Assess the factors affecting performance effective of stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal.
DECLARATION
I declare that this Research
Report is my original work and has not been presented anywhere. No part of this
research report should be reproduced without my permit and authority of Stella
Maris University College.
Name: KAWONGA GODLUCK
Sign…………………………………….
Date…………………………………….
DECLARATION BY SUPERVISOR
The Research Report has been
submitted for examination with my approval University Supervisor at Stella
Maris University College.
Name: Mr. NAROCO MUCHUNGUZI
Sign…………………………………… ….
Date………………………………………….
DEDICATION
This
work is dedicated to my parents: my beloved father Mr. Kawonga B. Mbepere and my beloved mother Mrs.
Mary G. Mbepera also to vack group Family and Mr and Mrs Kawonga , without
forgetting my lovely Sisters Elizabeth Ndunguru, and Christopher kapanga, for
their encouragement and support morally and financially.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In
the first place, I thank the Almighty God, for his blessings and endless love
to me throughout my life especially during the accomplishment of this research
project. Sincerely I extend my thanks to Mr. MUCHUNGUZ for his instruction,
encouragement and cooperation and the guidance on choosing this study.
Also I pay my acknowledgment to all
who actively participated in one way or another particularly my friends:
kapanga d. Chistopher, Agrin komba D, Geofrey
Mapunda , Andrea Mapunda , Ngonyain Zalihija
and my lecturers at Stella Maris Mtwara University College for their technical
support.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DED District Executive
Director
DSEO District Secondary Education Officer
NARI Naliendele
Agricultural Research Institute
STEMMUCO
Stella Maris Mtwara University College
The main objective of this study is
to assess the factors affecting performance
effective of stationeries and computer
maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal.
ABSTRACT
The study was carried out to assess
the factors affecting performance effective of stationeries and computer maintenance
business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal. The
study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches, and a case study
design through questionnaires, interviews and documentary review was applied.
The data were analyzed in statistics and the results were presented in charts,
graphs and tables.
The study revealed the following
results based on specific objective; the first specific objective, on the socio factors affecting effective Performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business included, location and pricing, electricity
supply skill, lack of entrepreneur skills control system and inventory motivation,
Apart from that, in the case of second objective,
the economic affecting effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business Mtwara Mikindani
Municipality these include; government regulations/taxes change in
technology, scarce of capital, cost of marketing for products, lack of Proper
Business Plan
Lastly, also in others factors Affecting Performance effective of stationeries and computer maintenance
business included administrative problem poor infrastructure, corruption
through these, The
study recommended that the stationeries
and computer maintenance business should take efforts or ways to
overcome those challenges as follows; Cooperate with
the worker and owner ,Unity among worker,
owner and government.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This
chapter represents the background information of the study, statement of the
problem, objectives of the study, research questions, and significance of the
study, scope of the study and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of
the Study
A stationery
business is customer driven, so creating, printing, and delivering
or shipping customer orders occupies a large part of the workday. Additionally,
a stationery business spends
time researching and emerging design trends. Computer maintenance is the practice of keeping computers in a good state
of repair. A computer containing accumulated dust
and debris may not run properly. Business performance management is a set of
performance management and analytic processes that enables the management of an
organization's performance to achieve one or more pre-selected goals.
According
to Storey (2000) the term small business enterprises are predominantly used in
the United State of America (USA). There is a close relationship between the
economy and small businesses. Small businesses continue to be incubators for
innovation and employment growth. According to the U.S. Small Business
Administration Office of Advocacy, small businesses make up more than 99.7% of
firms with paid employees, account for 62% of net new jobs, produced 46% of the
private nonfarm gross national product in 2008, and represent about 95.9% of
employer firms in high-patenting manufacturing industries. The environment of
businesses were improved and people have skill of Management
which able know how to make decisions and understand the basic
management principals, there, he is likely to face managerial challenges in the
long run if not failure to progress with business activities (Griffin &
Ebert, 2006). Also Planning, it have strategic
plans (Strategic plan plots the overall direction of the business and
identifies the ways of maximizing its strengths and overcoming its weaknesses)
it must be planned carefully (Griffin & Ebert, 2006) Location and Pricing. Location is much
too critical to be left to chance. Some beginning owners choose a particular
location (Scarborough &Zimmerer, 2008 and vailability of capital. Government regulations like taxation are
regularly well intended and they benefits without question. However their costs
to small businesses are relatively higher as a result small businesses normally
do shift the burden of those costs to customers. (Susman, 2007).
Implementing
these processes result in improvements to cash flow, control and optimization
of costs, and risk management finally contributed to perform well.
In
South Africa Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs), also referred to as
small business, play an important role in an economy. They can be key drivers
of economic growth, innovation and job creation. In South Africa, government
recognizes the importance of this segment of business activity, so much so that
a new Ministry of Small Business Development was established in early 2014. The
aim of the Ministry is to facilitate the promotion and development of small
businesses. These enterprises contribute significantly to national GDP and have
proved to be major contributors to job creation (The DTI, 2008). South Africa
struggles with an alarmingly high national unemployment rate of 25% (Statistics
South Africa, Quarter 2: 2015), which is partly exacerbated by a chronic
shortage of skilled labor.
The
range in size is very wide the definition for SMMEs encompasses a very broad
range of firms, some of which includes formally registered, informal and
non-VAT registered organizations (The DTI, 2008). Small businesses range from
medium-sized enterprises, such as established traditional family businesses
employing over a hundred people, to informal micro-enterprises. The latter
includes survivalist self-employed persons from the poorest layers of the
population. The upper end of the range is comparable to the small- and
medium-sized enterprises (SME) segment found in developed countries. In South
Africa, a large majority of SMMEs are concentrated on the very lowest end,
where survivalist firms are found (Berry, 2002). These firms can take the form
of street trading enterprises, backyard manufacturing and services, and
occasional home-based evening jobs. The informal sector comprises almost
exclusively of SMMEs; those classified as survival entities have very little
growth potential and are less likely to hire staff (The DTI, 2008).
According to (URT, 2002), Small business in Tanzania started as early as
in 19 centuries as trade liberalization took place. Small business in Tanzania
is practiced in urban and rural areas where it is more common in urban centers
(URT, 2012). Tanzania Small and Medium
Enterprises 95% of the businesses in Tanzania are small and Medium Enterprises
(SMEs) and they represent about 35% of the country’s GDP, according to the
Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (TCCIA).
In September 2016, Tanzania officially launched the
Tanzania Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Centre (TECC) to promote
entrepreneurial innovation and competitiveness in the country. TECC aims to
promote entrepreneurship and competitiveness in small and medium
enterprise in Tanzania through: – Skills
development in entrepreneurship, innovation and competitiveness – Promoting
local economic development using the triple helix cluster approach in order to
reduced challenge such as lack
of education, change in technology, motivation, relationship, lack of proper
business plan, cost of marketing for products, lack of entrepreneur skills,
scarce of capital, high taxes and
political party conflict. Providing business
intelligence through studies and advisory services Jenista Mhagama, Minister of
State in Tanzania’s Prime Minister’s Office responsible for Policy,
Parliamentary Affairs, Labor, Employment, Youth and the Disabled, said that the
Government supports the private sector in SMEs promotion and urged companies
and institutions to assist TECC (URT 2016) .According to the economic
reform programme implemented by the Tanzania government have been based on the
philosophy that Tanzania is committed to a market economy where by the private
sector will take the lead in creating incomes, employment and growth. Such as the African Development Bank (AfDB) approved a USD120m
Line of Credit (LOC) to Tanzania to finance infrastructure and SME projects.
The LOC is allocated to CRDB; the largest commercial bank in Tanzania, which
supports various sectors such as power, manufacturing, agriculture, the
private sector has started playing an ever-increasing role in creating incomes
and employment (URT, 2002). According to the 19th annual research workshop
(ARW) presented at REPOA by (Venkatakrishnan, 2013. According to (URT,2003),
has provided the basic data about the small enterprises, in Tanzania, where it
shows that small enterprises, constitute vast number of businesses; there were
estimated to be more than 3 million small enterprises, which 45% were located
in urban and the remains in rural areas. Small enterprises, account for a large
share of the enterprises active in Tanzania (URT, 2002).
Mtwara
Mikindani being a part in which stationeries
and computer maintenance business have been developed in the recent
years particularly in 2010. Business has been developed stationeries and
computer maintenance due to increases of services demand from like presences of
the many education institutions includes universities, schools, company like
STEMMUCO, UTUMISHI and VETA, Bandari secondary school. In Mtwara Mikindani
Municipal large numbers of people in the region have been employed because
stationeries and computer maintenance make opportunity for in Mtwara Mikindini
to engaging and increasing of performance of statuaries and computer
maintenances business.
1.2 Statement of
the problem
Small
and medium business play a big role in economic growth of the country; SMEs
create employment opportunities, contribute to the growth domestic product
(GDP) of the country and promote international relationships URT (2002). In
Tanzania have many strategies concerned
with business especially provision of education in formal and informal education such as through
Tanzania Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness
Centre (TECC), VETA, other local government authority which formed groups in
order to provide education. They
are providing education of entrepreneurship, review and amendment of licensing
legislation to reduce the cost of business establishment and continuation (URT
2012)
Tanzania has established an organization that deals with
marketing internal and external such as Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, industry
and agriculture and Tanzania investment center. Also,
they deals with advices, location, business life cycle, market access,
legal and regulatory frameworks, infrastructure, human capital, technology and,
education. They provide financial services and soft-loan which associated with
others financial institutions.
They have a policies which gives chances to get capital
for business in different institution
such Tanzania Post Bank, National Microfinance Bank, National Bank
of Commerce and others banks .these policies make a reviewing and revision
of export – import procedures to reduce time costs and corruption related
costs; design and implementation of a program for enhancing access to
commercial.
Institutional arrangements, financing schemes, education and awareness,
facilities to seek information and redress, as well as debt resolution
programs. Access to finance allows SMEs undertake
productive investments and contribute more to economic development and poverty
alleviation (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, &Maksimovic, 2006).
Also the Government
of Tanzania collaboration with the private sectors especially four development partners namely, SIDO, SIDA,
DFID, DANIDA, the African Development Bank (AfDB)and Royal Netherlands Embassy
have established the different Programmes .Major objective is to improve the
business environment by reviewing the existing legal and regulatory framework.
Through
the various strategies or effort which have been done by Tanzania government but
still the performance of stationeries
and computer maintenance business have still low in country. However the
greater demand services high than performance in various aspects such as
socially, politically and economically. Thus the researcher decided to conduct
the investigating about factors
affecting effective performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality
1.3 Objectives of
study
1.3.1 General
objective
The main objective of this study is to assess the factors affecting performance effective of stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal.
1.3.2 Specific
objectives
(i) To
determine the social factors affecting
effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in
Mtwara Mikindani municipal
(ii)
To examine the economic factors affecting
effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in
Mtwara Mikindani municipal.
(iii)
To identify others related factors Affecting Performance effective of
stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara
Mikindani municipal.
1.4 Research
Questions
(i)
What are the socio factors affecting effective performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal?
(ii) What are the economic affecting effective performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal?
(iii)
What are others related factors affecting
effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in
Mtwara Mikindani municipal?
1.5 Significance of
the Study
The findings helped researchers, policy makers and administrators in all
levels to understand factors Affecting
Performance effective of stationeries
and computer maintenance business.The usefulness of the study is to
provide information to education about factors Affecting Performance effective of
stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara
Mikindani municipal.
The study provided information how stationeries and computer maintenance
business can work and managed in order to play a significant and effective role
in the economic development Mtwara Mikindani municipality.
It brought useful in making major
contributions to policy makers on the promotion Small business enterprises strategy. The study will attempt to fill some gaps on the limited
research on Women and youth Small business
enterprises. The study will analyze carefully the present roles of stationeries and computer maintenance business in the economic development of Mtwara Mikindani
municipality and also provide a basis for other studies on stationeries and computer maintenance business enterprises on top of being a contribution to the already existing academic
development.
In addition this study, also contributed knowledge to the existing
literature about the asses the Factors
Affecting Performance effective of stationeries and computer maintenance
business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal. Furthermore conducting this
study will enable the researcher to gain more practical knowledge and skills on
research knowledge learnt theoretically.
1.6 limitation and Delimitations of the Study
Lack
of enough resources and financial support made the study to be difficult in
conduct, because in collecting of data those who perform should give something
in order for them to provide good answer which will be satisfy for researcher
requirement also lack of cooperation.
This
study focused in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality, the target population of this
study is stationeries and computer
maintenance business operator of small business within the town in
Mtwara Mikindani municipality .The choice of this municipality was due to the
fact that a large number of stationeries
and computer maintenances are exist and that will be good enough for
researcher.
1.7 Definition of
key Terms used in the Study
Small
enterprises, are companies whose personal numbers fall
below certain limits
Stationery and Computer maintenance business,
this involves offering services needed for
writing such as papers, pens, pencils and practice of keeping computers in a
good state of repair for payment (Acosta, 2007).
Factors affecting, are
the things which are in a state of difficulty and requires great efforts and
determinations (Collins dictionary).
Business, Performance Management, is
a set of performance management and analytic processes that enables the
management of an organization’s performance to achieve one or more pre-selected
goals (Griffin & Elbert, 2006).
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter consists of the, empirical literature reviews, theoretical
frame work and a research gap on Factors
Affecting effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business
in Mtwara Mikindani municipality.
2.1 Empirical literature review
In
Tanzania, the contribution of stationeries
and computer maintenance business to economic growth is significant.
Kolstad, Fjeldstad, Nygaard (2006) reported that constraints facing SMEs in
Tanzania include competition (79.4%), cost of raw materials (69.4%), license
and permit (67.5%), high tax rates (66.9%), insufficient demand (61.9%) and
corruption (53.1%). However, studies reveal that SMEs lack a significant degree
of understanding in marketing (Nwanko and Gbadamosi, 2010).
Also,
according to Massawe and Calcopietro (1999), many business have low level of
formal education and hardly have access to adequate training in business
management consistent with the increasing challenges in competition and
technology development. Moreover, studies explain that in Tanzania, regulatory
and tax constraints appear largest for the smallest firms, declining somewhat
as firms grow (Levy, 1993). Accordingly, better marketing services, support from
technology development institutions and introduction of tax incentives will
result to having a well-developed and competitive SME sector including stationeries and computer maintenance
business Thus, this study wills factors
affecting effective performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business in Mtwara Mikindani
2.1.1 Startup capital.
Lack of funds could lead to excessive
borrowing and consequently business becomes insolvent because their liabilities
are higher than their assets. According to Dwivedi (2005), the role of
financial institution is to facilitate the flow of funds from individual
surplus spending units to deficit spending units. The whole of this process is
called money market. And according to this author, the money market reaches its
equilibrium where demand for money equals supply of money. The author adds
that, to business firms or enterprises, money is the producer’s good much as
machinery or inventories, thus in order to attain growth of any business,
especially small sized ones, the business enterprise should acquire additional
capital through the capital market in order to maximize their returns.
Longenecker et al. (1997) stated that economies of scale virtually prohibit
small businesses from always although frequently and sometimes using other
sources of finance such as public stock issues.
2.1.2 Government
regulations
Government
regulations like taxation are regularly well intended and they benefits without
question. However their costs to small businesses are relatively higher as a
result small businesses normally do shift the burden of those costs to
customers. Government regulations have been accused of distorting free markets
by impending competition (Susman, 2007). Tanzania Government Sector
Study
of the Effective Tax Burden (2006) suggests that tax and incentive policies are
key parameters in defining a business climate. Taxes are essential for the financing
of government activities such as social and economic development programs in
the country, but at the same time, they should be set and administered to be as
growth enabling as possible. In Tanzania the revenue raising authorities are
the Ministry of finance that set tax policies and Tanzania Revenue Authority
(TRA) that administers tax collection practice. Various laws and legislations
have been enacted to guide the administration and collection of different taxes
within the country and country that constitute the East African Community.
2.1.3 Access to
capital and high cost of finance.
During
the early stages of starting business many owners commit themselves to taking
any sources of finance they have available to them. This can be disastrous as
high interest rates and unfavorable payment schedules are overlooked due to
pressure of financing their business. For the entrepreneurs taking high risk
borrowing is simply a choice between starting a business and never starting the
business. The best source of finance to small business can often be family and
friends contributions but pay back in time. Small businesses are particularly
vulnerable in periods of high interest rates because they rarely heavily on
financial institutions for seasonal borrowing (Susman, 2007; Lambing &Kuhl,
2007).
2.1.4 Financial
controls.
Are the written ‘rule’ and procedures that let
everyone know what should happen- who can do what, when and how. These include
for example, who can sign cheques, which maintain the cashbooks, and how the
petty cash is administered.
Some
of these rules laid down by the constitution or memoranda and articles of
association, in the case of registered companies) and others may simply be
unwritten understandings, or ways of working traditionally adopted by the
management committee (MC) or staff of the organization/business. All
organization should have financial controls to ensure effective financial
management (Basis Project Team, 2008).)
2.1.5 Business
cycles and inflation.
This
consists of recessions and depressions. Small businesses are strongly affected
by these economics ups and downs. Rescissions and business low downs always
cause quantum leap in the rate of small business failure.
When
recessions occur during a particular time, many businesses are being affected
and this could end up making some to be closed since they could not cope-up
with the situation. Because small businesses are more susceptible to swings in
the economy, they are more likely to fail during rescissions (Susman, 2007).
Tushabomwe (2006) ascertains that lack of capital was an impediment in the
early stages of small businesses. Small businesses failed because they were
started with limited amounts of capital. Also micro businesses lacked
collaterals that could be deposited to get loans provided by microfinance
institutions.
2.1.6 Planning
Many
small businesses do not realize the importance of planning to their firms’
success. Often managers of small businesses neglect the process of planning
because they think that it is something that benefits only large companies.
Failure to plan a firm’s future will have a devastating effect on the firm
existence. This often manifests itself in two ways;
Lack
of strategic plans (Strategic plan plots the overall direction of the business
and identifies the ways of maximizing its strengths and overcoming its
weaknesses) an unplanned expansion
(Growth is natural, healthy and desirable part of any business. But, it must be
planned carefully. Expansion should be financed by the retained earnings or
capital contributions from owners, but most small businesses wind up borrowing
at least a portion of their capital investment). As the business increases in
size and complexity, problems tend to increase in proportion and the managers
must learn how to deal with it.
Sometimes
entrepreneurs encourage that eventually the business outstrips their ability to
manage. (Griffin& Ebert, 2006)
2.1.7 Location and
Pricing
For
many businesses choosing the location is partly a science. Too often business
locations are chosen without proper study and planning. Location is much too
critical to be left to chance. Some beginning owners choose a particular location
just because they have seen a vacant place or building (Scarborough
&Zimmerer, 2008; Lambing &Kuhl, 2007).
Entrepreneurs
need to establish prices that will earn necessary profits by first
understanding what it costs them to make, market, and deliver their products
and services. Small businesses owners often underprice their goods and services
resulting to losses that ultimately cause their failure (Tootelin&Gaedeke,
2002).
2.1.8 Control
System and Inventory
Effective
control system keeps the business in track and alert managers of any potential
danger. If any control does not signal any impending problems you may seriously
be troubled, then such controls are ineffective (Griffin & Ebert, 2006).
Scarborough and Zimmerer (2008) argue that; the largest investment a small
business makes is in inventory yet inventory control is one of the most
neglected managerial responsibilities. Insufficient inventory levels results in
shortages and stock outs causing customers to become disillusioned and leave.
More common situation is that the manager has too much inventory, but also too
much of the wrong type of inventory.
Many
small businesses that fail due to poor inventory control, have excessive
amounts of cash tied up in an accumulated useless inventory.
2.2 Theoretical
literature review
The study guided by one theory which deeply explains the factors affecting effective performance of
stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani,
Tanzania, Africa as well worldwide. More thoughts have been put forward by
various authors in relation to the factors
affecting effective performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business contexts which lead to the risk of collapsing of business into
any state. This study, the selected functionalist theory.
2.2.1 Functionalist
Theory
The theory was propounded and developed by Emile Durkheim in 1915, he
argued that “the organic unity of society leads to speculate about needs which
must be met for social system to exist, as well as the way in which social
institutions satisfy those needs such as every society will have a religion,
because religious institution have certain functions which contribute to the
survival of the social system as a whole’’. Social system work to maintain
equilibrium and to return to it after external shocks disturb the balance among
the social institution.
Social equilibrium is achieved mostly and importantly through
socialization of members of the society into the basic values and norms of that
society. According to Calhoun et al. (1994) there must be the inter dependence
among organizations and parties of social system just as a human body as made
up of inter related parts of which each part play a role of in maintaining a
whole. Further argued that social system are composed of inter connected parts
both support and depend one another and each part has some contributions that
must make of the whole system to work well. Functions were the effects that
some social groups or institutions have a system of relationship to other, if
one part will not work accordingly, will affect other part within the system as
a result it reduces efficiency and development of the society. Therefore,
dysfunction of the system in the community in preventing flood disaster can
cause different strategies not to be achieved.
The theory related to the study that, in order to improve performance of stationeries and computer
maintenance business. These should be interdependence between system
parties such the government and trader in order to of solving consider the factors affecting effective performance of
stationeries and computer maintenance business for improvement of
business in Mtwara Mikindani.
Therefore, the theory was used in this study to investigate the essential
strategies for establishing and maintaining system in community of Mtwara
Mikindani where by individual members, groups and organizations could work
together as a unit toward on the
performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business the area, in
order to improve performance.
2.10 Research Gap
Some studies done by other researchers reviewed have some deficiencies
which call for the need to conduct this study on the factors affecting effective performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality. Ngedabankwa
(2010) have been done in the regions of northern part of Tanzania and other
parts of Tanzania and not in the southern part of Tanzania. Also some studies
were based on rural SMEs for example that done by Olomi (2005), Opportunities
and challenges for rural SMEs development in Tanzania, Economic and Social
Research Foundation in Tanzania, Kazimoto (2014), Assessment of factors
affecting small business’ performance in Nyamagana District, Tanzania and Calcopieto
(1999), Tanzania small and medium enterprise; Policy proposed Report. UNIDO,
Vienna. Therefore there was a gap between these studies which done in Mtwara
Municipal and those which have been done in other areas. The study focused on
socio-economic aspects that prevailing in the region and opportunities
available for developing SME sector.
Therefore this study intended to bridge the gap by investigating the factors affecting effective performance of
stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the methodologies used
in order to attain the objective of this study. Therefore this chapter
describes the research approaches, research design, methods of data collection,
area of study, target population of the study, sampling procedure and sample
size as well as data analysis, data presentation and Ethical consideration.
3.1 Research
approach
This research includes Mixed Methods Approach, where by both qualitative
and quantitative methods are combined in a single study (Kroll &Neri 2009).
The qualitative and quantitative principles and procedures in designing, data
collection, data analyzing, sampling techniques and data presentation techniques
will be integrated in this research.
3.2 Research design
This
study employed a case study design where enables a researcher to closely
examine the data within a specific context. In most cases, a case study design
selects a small geographical area or a very limited number of individuals as
the subjects of study (Hosenfeld, 1984). In this study an area of Shangani
ward, Rahaleo and Chikongola wards will be studied in deep and the individuals
will be selected to provide the valuable information about the study. Case study design used because, the true
essence, explore and methodology to
investigate contemporary real-life phenomenon through detailed contextual
analysis of a limited number of events or conditions, and their relationships.
Therefore, the drawn conclusion from this area represented other wards that
comprise factors affecting effective
performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara
Mikindani Municipality.
3.3 Area of the
Study
Mtwara
is one of the regions in Tanzania which located in southern zone of Tanzania
mainland. A region has six district councils including Mtwara urban district
council, Mtwara rural district council, Masasi district council, Nanyumbu
district council, Newala district council, Tandahimba and district council.
This
study was conducted in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal which is found in Mtwara
urban district. The Municipal had total number of 195 stationery and computer maintenance
offices with the number of 152 owners and 513 ( ). The study was conducted in three wards such as
Shangani, Chikongola and Rahaleo where there are 83 owners and 312 workers and
79 stationery and computer maintenance offices. Therefore, this study focused
on the assessment of the factors that affecting effective performance of
stationeries and computer maintenance business in these selected wards.
3.4 Targeted
Population
Population
can be defined as the total number of possible units or elements that are the
party of the study, while sample is representative of population as whole, in
term of key characteristics (Ary,
2010). The Population is estimated to be 156,436
persons (2012 Census). The major occupation along the coastal strip is fishing
with an average annual fish production of 385 metric Stons. Industry, trade and
commerce are the major economic activities in the Central Business District
(CBD). A number of other trading activities are also carried out along various
streets. About 33% of the population is involved in urban agriculture. The
municipal possess a total of 9,000 hectors of arable land but only 6,757
hectors has been utilized (SMEC, 2016).
Targeted population refers to a particular
group of people that is identified as the intended recipient of an
advertisement, product, or campaign (Ary,
2010).The targeted population of this study will be 50 workers of stationeries
and computer maintenance from the
selected wards including
Shangani ward (Ligula street ,shangani west ), Rahaleo ward
(bimastreet,madukanistreet) ,Chikongola ward (sabasaba street)
as
well as business officers from Mtwara Mikindani municipal in order to obtain
reliable data concerning to the study.
3.5 Sample and
Sampling Procedure
Sampling
is the process of selecting respondents of only few items presenting the total
population (Kothari, 2004). This research will employ simple random sampling
and purposive sampling. Simple random sampling each individual were an equal
chance of being selected and the procedure of simple random sampling was done
through assigning a number to workers and owners then used a random number
table to pick any. Also a purposive sampling is a non- representative subset of
some large population and is constructed to serve a very specific need or
purposive; this procedure was used for the municipal business officer(s)
because they have enough skills and information of this study.
3.5.1 Sample Size
Kothari
(2004) defined sample size as the number of items to be selected from the
universe to constitutions sample. The sample size of this study used 50
respondents. The study conducted at Mtwara Mikindani municipal. The study will
select 14 worker form each ward, also 6 owners for all ward and 2
municipal business officers. Because of use of this number of respondents it
was easy to get the information and management of time during the data
collection.
Table
1: Sample Size Selected by the Researcher
|
Category
of Respondents
|
Total
|
|
Rahaleo workers
|
14
|
|
Shangani workers
|
14
|
|
Chikongola
|
14
|
|
Owner
|
6
|
|
Municipal Business offers
|
2
|
|
Total
|
50
|
Source: Field Data, 2019
3.6 Methods of Data
Collection
Research methods are
all methods or techniques that are used for conduction of research (Kothari,
2004). Research methods are approaches and styles used by the researcher in
data collection during the study (Riley
et al, 2003). The study employed both primary and
secondary data sources. Data collected from primary sources are known as
primary data such as through observation, interviews and questionnaires.
Primary data are also known as raw data. Data are collected from the original
source in a controlled or an uncontrolled environment. And data collected from
secondary sources are called secondary data such as through documentary review.
Using more than one specific method enables a researcher to cross-validate the
information and data collected from a variety of sources. Thus, combination of
questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentary review will be used.
The methods used to collect each type of data are described below:-
3.6.1 Questionnaires
A
questionnaire is a document designed to collect information appropriate to be
analyzed (Kothari, 2004). The researcher used both open and closed ended
questions whereby; open questions used to understand their opinions and allowed
respondent to give answers in the own way.Closed ended questions were used
because they are easy to code and less consume less time.
3.6.2 Interview
An
interview is a two way systematic conversation between an investigator and an
informant, intended for obtaining information relevant to a specific study
(Krishnaswani, 1983).The interviewer and interviewees engage in oral
questioning. The researcher used both structured and unstructured interview to
get information because it gives chances to respondent to express reliable
information concerned the study. This method was used also to those who did not
have time to respond the questionnaires in order to get the additional
information.
3.7 Sampling and Sampling Techniques
Sampling is the act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample;
specifically, the act, process, or
technique of selecting a representative part of a population for the purpose of
determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population (Hoover
and Kenneth, 1992). This study will use non- probability sampling techniques.
In this study one technique from non-probability sampling used which is
Purposive sampling was used as the method of getting sample of respondents.
3.7.1 Purposive
Sampling
Purposive
sampling is a sampling technique in which researcher
relies on his or her own judgment when choosing members of population to
participate in the study. Purposive
sampling is a non-probability
sampling method and it occurs when “elements selected for the sample are chosen
by the judgment of the researcher (Kothari, 2004). Therefore, worker and the
people who owned properties in the selected strict, District business officer
of Mtwara Mikindani and Regional business officer of Mtwara region being purposively selected to respond to this
study.
3.7.2 Simple random
sampling
According
to Waugh (2009) simple random sampling is the type of sampling under normal
circumstances is the ideal type of sample because it shows no bias. Every
member of the total population has an equal chance of being selected and
selection of one member does not affect the probability of selection of another
member. The researcher used this
technique to get sample from the worker .Under this procedure the researcher
assigned numbers on the pieces of paper, fold them and throw them to the
respondents.
3.8 Sources of data
Data
collected include both primary and secondary data where necessary.
3.8.1 Primary data
These
collected from the sample population in the field whereby questionnaires and
unstructured interview will be employed to gather data in the study.
3.8.2Secondary data
These
obtained from magazines, newspapers, and internet, books and journals.
3.9 Data Analysis
Data
analysis is the process of systematically applying
statistical or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and
recap, and evaluate data. Data
analysis is an attempt by the researcher, to present, summarize, collected data
in dependable and accurate manner (Riley et al, 2003).
The study used both qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Therefore,
analysis of data will consists tabulated statistical data, charts and graph
which appropriate to the researcher questions being asked, this method used in
analyzing qualitative data which collected from the respondents by descriptions
concerned with the study. Also data analyzed through graph, charts and tables
by using computer programs like micro soft excel analyzed the quantitative data
during data analysis.
3.10 Data
Presentation
Data presentation is the method by which people
summarize, organize and communicate information using a variety of tools, such
as diagrams, distribution charts and graphs (Riley et al, 2003).
In this study the research the researcher presented the data by using
qualitative approach which presented the data related to description form.
Also
the researcher presented the data by quantitative approach by using graphs, pie
charts and tables. This method enabled the researcher to summarize the results
on the Factors Affecting effective
Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business.
3.11 Ethical
Consideration
Ethical
standards were observed in the conduct of the study. First, the researcher
requested the research clearance form from the STEMMUCO Administration. This
enabled the researcher to obtain further permit from Mtwara regional
administration. During data collection stage, informants for this study
requested their informed consent. Therefore, being their choice to participate
in the study. This was done through explaining to them the purpose of the study
and guaranteeing their privacy and confidentiality of information.
In
addition, the researcher will ensure the security of informants from physical,
psychological and social harm through ensuring that the collected data are used
for the predetermined purpose and obstruct unauthorized persons to access
collected data. In reporting the findings, neither the names of schools nor of
people will be included in the sample which will be researcher
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This
chapter is divided into three sections: demographic characteristics of the
respondents, data presentation and analysis as well as discussion of research
results.
4.1 Demographic
characteristicsof the respondents
This
section comprised the gender of the respondents, age structures of the
respondents, occupations of the respondents and level of education of the
respondents.
4.1.1 Sex of respondents
The
research findings show that the total numbers of respondents in the field were
50. Therefore, 22 (44%) of respondents were females which accounts and 28 (56%)
of the respondents were males. A reason for why males were mostly involved in
this study, many of owners and workers are males.
Table
4.1: Gender of the respondents
|
Gender of the respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Female
|
22
|
44
|
|
Male
|
28
|
56
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
4.1.2 Age Structure of the Respondents
According
to the table 2 show that the age group of the sample size was divided into
three (3) groups, group one ranged from 12-20 years old were 18(36%)
respondents, the second group was ranging from 21-30 years old were 7(14%) of
the respondents, the third group had 25 respondents from a group ranged from 31
above were 25 (50%) respondents out of 50 total sample. Therefore, the research
findings reveal that 50 per cent of the respondents aged from 31 and above,
because they were working generation that fights for the improvement of their
lives.
Table
2: Age structure of the respondents
|
Age structure of the respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
12-20
|
18
|
36
|
|
21-30
|
7
|
14
|
|
31+
|
25
|
50
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source:
Field Data 2019
4.1.3 Ownership
According to table 3 shows that the study
included two groups of people with various occupations, the reasons behind why
the study included the people with various occupations is that the researcher
wanted to get the detailed and reliable information from the field. According
to the table prove that about 19 (38%) of the respondents were owners and
31(62%) of the respondents were workers. About 62 percent of the total
population were workers, this revealed that many people of Mtwara Mikindani
Municipal who are involved in stationery and computer maintenance business are
owning labour power rather than material resources such as capital.
Table
3: Ownership
|
Occupations of the respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Owners
|
19
|
38
|
|
Workers
|
31
|
62
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source:
Field Data 2019
4.1.4 Level of education of the respondents
According to table 4 show that about 15 (30%) out
of 50 respondents had primary education, 30 (60%) respondents had secondary
level of education and 5 (10%) the respondents had the university or colleges
education. Therefore, the study results revealed that about 60 percent of the
total sample, many people with secondary level of education were seem to be
involved in stationery and computer maintenance business
because they had a sense of establish and sustain their lives as many failed a
form four national examination enough to continue with the followed level of
education.
Table 4.4: Level of education of the
respondents
|
Level of education of the respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Primary
education
|
15
|
30
|
|
Secondary
education
|
30
|
60
|
|
Colleges
and University education
|
5
|
10
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source:
Field Data 2019
4.2 Data presentation and analysis
The
data analysis was done in line with specific objectives such as;to determine
the social factors affecting effective
Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara
Mikindani municipal, to examine the economic factors affecting effective Performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal and identify
others related factors Affecting
Performance effective of stationeries
and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal.
4.2.1 Social
factors that affect stationeries and computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara
Mikindani Municipal
The
specific objective was;to determine the social factors affecting effective Performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal. An
objective was designed to the stationery and computer maintenance workers, the
owners and the municipal business officers. The respondents provided the
answers concerning this question as presented in the table 6
Table
6: Social factors that affecting stationary and computer maintenance businesses
|
Social factors that affecting stationary
and computer maintenance businesses
|
Frequency
|
Percentages
|
|
Location and Pricing
|
10
|
20
|
|
Electricity
supply
|
9
|
18
|
|
Lack
of Entrepreneur Skills
|
17
|
34
|
|
Control system
and inventoryMotivation
|
8
|
16
|
|
Relationship
|
6
|
12
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source:
Field, 2019
From
the data presented in table 6 on social factors that affect stationary and
computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara Mikindani municipality, one the
social factors was; location of stationeries’ and price of equipment which responded by 10 respondent with an
equivalent to 20% . From the data proved by workers respondents that there is
problem of choosing location due consideration to number of customers,
availability of others stationeries’ and computer maintains offices that
determine their establishment and improvement. Therefore, many stationeries and
computer maintenance business become died because since there occur few or no
customers that are determined by the location.
Another
on social that affect stationary and computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara
Mikindani municipality is the lack of entrepreneur skills which responded by 17
respondents with equivalent to 34 % of the total respondents. From the data
provided by the municipal business officer, many stationary workers lack
essential skills on how to run the operations and managing the money and
material resources, as a result many workers get low performance and
improvement in stationary and computer maintenance businesses, for example
workers in Shangani and Rahaleo ward are working poorly the issues concerning
in this matter because they lack essential skills.
Control System and Inventory motivation was revealed as one of the social factors
affect stationary and computer maintenance
business which gained 8 respondent with an equivalent to 16% from the data provided by the owner
,that is very difficult for the owner to control how the worker do their
work and how much
money gained from the operation
done. Some of the worker are not trustful concerning money issue as a result
owner get low motivation.
From the
table on the social factors affecting
stationary and computer maintenance
business ,electricity supply was one among the factors as 9 respondent
this manner with the equivalent 18%.the owner and worker revealed that that
electricity is an essential factor for
easy and good performance in stationeries
and computer maintenance business in MtwaraMikindani Municipal
Graph
4.2 Social factors that affecting stationary
and computer maintenance business
Source
Field data
4.2.2 Economic
factors that affect stationeries and computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara
Mikindani municipal
The
specific objective was;to examine the economic factors affecting effective Performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal. The
question was delivered from this specific objective and designed to the
stationary and computer maintenance workers, the owners and the municipal business
officers. The respondents provided the answers concerning this question as
presented in the table 7 below
Table
7: Economic factors that affecting stationary and computer maintenance
businesses
|
Economic
factors
|
Frequency
|
Percentages
|
|
Lack of Proper Business Plan
|
8
|
16
|
|
Cost of Marketing forproducts
|
7
|
14
|
|
Scarce of Capital
|
19
|
38
|
|
Change in Technology
|
10
|
20
|
|
Government
regulations/taxes
|
6
|
12
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source 2009
From
the data presented in table 4.6 on economic factors that affect stationery and
computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality, one the
economic factors was the scarce capital which responded by 19 (38%)of the total
respondents. Many workers respondents responded that they are faced by this
problem that lead to the excessive borrowing and consequently asking for loans
that later the performance becomes to be poor in stationeries and computer
maintenance businesses.
Another factor on economic aspect
that affect stationery and computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara Mikindani
municipality is the government regulations, this was responded by6 (12%) of the
total respondents. From the data provided by the owners that, the government
regulations like taxation are regularly well intended and they benefits without
question. However their costs to businesses are relatively higher as a result
businesses normally do shift the burden of those costs to customers many
stationary decline or performance in low level due cost full operations and
high taxes from government as a result many workers get low performance and
improvement in stationary and computer maintenance businesses, for example
workers in Shangani and Rahaleo wards.
Another on economic that affect
stationary and computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara Mikindani municipality
is the lack of proper business plan
which responded by 8 respondents with equivalent to 16 % of the total
respondents. Respondents said the lack of proper business plan affect business
because many small businesses do not realize the importance of planning to
their firms’ success. Often managers of small businesses neglect the process of
planning because they think that it is something that benefits only large
companies. Failure to plan a firm’s future will have a devastating effect on
the firm existence.
About 7 (14%) respondents of the
total respondents identifiedcost of marketing forproducts to be used in these
businesses as one of the challenges affect effectiveness in stationeries and
computer maintenance businesses. There are high costs in buying products
services such as equipments that creating the facilitative environment that
support these businesses such as printers, computers, external case, software,rooms,
electricity and the like. Some of the workers said that “stationary and computer facilities are of high cost, for example
printer is sold about five hundred thousand shillings (500,000 Tshs) as a
result failure to buy stationary facilities for long time use with maximum
efficiency”.Therefore, many stationery and computer maintenance owners
failed to afford purchasing the important needed facilities.
From
the table 7 on the economic factors that affect stationery and computer
maintenance businesses in Mtwara Mikindani, one of the factors is technology
change as responded by 10 (20%) respondents. From the data provide by computer maintenance
workersthat they are faced by immediate change in computer products and other
product models.For, example different version of computer that affect activates
also in stationeries affected with designing programmers such as adobes.
Chart 4.2 Economic factors that affecting
stationary and computer maintenance businesses
Source: Field data, 201
4.3 Other factors
that affect effective performance of
stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani
Municipality
The
question in this issue was; what are other factors affecting effective Performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipal. The
question was designed to the stationary and computer maintenance workers, the
owners and the municipal business officers. The respondents provided the
answers concerning this question as presented in the table 8
Table 8 The other factors related factors
that affect effective performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality
|
Other
factors
|
Frequency
|
Percentages
|
|
Administrative problem
|
16
|
32
|
|
Corruption
|
13
|
26
|
|
Poor
infrastructure
|
21
|
42
|
|
TOTAL
|
50
|
100
|
Source
Field data, 2019
Administrative problem isthe one of thechallenges
that affecting effective performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
businesses. About 16 (32%) respondents of the total respondents in this study,
it was revealed that there is a problem during of registration of businesses as
done and monitored by the authority, the process may lead into time consuming
that become a challenge to the workers and owners of stationeries and computer maintenance business which might take
long time to start.
Poor
infrastructure was another challenge that affect effective performance of
stationeries and computer maintenance businesses. About 21 (42%) respondents
out of the total respondents who involved in this study, they responded that poor
infrastructure lead to the ineffective performance for activates involved in
stationeries and computer maintenance offices. These infrastructures are like
rooms and machinery-based facilities as result to the inequality services that
are provided and finally reduced a number of customers that are very essential
for these business operations and development.
Another
challenge that affect effective performance of stationeries and computer
maintenance businessesis corruption. About
13 (26%) respondents responded that in the process of the establishment of the
businesses. Some government officials are ordering to be given some amount of
money in order ones business to be registered. Some stationery owners responded
that, the respective officials are neglect the laws and regulation needed in
registering these businesses but bad enough they are coming to order to give
bribe.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the summary, conclusion
and recommendations from the findings of the study and it also gives the
suggestions for further research.
5.1 Summary
The study generally focused an assessment of the factors affecting
effective performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business.
To enrich this, the study worked under three main objectives which are aimed
at; to determine the socio factors affecting effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business, examining the economic affecting effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business and identify others factors Affecting Performance effective of
stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani
Municipality.
The study involved
50 respondents from three wards of Shangani, Rahaleo and Chikongolo who were
selected from workers, owners and Municipal business officers of Mtwara
Mikindani Municipality The respondents were obtained through purposive and
simple random sampling in attempting questionnaire and oral interview while
their responses enriched through documentary review done by researcher
Based on the first
specific objective, the
socio factors affecting effective
Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business, enacting
lack of enterpership skill, contor to
Apart from that, in the case of second objective,
the economic affecting effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business Mtwara Mikindani
Municipality these include; government regulations/taxes change in
technology, scarce of capital, cost of marketing for products, lack of Proper
Business Plan .Through that contribute to reduced Performance effective of
stationeries and computer maintenance business.
Nevertheless,
the study through third objective found that identify others factors Affecting Performance effective of stationeries and computer maintenance
business. Administrative problem poor infrastructure, corruption through
these,
As the matter of concern, the study
recommended that the owners should invest much in stationeries and
computer maintenances for
employment of people since it is a
sector which grows quickly hence there is a need for our owner to take this
opportunity rather than to performance in low level since they can motivated to increasing income
5.2 Conclusion
The
findings from the study have shown that there is no progress of business at the
enterprise level as claimed by more than 60%, the reasons behind this failure
have been attributed to the poor national economy and the borrowers do not
inject the 94 capital on the enterprises but on different fixed assets, goods
and services. Thus the results can be discussed by using the responses of each
factor but also by combining those who strongly agreed or agreed in one part
and those who disagreed and strongly disagree in the other part and those who
were not having any response to the specific factor. Thus from the analysis
above it shows that 96.6% of the respondents strongly agreed and agreed on poor
location of market where 33.3% strongly agreed and 63.3% agreed, 95% on low
entrepreneurship skills where 30% strongly agreed and 65% agreed, 93.3%
respondents agreed on lack of capital where 65% strongly agreed and 28.3%
agreed that poor performance of SMEs is contributed by inadequacy of capital to
expand the business. Poor information network also affect the performance of
SMEs where by 90% of the respondents agreed on this factor. Thus as discussed
in each table it can be concluded that all factors that have more than 50% of
respondents who agrees or strongly agreed affect SMEs performance in one way or
another. And if 50% of the respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed on the
factor it indicates that such factor has no much influence on the performance
of SMEs. On the other hand, other factors, which were thought by the researcher
to affect the performance of SMEs like bureaucracy in registering a business
and corruption by government officials was negated by most of the respondents
since the large percent of respondents, disagreed on both two factors.
Other factors that affect the performance of
SMEs were responded by large percent of the respondents. Other factors that
have been raised from the questionnaires mostly by the respondents includes;
more tax that taxed by the TRA and other authorities like 47 Local Government
Authorities (LGA), TFDA, registering a business or business licence, rent of a
frame, posts of the business mostly known as Bango and other contributions like
keep the Municipal clean. The responses on factors that affect the performance
of SMEs in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal as responded by government and
non-government officials include: (i) Poor business records. Most of the SMEs
get problem in business records thus fail to prepare the financial report,
which can help them to access bank loan when needed.
(ii)
Getting credit is also a challenge to most of the SMEs. Most of the SMEs do not
have education on how to acquire bank loans and they don’t have securities
needed by the bank so as to access bank loans. They have traditional ways of
searching for help.
(iii) Imitation of one’s business. Most of the
businesses fail to progress due to lack of information about a business he or
she do. One can get money from bank and do a business which he or she does not
have enough information only because someone does it.
(iv)
Failure to register the business. This also is another factor that affects SMEs
performance since most of them they don’t register their business thus fail to
access bank loan but also their business can be closed by government officials
once they are caught. This becomes a challenge to one who starts a business
without following the procedures.
(v)
Lack of bank relationships. This is when a businessman doesn’t have education
to keep money in banks thus limiting him or her to get bank loan but also
security becomes low.
(vi)
Borrowing money from different financial institutions more than one can affect
his or her performance
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
With no doubts stationeries and computer maintenance business play a big part
in the growth of economies in Tanzania. They roles on employment creation fight
the same way as the government focuses on poverty eradication. The study
findings revealed that most of the small business still operates informally in
which the researcher seems to be conscious that the government is losing a lot
in terms of tax collections. The appended below are the researchers
recommendations basing on the study finding;
5.3.1
to the Ministry of Business
The
economy of Tanzania is growing rapidly, and Tanzania has opened its borders to
international business platforms. Therefore, Tanzanian government under the
respective ministry should understand the level of small business especially
stationery and computer maintenance development in various districts in
Tanzania as whole. The ministry under the respective department should create
friendly environment for the good and effective performance in stationery and
computer maintenance business, so there should be facilitative rules and
regulations to control these kinds of businesses. Also, the ministry should
have a participatory approach that will clearly integrate essential
stakeholders such as workers and owners.
5.3.2 To the Owners and Workers
The workers and owners of
stationery and computer maintenance businesses in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal
and in other districts in Tanzania should make sure that they have capital
enough to conduct these businesses; they should generate business mind,
creativity and self-confidence. Furthermore, the owners and workers should make
effort to participate in decision making with the respective authorities and
finally adhering the rules and regulations agreed. Also, worker should
participate in others worker in order to change idea consider with stationeries
and computer maintainers.
5.3.3 To the Area for further studies
This
study have identified the factors that affect the effective performance in
stationery and computer maintenance business, the other researchers may come up
investigating other issues related to this businesses. For, example, the future
studies may investigate the measures taken by various stakeholders towards/
addressing the factors affecting the effective performance in stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality.
REFERENCES
Omar,
M. S. (2008). Financial constraints and
structural characteristics of small and medium
enterprises (SMEs).
The case of Tanzania, Master thesis submitted for cooperate
Finance, School of
economics and Management, Lund University, Sweden.
URT,
(United Republic of Tanzania). (1999). Population and housing censuses:
Key statistics by
regions.
URT,
(United Republican of Tanzania). (2002). Small and Medium Enterprise
Development
Policy 2002.URT:
Ministry of Industry and Trade. Dar es Salaam.
Venkatakrishnan,
V. (2013).“Mobile phones and micro and
small enterprises (MSE)
performance and
transformation in Dodoma, Tanzania “Ledger Plaza Bahari
Beach Hotel, Dar es
Salaam, Tanzania Boston, MA: HBS. Press.
Burns,
P. and Holden, A. (1995). Tourism: A new Perspective, Prentice Hall, Hemel
Hempstead,UK
Douglas,
S. P. and Craig, C. S. (1995). Global Marketing Strategy, New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Drezner,
D. (1998). “Globalizers of the World Unite,” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 21.
No.1,Winter.
Ghana Statistical Service (2007). Pattern and
Trends of Poverty in Ghana: 1991 - 2006, Accra, Ghana
Gockel,
A. G. and Akoena, S. K. (2002). Finance International for the Poor: Credit
Demand by Micro, Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Ghana. A further
Assignment for Financial Sector Policy? IFLIP
Research
Paper 02- 6, International Labour Organization. Greenwal, B. and Kahn, J.
(2005). Competition
Demystified:
A Radically Simplified Approach to Business Strategy.
Basis
Project Team. (2008). The Basis Project Financial Management online toolkit.
Retrieved from.
Inspiredindividuals.org/wpcontent/.../ Financial-Management-toolkit.pdf
Dwivedi, D. N. (2005). Macroeconomics
theory and policy (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Tata
McGraw-Hill
Publishing.
Griffin,
R. W., & Ebert, R. J. (2006). Business (8th ed.). New
Jersey: Pearson Prentice- Hall.
Lambing,
P. A., & Kuhl, C. R. (2007). Entrepreneur ship (4th ed.). New
Jersey: Pearson Prentice- Hall.
Longenecker,
J. G. et al. (1997). Successful small business management. Ohio:
West
College
Publishing.
Scarborough,
N. M., & Zimmerer, T. W. (2008). Essentials of entrepreneurship and
small
business
management (5th ed.). New Jersey:
Prentice
Hall.
Susman,
G. I. (2007). Small and medium size enter prises and the global economy.
U.K: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Tanzania.
(2006). Sector Study of the effective Tax Burden. Foreign Investment Advisory
Service. A joint service of the International Finance Corporation and the World
Temtime,
Z.T., & Pansiri, J. (2004). Small business critical success/failure factors
in developing economies: Some evidence from Botswana. American Journal of
Applied Sciences, 1(1), 18-25.
The
United Republic of Tanzania. (2002). Small and Medium Businesses Development
Policy:Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Tootelin,
C. E., & Gaedeke, R. M. (2002). Small business management (2nd ed.).
New York:Mc Graw-Hill.
Tushabomwe,
C. K. (2006). Causes of Small Businesses failure in Uganda: A case study from
Bushenyi and Mbarara Towns. Tanzania
APPENDIX I
Questionnaire to
Dear respondent,
My name is KAWONGA ,Godluck H. I am a
student at Stella Maris Mtwara University College (STEMMUCO). I am conducting research An Assessment of the Factors
Affecting effective Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance
business. The aim of this questionnaire is to gather
information from you. Kindly respond to the items of this questionnaire as
honest as possible. The information provided will be used for the purpose of
research only. Do not indicate your name on this questionnaire.
INTRODUCTION:
Put a tick in the box status
i.
Gender: Male [ ], Female [ ],
ii Age: 18-25 [ ] 26-33
[ ] 34-41
[ ] 42
and above [ ]
iii. Education level: Diploma [ ],
Degree [ ]
1.
What
are socio factors affecting effective
Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in your
area?
i)
......................................................................................................................................
ii)
.......................................................................................................................................
iii)
.......................................................................................................................................
iv)
......................................................................................................................................
v)
......................................................................................................................................
2. What are the economic affecting effective Performance of stationeries and
computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality?
i)
.........................................................................................................................................
ii)
........................................................................................................................................
iii)
........................................................................................................................................
iv)
..........................................................................................................................................
v)
.........................................................................................................................................
3. What are the others factors Affecting Performance effective of stationeries and computer maintenance
business in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality?
i)
..........................................................................................................................................
ii)
..........................................................................................................................................
iii)
..........................................................................................................................................
iv)
..........................................................................................................................................
v)
..........................................................................................................................................
4. In your view, what should be done to
improve Performance of stationeries
and computer maintenance business in your area in your area?
i)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
ii)
……………………………………………………………………………………………
iii)
…………………………………………………………………………………………...
Thank you for your cooperation
APPENDIX II
Interview Guideline for Performance
of stationeries and computer maintenance business
Part One.
(i) Age
(ii)
Sex
(iii)
Education level
Part Two.
2.
What
are socio factors affecting effective
Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in your
area?
3.
What
are the economic affecting effective
Performance of stationeries and computer maintenance business in Mtwara
Mikindani Municipality?
4.
What
are the others factors Affecting
Performance effective of stationeries
and computer maintenance business in Mtwara Mikindani municipality?
Comments
Post a Comment