the consumption and
increase oil deficit is eliminated through imports. Turkey imports sunflower
seed processed and low sunflower oil for many years, it is necessary to
increase sunflower production areas and yield. Sunflower is an important
agricultural crop in most of the sunflower growing countries, it is grown for
its edible oil and fruits for human and livestock consumption, the sunflower
seed is the seed of the sunflower. Global seed production is growing last 25
years, the major producing countries are; Ukraine, Russia, European Union, and
Argentina. Ukrine and Russia produce almost half of the world sunflower seed
(Konyali, 2014).
Furthermore, revealed that although
sunflower have good potential for commercial production in southwest Kenya,
there are still some challenges such as prolonged dry periods, low acreages
leading to shortage of seed for processing, production is labor intensive,
processing machines are gender unfriendly and lack quality seed to high
yielding varieties at planting time (Okoko et al, 2008).
Also, study the value food chain
development in Tanzania and use of sunflower as a case study, and they
identified the number of general and sunflower sector specific policy and
institutional issues promoting and slowing down inclusive FVC development of
Tanzania. The analysis of inputs price liberalization of production on the
sunflower producers (Herrmann et al., 2005)
2.3
Research Gap of knowledge
Research gap is the research
question or problem which has not been answered appropriate or at all in a
given field of study. https://www.nccmt.ca.
Despite of different scholars and
researchers conducted research on the issue of sunflower production, such research
conducted by different researchers includes;
Yohana Elia
Sintoo, (2015), conducted research and he suggest that sunflower production
will be increased by suits challenges such as poor market, unreliable rainfall,
and poor infrastructures.
Cuthebert
William Mushi, (2016), conducted research and he suggested that there is a need to ensure their reliable supply of
seeds and power supply which could increase the processors’ capacity
utilization and efficiency.
Sussana
Larsson (2015), he suggest that the only way to improve sunflower production is
to use modern method in production.
Although
a lot of effort has been done related to sunflower production but the problems still exist. The
researcher has seen to this knowledge gap and is going to fill it.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction
This section will introduces and
explains the research design, research area, population of the study, sampling
procedures and the sample size, data collection methods and data analysis
methods.
3.1
Research Design
Research design is a set of methods
and procedures used in collecting and analyzing measures of the variables
specified in the research problem. (Creswell, 2014).
The framework that is created to
find answers to the set research questions. Sometimes research design is an
overall strategy chosen to integrate different components of the study in
coherent and logical way by ensuring that the research will effectively address
research problem. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection and analyzing
of data (explanatory, descriptive, and casual.
3.2
Research Area
This
study will be conducted in Ikungi district which is one of the six authorities
of Singida Region. Other authorities are Singida Rural, Manyoni, Iramba,
Mkalama and Singida municipality. The researchers will use the Ikungi district
as her case study because the problem is not well noted in this area. The
“Nyaturu” are the natives of Singida and even though they have embraced change
through civilization and new the global civilization; they still hold their
culture and language close at heart. To experience a new culture, the Nyaturu
are generous people, welcoming and full of laughter. Guests are welcomed with a
traditional food “mtama and Mlenda”, local brew and traditional drinks which
also feature in a number of traditional gathering.
Ikungi
is among six districts of Singida region. Ikungi district has a total area of
80 kilometer square whereby 22 square kilometers of that area is covered with
forest and the remaining 50
square kilometers is land. By virtue of its strength location Ikungi district is not only administrative
but also managerial authority of Eastern zone of Singida region as a whole. A
substantial area of Ikungi is fully utilized for substance farming to enable
the inhabitants to earn their living.
Sweet potatoes, onions, sunflower and sorghum are major cash crops
growing in the area and millet, Maize, Cassava and tomatoes are some of the
agricultural production of activities.
According
to the 1988 national census statistics, Ikungi district had a population of
24095 people and average annual growth rate of 3.5%. The 2002 national census
results indicated that the population has reached 36023 people with annual
growth rate of 4% of the total population, 23943 are women and 12080 are men.
The research population is generally collection of individuals or objects that
is the main focus for scientific query. It is for the benefit of the population
that researches are done. However, due to large size of populations,
researchers often cannot test every individual in the population because it is
too expensive and time-consuming. This is reason why researchers rely on
sampling techniques.
A
table showing the sampling frame in the study area Figure no 1.1
|
PUMA
WARD
|
|
|
|
Village
|
No.
of house holds
|
No
.of respondents
|
|
Nkuninkana
|
18
|
4
|
|
Wibia
|
10
|
2
|
|
Utaho
|
20
|
6
|
Source: field area, 2019.
3.4 Sampling Procedures and Sample Size
3.4.1 Sampling Procedures
Sample
is the number of the people that are selected from entire population for the
purpose of the research by the researcher. Sample size is an important feature
of any empirical study in which its goals to make inferences about a population
from a sample used in a study and is determined based on the expense of data
collection and need to have sufficient statistical power.
Sampling
is the method that allows a researcher to conclude information about population
based on results from subjects of population without having to investigate
every individual reducing the number of individual in a study reduce the cost
and workload and may make it easier to obtain high quality information but this
has to be balanced against having enough sample size with enough power to
detect a true association.
3.4.1.1 Purposive sampling
Purposive
sampling is known selective or subjective sampling technique which relies on
the judgment of the researcher when choosing who to ask to participate.
Researcher may implicitly therefore choose a representative sample to suit
needs. Purposive sampling will be used in collecting data from smallholders
farmers themselves, businessmen and industrial
processors. The researcher will use purposive sampling in order to increase
utility of findings.
3.4.1.2
Simple randomly sampling
A simple random sample is a subset of a
statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal
probability of being chosen (Gray, 2014). Simple random sampling will be used
in this study whereby each member in the group will have equal chance of being
selected (Norman et al, 2000). Simple random sampling will be used to obtain
sample from a large population and this technique will be used to obtain sample
from the local community whereby researcher will take any individual from the
community. Simple random sampling is important because it is ease and few
people use represents the biggest population also simple random sampling is not
bias to the population hence it reduce biasness.
3.4.1.3 Convenience sampling
Convenience sampling this is the technique
whereby the sample is obtained depending on the availability of the respondents
during the time of data collections (Gray, 2014). The researcher assesses or
interviews anyone who is in the field during the day for data collection. In
this study the researcher will use convenience sampling where the technique
will be used to the local people due to the time factor
and the availability of the group.
3.4.2 Sample
size
Sample size refers to the number of items to
be selected from the universe to constitute a sample (Waugh, 2004). The sample size should be optimum. An
optimum sample is one which fulfills the requirement of efficiency,
representativeness, reliability and flexibility. The sample size will be 30 as
classified below
Tabulation
showing sample size of the study
|
Subject
|
Sample
size/ characters
|
Sampling
technique
|
|
Small holder farmers
|
10 females, 19 males
|
convenience
|
|
Agricultural officer
|
1 individual
|
purposive
|
Source: field area, 2019.
3.5 Data Collection Methods
Data
collection is the process of gathering and measuring information in variables
of interest in an established systematic fashion that enable one to answer
stated research questions, hypothesis and evaluate outcomes (Rockhold, 1998). It is important to use varieties of data collection
because data collected through different methods are often believed to yield
more objective and accurate information and they are collected using
standardized methods to be replicated.
3.5.1 Primary data collection methods
A
primary data source is an original data source, that is one in which the data
are collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific purpose or project an
interview involves the oral or vocal questioning techniques or discussion (Neil
J.W 2010).
The
researcher will interview in collecting information from the smallholder
farmers and agricultural stakeholders. The reason behind using this instrument
is to get the hidden information concerning the contribution of sunflower
production in socio-economic development in Ikungi district. This is the meeting, in which a researcher
asks an interview question in order to gather information.
A
questionnaire involves the use of written down list of items to which the
respondent individually responds in writing. Questionnaires will be constructed
and will be used as data collection tool from the field on the reason that
makes people engaging in sunflower production in Ikungi district. Questionnaire
will be targeted to small scale farmers, agricultural officer.
Observation
describes data that are collected regardless of the technique used in the
study. Observation relies on the researcher’s seeing, hearing, testing and
smelling things. This technique will be
used to the program such as sunflower production as well as other agricultural
activities supporting sunflower seeds in the area of study .The researcher will
use this technique in order to avoid bias from someone else and to overcome
language barriers among the respondents.
3.5.2 Secondary Data Collection Methods
Secondary
Data, refer to data which is collected by someone is someone other than user (Horn
N. 2017).
Documentary
review is also source of data; this method will be used to obtain
important information related to the study. The method involves deriving
information from written document from agricultural officer. In this study the
method will be used to obtain the record document about the role of sunflower production
in economic development among small scale farmers of Ikungi district.
3.6 Data Analysis Methods
Data analysis methods, refers to the processes of
developing strategy for a business by researching the business and the
environment in which it operates. The data will be arranged accordingly and analyzed accurately (Waugh, 2004).
The
researcher will analyze data or variables based on nominal scale of data
analysis because the individuals will be nominated by their names, ages and
gender categories will also be analyzed to know the number of females and males
engaging in sunflower production and this helps to avoid the bias during the
collection and presentation of the findings from the field.
The methods that will be used for
analyzing the data will be both qualitative and quantitative methods approach
where by the qualitative method approach will be used for analyzing the textual
or descriptive data while the quantitative method approach will be used for the
numerical data the purpose of using these methods approaches is because the
data that will be obtained are both in qualitative and quantitative form
(Waugh, 2004). Also the use of Computer software program
such as Microsoft word.
CHAPTER
FOUR
PRESENTATION OF
DATA AND DISCUSSION OF STUDY FINDINGS.
4.0 Introduction
This
chapter presents the findings based on data collection .involves data analysis,
presentation, and discussion of findings.
4.1 Demographic information
This
section demonstrating respondent’s age, gender and education level were used to
describe the characteristics of sampleouseholds.
4.1.1 Age characteristics of the respondents.
Table
1: Age characteristics of the respondents
|
Group
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
21-30
|
11
|
36.7%
|
|
31-40
|
7
|
23.3%
|
|
41-50
|
5
|
16.6%
|
|
51-60
|
5
|
16.6%
|
|
61-70
|
2
|
6.7%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Source: Field data, 2019.
Most of the respondent
age (36.7%) ranged between 21-30 years, (23.3%) ranged between 31-40 years,
while (16.6%) ranged between 41-50 years. Others (16.6%) ranged between 51-60
years as well as (6.7%) of respondents were 61-70 years. Age is an important
criterion that normally influences the working ability of an individual such as
in sunflower production .Productivity increases with age of 21-30 and decreases
the age of 31-40, 41-50, 51-60 and 61-70 with late life cycle Sunflower act of
2003 and its regulation of 2009 allow a man with more than 18 years to
participate in Sunflower production. Age is also considered to affect
experience, wealth and decision making
4.1.2 Education level of the respondents
Table:
2 Education level of the respondents
|
GROUP
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Non-educated
|
8
|
26.6%
|
|
Primary
level
|
11
|
36.7%
|
|
Secondary
level
|
6
|
20%
|
|
College
level
|
4
|
13.3%
|
|
University
level
|
1
|
3.3%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Source; Field data, 2019.
Findings
is shown that 26.6% of the respondents were non-educated, 36.7% had attained
primary education, 20% had secondary education, 13.3% were colleges and 3.3%
were Universities. Results also shown that there is significant different
between education level in a study area.
These findings imply that
education level for most farmers were still low because primary education is
still considered to be basic education and this might had direct influence in
the utilization of natural resources especially Agriculture in Ikungi District.
4.1.4 Gender of the respondents
Table: 3 Gender of the
respondents
|
Gender
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Male
|
21
|
70%
|
|
Female
|
9
|
30%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100%
|
Source; Field data,
2019.
The
roles of women in world agriculture have increased but
traditionally, agriculture have
been associate with men with focus primarily on cultivating sunflower rather than women dominated pre and post harvest activities, such as processing and marketing the production. This study reveals that, more than 70%
of farmer were male while less than 30% were female.
From
direct observation during the study, female farmers were found in Puma ward only
and they specifically harvesting octopus. It is then observed that more than
70% of Sunflower related activities were conducted by male while less than 30%
were conducted by female. The findings of this study are in line with studies
conducted by different researchers who reported that women also perform diverse
unpaid tasks such as harvesting, collecting of sunflower, preparing food for
farmers, and keeping accounts, which are unacknowledged or undercounted as
employment. Therefore this activity is dominant men.
4.2 The contributions of sunflower production
in socio-economic development in Ikungi district.
The
researcher asked this question for the purpose of understanding the challenges
that may hinder the sunflower production in the area concerned.
Table 4: The are the contribution
of sunflower production in socio-economic development in
Ikungi district
|
CONTRIBUTION OF
SUNFLOWER
|
RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source of food
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
Improvement of government income
|
3
|
10%
|
|
Improve capital of
farmers
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
Employment
opportunity
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
Facilitate trade
activities
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
Facilitate education
|
3
|
10%
|
|
Improve life
standards
|
4
|
13.3%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100.0%
|
Source:
Field data, 2019.
The
findings in table above illustrated that, about 16.7% of respondents were
argued that, the availability of sunflower is used as a source of food for the
societies at Ikungi District in general. Most of societies get fat from
sunflower for the purpose of building their bodies and health in general, this
was explained by the respondents.
Also
10% of respondents were argued that, sunflower improve government income, this
is due to the fact that, farmers pay taxes to the government which helps to
rise up the government income at Ikungi District. In other way the government
earns more money for farmers and those people who sale sunflower, this was
explained by the respondents.
However,
16.7% of respondents were argued that, sunflower improve the capital of
farmers. This happened when they obtain sunflower from Ikungi and sale them.
After they had been sold, they got enough money which enables them to improve
social and economic life. The money obtained helps them to send their children
to school and establishment of other activities like agriculture and trade,
this was explained by the respondents.
Moreover
16.7% of respondents were argued that, individual and private employment are
created by sunflower. Some people are employed themselves and employ others in
running sunflower activities such as weeding others. These employment lead
participants having the ability to overcome socio-economic problems in Ikungi
District in general, this was explained by the respondents.
Facilitation
of trade activities: 16.7% of respondents were evidenced this statement , the
instruments sellers like hoes, ploughs, seeds
and other trades, are stimulated by sunflower activities, this was
explained by the respondents.
Facilitation
of education: 10% of respondents were argued that, in some cases, sunflower activities
facilitate education by empowering parents and guardians of children with money
which are used to send their children from primary level up to university
level, this was explained by the respondents.
Lastly,
13.3% of respondents were argued that, there are some improvements in life
standards due to sunflower activities. Some of sunflower beneficiaries are able
to build modern houses buying cars and accessing well social and economic
issues. The following chart below shows buying cars and accessing well social
and economic issues, this was explained by the respondents.
4.3 The challenges facing sunflower
production
The
researcher asked this question for the purpose of understanding the challenges
that may hinder the sunflower production in the area concerned.
Table 5: The challenges facing
sunflower production
|
CHALLENGES FACING
SUNFLOWER ACTIVITIES
|
RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Pests and diseases
|
9
|
30%
|
|
Lack of skills, shortage of input and tools for production
|
10
|
33.3%
|
|
Shortage of rainfall,
transport and infrastructures
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
Problems related to
market
|
6
|
20%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100.0%
|
Source: Field data,
2019.
From
table above shown 30% of respondents were argued that, pests and
diseases are the main production constraints facing sunflower farmer it have revealed that pest and diseases. The respondents
indicated an increase in incidences of crop pests. For instance, the most
serious pests reported were birds (kweleakwelea & elegant grasshoppers),
diseases (fungal diseases [powdery mildew]) were very destructive and decrease
the yield of the sunflower, and this was explained by the respondents.
The
33.3% of respondents were argued that, lack of skills, Shortages of
input and tools
for production instead they use recycled seeds and traditional seeds
from other farmers. The use of the wrong seeds is often a mixture of ignorance,
lack of capital, and non-availability of quality seeds. Sometimes the farmers
buy seeds that have not been certified for their area and they then face a low
and disappointing germination rate, although the use of the same seed in the
certified areas can produce a high germination rate. Lack farm inputs, instead
they use recycled seeds and traditional seeds from other farmers. And
use local tools for cultivation which
resulted to poor production. In addition , there is no
company which gives subsidy for inputs like fertilizers and seeds Moreover, it was observed that many
farmers are using organic fertilizer (Farm Yard Manure [FYM]), as most of them
are doing both crop farming and animal husbandry hence the manure from their
paddocks are used to fertilizer the crops, although they have some challenges
of insufficient amount of FYM to cover the whole planted area as well as the
high cost of transporting the FYM to the farms, as many farms are located more
than 5 km from their homesteads where cattle are kept, the farmers were not
provided with extension servicers This shows how government does not provide
enough support in extension services on introducing better agronomic practices.
The yield is therefore much lower than expected, this was explained by the respondents.
Also
16.7% of respondents argued that, Shortage of rainfall, transport cost and
infrastructures were the main problem which caused climate change which
disturbed rainfall patterns in many areas causes‟ shortage and unpredictable
rains hence influences production. Respondents were claiming that the rain is
insufficient to the extent that most time it affects much their volume of
production. This also because most of farmers do not use the seeds which would
persist the draught time hence the production of the crop goes down. Discussion
with stakeholders at the village level in the study areas has shown that people
understand climate as, among others, rainfall, drought, tem- prelature, wind
and floods. At levels of extension officers it is perceived as dynamics in
weather conditions that cause changes and/or variability in rainfall patterns,
temperature patterns, wind velocity, surface and ground water regimes. Such
changes were perceived to lead to years of prolonged drought or unpredictable
excessive rainfall often associated with decreased agricultural productivity.
The
report showed that the cost of transport contribute much on decreasing the
income of the farmers due to poor feeder roads. Poor feeder roads increase the
cost of marketing which affect negatively the income of sunflower. The farmers
were faced the challenge of higher transport cost during their marketing
activities of the sunflower. Rural areas in developing countries, by virtue of
their reality, often exhibit poor roads and telecommunications; lack of a
well-developed and diversified monetary economy; thin markets for agricultural
inputs, outputs, and finance; weak flows of market information, difficult and
weak contract enforcement, and high risk of opportunistic behavior from contractual
partners of agricultural producers. The farmers are faced with poor
infrastructures which involves poor feeder roads, poor communication and lack of
storage facilities, this leads to increase the cost of transport to be higher
and sometime take long time to reach the market. It affect much the income of
the farmer to be low. The government should make sure the periodic maintenance
of rural roads for easy transport of the agricultural products, this was
explained by the respondents.
Lastly
20% of respondent argued that, problems related to market also are main
contrast despite the availability of markets, certain barriers with regards to
market access were found to be a constraint among small-scale farmers. In this
study the farmers were specifically asked to give the problems
affecting marketing of sunflower products. The most critical problem according
to majority of farmers was low market prices, unreliability of market,
transport cost, competition from similar products, poor infrastructures and unaffordability
of getting credit / loan.
The
most critical problem according to majority of farmers was low market prices
for their product. This implies that the sunflower marketing system was not
efficient enough to provide price incentive for farmers in study area Price of
sunflower oil is a bit challenging across all studied areas, the findings shows
that, very few farmers have managed to sell at competitive price.
The
government of Tanzania has been struggling much on promoting the agriculture
sector market and especially sunflower subsector. The respondents are not
satisfied by the reliable market for the sunflower. Unsure market for the
farmers does not attract them to yield more to increase income, this was
explained by the respondents.
4.4 The solution
to the causes which led low contribution of sunflower production to the social economic development
Table 6: The solutions to the
causes which led low contribution of sunflower production.
|
The solutions towards the problems
|
RESPONDENTS
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
The uses of chemicals to control pests and diseases
|
9
|
30%
|
|
Provisions of skills,
input and tools for production
|
10
|
33.3%
|
|
Improvement of
transport and infrastructures
|
5
|
16.7%
|
|
Availability of
market
|
6
|
20%
|
|
Total
|
30
|
100.0%
|
Source: Field data, 2019.
From
the table above shown 30% of respondents were argued that, the agricultural
officers they should provide chemical in order to control pests and
diseases because were the main production
constraints faced sunflower farmers. The respondents indicated an
increase in incidences of crop pests and diseases. For instance, the most
serious pests and diseases reported were birds (kweleakwelea& elegant
grasshoppers), diseases (fungal diseases [powdery mildew]) were very
destructive and decreased the yield of the sunflower, and this was explained by
the respondents.
The
33.3% of respondents were argued that, the provisions of skills, input and
tools for production were highly
needed and avoid the use of recycled seeds and traditional seeds from other
farmers. The use of the wrong seeds was often a mixture of ignorance, lack of
capital, and non-availability of quality seeds. Sometimes the farmers buy seeds
that had not been certified for their area and they then face a low and disappointed
germination rate, although the use of the same seed in the certified areas
could produce a high germination rate. In addition, the various company should
be established which were to provides subsidy for inputs like fertilizers and
seeds. The farmers should provide with extension servicers the government
should provide enough support in extension services on introducing better
agronomic practices. So that the yield become highly as expected by the
farmers, this was explained by the respondents.
Also
16.7% of respondents argued that, the government should improve the transport
and infrastructures because the report showed that the improvement of transport
contributed much on increases the income of the farmers due to improve feeder
roads. Good feeder roads increase the marketing which affect positively income
of sunflower. Because the farmers were faced the challenge of higher transport
cost during their marketing activities of the sunflower. The government should
make sure the periodic maintenance of rural roads for easy transport of the
agricultural products, this was explained by the respondents.
Lastly
20% of respondent argued that, the availability of reliable market, barriers
should be removed with regards to market access which was found to be a constraint
among small-scale farmers. In this study the
farmers were specifically asked
to give solutions to the problems affected marketing of sunflower products. The
most critical solutions according to farmers was market prices, reliability of
market, reliable transport cost, competition from similar products, good
infrastructures and affordability of getting credit / loan.
The
government of Tanzania has been struggling much on promoting the agriculture
sector market and especially sunflower subsector. The respondents were not
satisfied by the reliable market for the sunflower. Unsure market for the
farmers does not attract them to yield more to increase income, this was
explained by the respondents.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter entails
with research summary of the finding, conclusions and recommendation that came
from research finding from the study area.
5.1 Summary
5.1.1 The contribution of sunflower
production in socio-economic development in Ikungi district
The
findings illustrated that, respondents were argued that, the availability of
sunflower was used as a source of food for the societies at Ikungi District in
general. Most of societies get fat from sunflower for the purpose of building
their bodies and health in general.
Also
respondents were argued that, sunflower improve government income, this is due
to the fact that, farmers pay taxes to the government which helps to rise up
the government income at Ikungi District. In other way the government earn more
money for farmers and those people who sale sunflower.
However,
respondents were argued that, sunflower improve the capital of farmers. This
happened when they obtain sunflower from Ikungi and sale them. After they had
been sold, they got enough money which enable them to improve social and economic
life. The money obtained helps them to send their children to school and
establishment of other activities like agriculture and trade.
Moreover,
the respondents were argued that, individual and private employment are created
by sunflower. Some people are employed themselves and employ others in running
sunflower activities such as weeding others. These employment lead participants
having the ability to overcome socio-economic problems in Ikungi District in
general.
Facilitation
of trade activities, were evidenced this statement, the instruments sellers
like hoes, ploughs, seeds and other trades, are stimulated by sunflower
activities.
Facilitation
of education, the respondents were argued that, in some cases, sunflower
activities facilitate education by empowering parents and guardians of children
with money which are used to send their children from primary level up to
university level.
Lastly,
the respondents were argued that, there are some improvements in life standards
due to sunflower activities. Some of sunflower beneficiaries are able to build
modern houses buying cars and accessing well social and economic issues.
5.1.2 The challenges facing sunflower
production
The
findings illustrate, the respondents were argued that, pests and diseases are
the main production constraints facing sunflower farmer it have revealed that
pest and diseases. The respondents indicated an increase in incidences of crop
pests. For instance, the most serious pests reported were birds
(kweleakwelea& elegant grasshoppers), diseases (fungal diseases [powdery
mildew]) were very destructive and decrease the yield of the sunflower.
The
respondents were argued that, lack of skills, Shortages of input and
tools for production instead
they use recycled seeds and traditional seeds from other farmers. The use of
the wrong seeds is often a mixture of ignorance, lack of capital, and
non-availability of quality seeds. Sometimes the farmers buy seeds that have not
been certified for their area and they then face a low and disappointing
germination rate, although the use of the same seed in the certified areas can
produce a high germination rate. Lack farm inputs, instead they use recycled
seeds and traditional seeds from other farmers. And use
local tools for cultivation
which resulted to poor
production. In addition , there is no company which gives subsidy for
inputs like fertilizers and seeds
Moreover, it was observed that many farmers are using organic fertilizer (Farm
Yard Manure(FYM), as most of them are doing both crop farming and animal
husbandry hence the manure from their paddocks are used to fertilizer the
crops, although they have some challenges of insufficient amount of FYM to
cover the whole planted area as well as the high cost of transporting the FYM
to the farms, as many farms are located more than 5 km from their homesteads
where cattle are kept. The farmers were not provided with extension servicers.
This shows how government does not provide enough support in extension services
on introducing better agronomic practices. The yield is therefore much lower
than expected.
Also the respondents argued that, Shortage of
rainfall, transport cost and infrastructures were the main problem which caused
climate change which disturbed rainfall patterns in many areas causes‟ shortage
and unpredictable rains hence influences production. Respondents were claiming
that the rain is insufficient to the extent that most time it affects much
their volume of production. This also because most of farmers do not use the
seeds which would persist the draught time hence the production of the crop
goes down. Discussion with stakeholders at the village level in the study areas
has shown that people understand climate as, among others, rainfall, drought,
tem- prelature, wind and floods. At levels of extension officers it is
perceived as dynamics in weather conditions that cause changes and/or
variability in rainfall patterns, temperature patterns, wind velocity, surface
and ground water regimes. Such changes are perceived to lead to years of
prolonged drought or unpredictable excessive rainfall often associated with
decreased agricultural productivity.
The
report showed that the cost of transport contribute much on decreasing the
income of the farmers due to poor feeder roads. Poor feeder roads increase the
cost of marketing which affect negatively the income of sunflower. The farmers
were facing the challenge of higher transport cost during their marketing
activities of the sunflower.
Lastly,
the respondent argued that, problems related to market also are main contrast
despite the availability of markets, certain barriers with regards to market
access were found to be a constraint among small-scale farmers. In this study
the farmers were specifically asked to give the problems
affecting marketing of sunflower products. The most critical problem according
to majority of farmers was low market
prices, unreliability of market, transport cost, competition from similar
products, poor infrastructures and unaffordability of getting credit / loan.
The
most critical problem according to majority of farmers was low market prices for their product.
This implies that the sunflower marketing system was not efficient enough to
provide price incentive for farmers in study area Price of sunflower oil is a
bit challenging across all studied areas, the findings shows that, very few
farmers have managed to sell at competitive
price.
The
government of Tanzania has been struggling much on promoting the agriculture
sector market and especially sunflower subsector. The respondents are not
satisfied by the reliable market for the sunflower.
5.1.3 The solution to the
causes which led low contribution of sunflower production to the social
economic development
The findings shown that, the respondents were
argued that, the agricultural officers they should provide chemical in order to
control pests and diseases because were the main production constraints faced sunflower farmers. The
respondents indicated an increase in incidences of crop pests and diseases. For
instance, the most serious pests and diseases reported were birds (kweleakwelea
& elegant grasshoppers), diseases (fungal diseases [powdery mildew]) were
very destructive and decreased the yield of the sunflower, and this was
explained by the respondents.
The
respondents were argued that, the provisions of skills, input and tools for
production were highly needed and avoid the use of recycled seeds and
traditional seeds from other farmers. The use of the wrong seeds was often a
mixture of ignorance, lack of capital, and non-availability of quality seeds.
Sometimes the farmers buy seeds that had not been certified for their area and
they then face a low and disappointed germination rate, although the use of the
same seed in the certified areas could produce a high germination rate. In
addition, the various company should be established which were to provides
subsidy for inputs like fertilizers and seeds. The farmers should provide with
extension servicers the government should provide enough support in extension
services on introducing better agronomic practices. So that the yield become
highly as expected by the farmers, this was explained by the respondents.
Also the respondents argued that, the government should improve the transport and infrastructures
because the report showed that the improvement of transport contributed much on
increases the income of the farmers due to improve feeder roads. Good feeder
roads increase the marketing which affect positively income of sunflower.
Because the farmers were faced the challenge of higher transport cost during
their marketing activities of the sunflower. The government should make sure
the periodic maintenance of rural roads for easy transport of the agricultural
products, this was explained by the respondents.
Lastly,
the respondent argued that, the availability of reliable market, barriers
should be removed with regards to market access which was found to be a
constraint among small-scale farmers. In this study the farmers were
specifically asked to give solutions to the problems affected marketing of
sunflower products. The most critical solutions according to farmers was market
prices, reliability of market, reliable transport cost, competition from
similar products, good infrastructures and affordability of getting credit or
loan.
The
government of Tanzania has been struggling much on promoting the agriculture
sector market and especially sunflower subsector. The respondents were not
satisfied by the reliable market for the sunflower. Unsure market for the
farmers does not attract them to yield more to increase income, this was
explained by the respondents.
5.2Conclusion
Production of sunflower in the study area has been important and increasing year after year. Households are now earning income that enables them to meet the basic needs. Despite this fact production of sunflower in Ikungi district still faces a lot of challenges mainly associated with production, and marketing of the product. Among the factors affecting crop production are low
prices, unreliable markets, poor extension services, lack of market information, lack of credits, poor infrastructures etc. This calls for deliberate efforts to improve the situation so as to increase productivity of the sunflower and hence increase income of farmers.
Production of sunflower in the study area has been important and increasing year after year. Households are now earning income that enables them to meet the basic needs. Despite this fact production of sunflower in Ikungi district still faces a lot of challenges mainly associated with production, and marketing of the product. Among the factors affecting crop production are low
prices, unreliable markets, poor extension services, lack of market information, lack of credits, poor infrastructures etc. This calls for deliberate efforts to improve the situation so as to increase productivity of the sunflower and hence increase income of farmers.
5.3.1 Recommendations
Improvement of marketing for sunflower is unavoidable. Without an improved marketing system
farmers will continue to earn less and thus be difficult to improve their livelihood. There is greater need to make collective effort to alleviate the existing challenges by all stakeholders of this sector. In relation to the findings and conclusion the following were recommended so as to increase the production of sunflower in the study area.
5.3.2 Government
Government should play its role in safeguarding the interests of the farmers by streaming the private sector. It should encourage the private sector to setup their purchase points and centers in
the major sunflower producing areas. Setting up of expellers either in the private sector or public sector for the processing of sunflower in the production areas will not only contribute to enhance oil seed production but also will greatly benefits also should act as watchdog to monitor the price
mechanism of the private sector in such a way that these private sectors do not exploit farmers effort, promote contracting farming and encourage cooperative organization secure the farmers to
be exploited by traders and processors Government should make sure rural transportation and
infrastructures are improved to make them passable in all seasons in order to make many producing areas accessible to input and output market and contribute to timely input delivery. Establishment of rural financial institutions to address farmer’s credit needs on loan terms with low interest rate. Government should make sure that smallholder farmers get agricultural technologies such
as tractors and irrigating machines at affordable prices as well as increasing agricultural subsidies
such as fertilizers.
5.3.3
Agricultural Development Agencies
Development agencies like should prepare conducive environment to smallholder farmers so that
they get agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers and agricultural technology such as tractors and power tillers at affordable price but also by subsiding the agricultural inputs and machines to enable farmers to access both technology and agricultural inputs easily. Effective introduction of on-farm seed production should be enhanced so as to enable farmers to
produce on farm-seeds within their community in order to alleviate the seed shortage and seed agents should ensure that the seed which are sold to farmers are of high quality and not the old ones which do not germinate.
5.3.4 Farmers
Famers should think of Contracting farming and formulate cooperative organization to secure them from been exploited by traders and processors, also they should seek advice from Agriculture Concerned departments to get advice on how to alleviate problems and control of pests and birds to avoid the yield losses through proper methods and techniques. They should involve themselves in experimentation of innovations such as how to produce new variety seeds, application of pesticides, means of storing and processing sunflower and dissemination of those innovations to
their fellow farmers which will motivate them to adopt these scientific achievements.
Famers should think of Contracting farming and formulate cooperative organization to secure them from been exploited by traders and processors, also they should seek advice from Agriculture Concerned departments to get advice on how to alleviate problems and control of pests and birds to avoid the yield losses through proper methods and techniques. They should involve themselves in experimentation of innovations such as how to produce new variety seeds, application of pesticides, means of storing and processing sunflower and dissemination of those innovations to
their fellow farmers which will motivate them to adopt these scientific achievements.
5.3.5Processors
The processors are losing very much income by stopping production at all or by producing very
small amount of oil and by products. The utilization of their processing machines are also under
capacity. Therefore the intervention should support processors and farmers to increase production. It is very important for them to use backward integration with farmers and use contract farming system to increase their production
5.4 Areas for Further Studies
The study carried out in order to assess the contribution of sunflower production social economic development. Despite the fact that, the result indicate the interrelationship between those factors used in study and increase of the sunflower smallholder farmers, further study is required to assessment of factors limits the small holder sunflower farmers contract farming.
The study carried out in order to assess the contribution of sunflower production social economic development. Despite the fact that, the result indicate the interrelationship between those factors used in study and increase of the sunflower smallholder farmers, further study is required to assessment of factors limits the small holder sunflower farmers contract farming.
REFERENCES
Bair,
L. (2008). Frontiers of commodity chain Research. Stanford. Stanford
University Press Publishers.
Berglund,
P. (2007). Success in High Value
Horticultural Export Markets. India. Mahagrapes.
Creswell,
John W. (2014). Research design
qualitative Quantitave and mixed method approaches
FAO.
(2009). Evaluation of Oilseed Production
Programme. Research Project conducted in Institute of science and economic
change. New York. New York University Press
Fernandez-Stark,
H. (2016). Problems and Prospects of
Sunflower Production in Karnataka. Bangalore. Institute of social science
and economic change
Gereffi
B. et al. (1994). Commodity and global
capitalism. London, Praegier
Horn
N (2018) .The immense value behind Data
Enrichment with secondary data
Jimmy,
R. (2007). 3rd International
Sunflower Symposium for developing countries. Uganda. Imperial Resort beach
hotel
Jumba,
L &Dellimann, M. (2011). Oilseed in
India; A success story. Bangkok. APAARI publications
Kilger,
D. (2005). Economic Survey of Karnataka.
Karnataka. Statistics Department
Konyali,
S. (2014). Sunflower production
consumption; foreign trade and agriculture policy in Turkey. Turkey. Turkey
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K. (2010). Agricultural statistics.
Noida, Japayee institute of information Technology.
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P et al. (2014). Determinants of the
Changes in Cropping Patterns. India. Bangladesh development studies.
Mielkel,
W. (2013). Creating Smart Systems.
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A. (2001). Agricultural statistics at a
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J Salkind (2010). Encyclopedia of
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U et al. (2008). Causes and Consequences
of Change in cropping pattern. India. Korala Research Programmers
Ravitch,
Riggan. (2012). Reason and Rigor: How
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Rockhold,
B. (1998). Guidelines for quality
assurance in multicenter trials
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(2013). Food and Drugs Authority.Dar-es-salam.
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Trienekens,
U. (2011). Agricultural Prices of India.
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D (2004). Geographical Research Methods; Qualitative Research Methods, An Integrated Approach. Amazon: University
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APPENDIX
I
A
QUESTIONNAIRE TO AGRICULTURAL OFFICER
Dear
respondent, I am PAULO, Renalda B. A student at Stella Maris Mtwara University
College (STEMMUCO), undertaking a course of Bachelor of Arts with Education. As
part of my course students are required to undertake research work. Please I
hereby requesting your sincerely cooperation in answering these questions as
part of my primary data for the study. The objective of the study is an assessment
of the sunflower production to the social economic development in Ikungi
District .Your kindly requested to respond freely to the questions to the best
of your knowledge as it will bring vital achievement to the report. All
information will strictly be confidential and be used for academic purpose only
and not otherwise.
Thank
you in advance.
SECTION A: INTRODUCTION
1.
Name (Not necessary).
2.
Age 21-30 ( ), 31-40 ( ), 41-50( ), 51-60 ( ), 61-70 ( ).
3.
Level of education, Non-educated ( ),
Primary level ( ), Secondary level ( ), Colleges ( ) Universities ( ).
4.
Gender, male ( ), female ( )
SECTION B: An assessment of sunflower
production in contribution to the socio-economic development in Ikungi district
Answer
the following questions as it is required;
1
What are the contribution of sunflower production
in social economic development?
.......................................................................................………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2
What are the causes which led to low
contribution of sunflower production? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3
What are the possible solution to the
causes which led to low production of sunflower?
................................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………
4
How do you advise the government so as
to solve the problems?
..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
FAHARASA
I
A.
HOJAJI
KWA AFISA KILIMO
Ndugu
mjibu, mimi ni Paulo Renalda B mwanafunzi kutoka chuo kikuu cha Stella Maris
cha Mtwara nafanya utafiti kuhusu tathimini iliyopo kati ya kilimo cha alizeti kuelekea
maendeleo ya kijami na kiuchumi wilayani Ikungi. Naomba ushirikino wako kwa kutoa
majibu ili niweze kupata dondoo zinazotakiwa kwenye utafiti huu.
1. Ni
kwa namna gani zao la alizeti huchangia katika maendeleo kwa wakulima wadogo wadogo?
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Kuna maendeleo yapi ya kiuchumi
kwa wazalishaji wa alizeti?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...............
3. Ni matatizo
gani yanakumba kilimo cha alizeti ?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Unatoa
ushauri upi kwa serikali ili kutatua matatizo yanayokumba zao la alizeti?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
APPENDIX
II
B.
QUESTIONNAIRE
TO FARMERS
Dear
respondent, I am Paulo Renalda B a student at Stella Maris University College
(STEMUCO) Mtwara, conducting study about assessment of sunflower production in
socio-economic development in Ikungi district. This study is for academic
purposes I request you to assist me by responding and providing required
responses in order to get data needed.
1. What
are the advantages of sunflower production among the farmers?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. To
what extent the sunflower contributes to socio-economic development?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What
are the problems facing the sunflower production in your society?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. What
are the measures you undertake to address the above problems?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
B. HOJAJI KWA WAKULIMA
1.
Kilimo cha alizeti kina manufaa gani?
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2.
Ni kwa jinsi gani zao la alizeti linamchango
katika jamiin au uchumi?
....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
3.
Ni matatizo gani unayokumbana nayo katika kilimo cha alizeti?
.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
4. Ni
hatua gani unazichukua kumbanana changamoto katika kilimo cha alizeti?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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