Cultural globalization


Cultural  globalization ; refers to the movement of ideas, attitudes, meanings, values and cultural products across national borders . It refers  specifically to ideas that there is now a global and common culture transmitted and reinforced by internet, popular  entertainment transnational marketing of popular brands and international tourism. That transcends local cultural traditions and life styles that shapes the perceptions, aspirations, tastes and every day activities of people wherever they may live in the world, [Crane, 2011].
According to Watson. [2016]. Cultural globalization is a phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas , reflect a standardization of cultural expressions around the world.
Also cultural globalization refers to how contact between people and their cultures , their ideas, their values , their way of life have been growing and depending in unprecedented ways, [kumaradivelu,2008]. Describes three modes of cultural globalization, cultural homogenization, for example USA individualism ideas, cultural hetegenization and final cultural globalization or imperialism. Examples of cultural globalization like sports and games such as world cup competition , Olympic competition, English premier league, Tanzania premier league, UEFA champions league, LALIGA Spanish league also entertainments such as music Indian and Korean or Chinese and Japanese movies .wearing styles like suit, miniskirt. Architecture like buildings styles and language such as English, French, Japanese and Chinese language also food and drinks like coca-cola.
Paul hopper. [2007]. Three phases of cultural globalization
The different phases of cultural globalization in tracing the origin and development of cultural globalization was passing through a number of different phases these may be categorized as;
Pre-modern phase of cultural globalization [early civilization to 1500], the era characterized with early human migration [facilitation of trade and creation of social networks among other nations], also emergency of world religions, development of trans regional trade network [long distance trade, many centered in china and India. Early forms of globalization, especially with the silk route which linked the Roman empire and the Chinese Han empire. [hopper,2007]
Modern phase of cultural globalization; was the era of European imperialism [rise of the west] European expansionism, especially with Columbus encounter with the new world which allows people and goods to across the Atlantic. Emerging of international economy, international migration and development of outside of the west. Spread of modernity .also rise of freedom and industrialization.
Contemporary phase of globalization [from 1946 to the present]; is influenced by struggle after cold war influenced migration of people and their ideas , also issues of interconnection of world through transportation , railways and trade influenced many tourist to go into different parts of the world, [hopper,2007].
Contributing factors for cultural globalization
Transport and communication system; such as social media especially western celebrities who rich an audience of millions around the globe with the options on fashion or picture of what the latest style of clothing is. Also issues like construction of roads and railways as well as airport have influenced the much flow of the people and goods. [aditya,2006].
Tourism; tourists when they travel from their mother countries to the nations of destination normally they impose new skills, ideas, attitudes and different design which can lead to be as new phenomenon for the natives and adopt such culture. Its mostly affected the African where by they likely to adopt foreign culture hurting their own culture.
Trading system; through market economy have influenced the massive flow of goods and people from imperial nations to the weak nations , whereby on their way of coming brought new dimensions of life structures . for example the presence IMF, World bank and other Americans economic companies responsible for economic assistance have brought condition which guides the weak nations to follow them . [Cluver,2004].
Migration of the people and their goods and their ideas; migration might be due to force or pull factors facing a person . some of culture are interrupted with the roads outside constructor, also other might be due to massive flow of the refugees. For example the culture of the united states of America was interrupted with the people from different nations. [vijoy,2013].
Science and technology; isssues like the use of internet ,computer and other social networks also development of industries which produce the different types of goods have brought the new faces or new dimensions to the community life style.Now days people are watching a movies , other issues in network, lead to the imposition of new cultural on their minds.
The following are the features of cultural globalization;
Is driven by some powerfully nations and companies .coming largely along with the political and economic imbalances that existed in the world, strong nations are accused to impose their ideas values and rules or to make other depending of on them.
Occurs in everyday life, through wearing , communication, electronic commerce, popular culture and international trade. Whereby normally goes with time, people are often likely the new product so that to be different with others.
Attempt to promote western life styles and possibly Americanize theworld; the most adaptive culture is driven or obtained from western nations rather than in third world countries .For example the issue of wearing styles of now days was originally in abroad also type of music and movies were originated in America.
Also characterized with the certainly level and degree of harmonization and global standardization, this helps global interoperability scale and efficiencies .Also to built common ground.
It undermine the original culture and impart a new culture in particular area;  normally different cultures have been undermined by the influence of the new culture. For example natives style of wearing have disappear. Also cuts hair style, also African traditions dances are undermined with the western movies and music.
The effects of cultural globalization have both negatives and positive effects as follows;
Hybridization; many writers suggested that globalization is a long term historical process of bringing different cultures into international. Cultural globalization involves human integration and hybridization arguing that it is possible to detect cultural mixing across continental s and regions going back many countries. [pitters,2007].
Homogenization; an alternative perspective on cultural globalization emphasize the transfiguration of world wide diversity into a pandemic of westernized consumer culture. [Donald, 2004].
Conflicts intensification; another perspective argues that in recreation to the process of cultural globalization , a clash of civilizations may appear indeed, [Samuel  Huntington, 2007].
Spread of American individualism ideas to the other parts of the world; the idea of individualism have brought new dimensions on African culture . where by the idea dismissed the communal system of living or system of sharing different things in the society.
Cultural globalization lead to the difficulties in identified people of specific culture;  now days the entire world is in the adoption of different culture from the other side . For example at the past people were recognized by languages ,words articulation, wearing styles like that of Indian , Masai, and Arabs were easy to be identified but now days it is difficulties simply every one can do with or can adopt the outside culture without restrictions.
Colonization; the powerfully nations used globalization as the mean or new way of maintenance their exploitation in the weak nations, they impose different things like goods which increase their income. For example the use of social network. Also the western countries use cultural globalization in driving weak countries especially African to pass on their foots. The something  which is new to Africa is already used by them.
Therefore the development of the world technology marked as bridge towards the development of cultural globalization in the world. Is driven by capitalist or believed that globalization is there for making people aware , maintenance of individuals rights in political like through multipartism  also to facilitate the free movements of people and goods , while the marx view explain the cultural globalization is there for maintain capitalist status. Also is there maintaining new system of explanation. Some of Marxist including Muammar Gadaff they proposed for the solution against such system is to unite together among the third world countries against this capitalist nations.

References
Paul hopper ,[2007]. Understanding cultural globalization
Aditya, sarthak ,[2006].globalization transport
Huntington Samuel , [1993] the clash of civilizations. Foreign affairs.
Crane D. [2011]cultural globalization .university of Pennsylvania
Kluver, R. 2004. The cultural globalization .index in foreign policy magazine.


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