Cultural globalization
Cultural globalization ; refers to the movement of
ideas, attitudes, meanings, values and cultural products across national
borders . It refers specifically to
ideas that there is now a global and common culture transmitted and reinforced
by internet, popular entertainment
transnational marketing of popular brands and international tourism. That
transcends local cultural traditions and life styles that shapes the
perceptions, aspirations, tastes and every day activities of people wherever they
may live in the world, [Crane, 2011].
According
to Watson. [2016]. Cultural globalization is a phenomenon by which the
experience of everyday life as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and
ideas , reflect a standardization of cultural expressions around the world.
Also
cultural globalization refers to how contact between people and their cultures
, their ideas, their values , their way of life have been growing and depending
in unprecedented ways, [kumaradivelu,2008]. Describes three modes of cultural
globalization, cultural homogenization, for example USA individualism ideas,
cultural hetegenization and final cultural globalization or imperialism.
Examples of cultural globalization like sports and games such as world cup
competition , Olympic competition, English premier league, Tanzania premier
league, UEFA champions league, LALIGA Spanish league also entertainments such
as music Indian and Korean or Chinese and Japanese movies .wearing styles like
suit, miniskirt. Architecture like buildings styles and language such as
English, French, Japanese and Chinese language also food and drinks like
coca-cola.
Paul
hopper. [2007]. Three phases of cultural globalization
The
different phases of cultural globalization in tracing the origin and
development of cultural globalization was passing through a number of different
phases these may be categorized as;
Pre-modern
phase of cultural globalization [early civilization to 1500], the era
characterized with early human migration [facilitation of trade and creation of
social networks among other nations], also emergency of world religions,
development of trans regional trade network [long distance trade, many centered
in china and India. Early forms of globalization, especially with the silk
route which linked the Roman empire and the Chinese Han empire. [hopper,2007]
Modern
phase of cultural globalization; was the era of European imperialism [rise of
the west] European expansionism, especially with Columbus encounter with the
new world which allows people and goods to across the Atlantic. Emerging of
international economy, international migration and development of outside of
the west. Spread of modernity .also rise of freedom and industrialization.
Contemporary
phase of globalization [from 1946 to the present]; is influenced by struggle
after cold war influenced migration of people and their ideas , also issues of
interconnection of world through transportation , railways and trade influenced
many tourist to go into different parts of the world, [hopper,2007].
Contributing
factors for cultural globalization
Transport
and communication system; such as social media especially western celebrities
who rich an audience of millions around the globe with the options on fashion
or picture of what the latest style of clothing is. Also issues like
construction of roads and railways as well as airport have influenced the much
flow of the people and goods. [aditya,2006].
Tourism;
tourists when they travel from their mother countries to the nations of
destination normally they impose new skills, ideas, attitudes and different
design which can lead to be as new phenomenon for the natives and adopt such
culture. Its mostly affected the African where by they likely to adopt foreign
culture hurting their own culture.
Trading
system; through market economy have influenced the massive flow of goods and
people from imperial nations to the weak nations , whereby on their way of
coming brought new dimensions of life structures . for example the presence
IMF, World bank and other Americans economic companies responsible for economic
assistance have brought condition which guides the weak nations to follow them
. [Cluver,2004].
Migration
of the people and their goods and their ideas; migration might be due to force
or pull factors facing a person . some of culture are interrupted with the
roads outside constructor, also other might be due to massive flow of the
refugees. For example the culture of the united states of America was
interrupted with the people from different nations. [vijoy,2013].
Science
and technology; isssues like the use of internet ,computer and other social
networks also development of industries which produce the different types of
goods have brought the new faces or new dimensions to the community life
style.Now days people are watching a movies , other issues in network, lead to
the imposition of new cultural on their minds.
The
following are the features of cultural globalization;
Is
driven by some powerfully nations and companies .coming largely along with the
political and economic imbalances that existed in the world, strong nations are
accused to impose their ideas values and rules or to make other depending of on
them.
Occurs
in everyday life, through wearing , communication, electronic commerce, popular
culture and international trade. Whereby normally goes with time, people are
often likely the new product so that to be different with others.
Attempt
to promote western life styles and possibly Americanize theworld; the most
adaptive culture is driven or obtained from western nations rather than in
third world countries .For example the issue of wearing styles of now days was
originally in abroad also type of music and movies were originated in America.
Also
characterized with the certainly level and degree of harmonization and global
standardization, this helps global interoperability scale and efficiencies
.Also to built common ground.
It
undermine the original culture and impart a new culture in particular
area; normally different cultures have
been undermined by the influence of the new culture. For example natives style
of wearing have disappear. Also cuts hair style, also African traditions dances
are undermined with the western movies and music.
The
effects of cultural globalization have both negatives and positive effects as
follows;
Hybridization;
many writers suggested that globalization is a long term historical process of
bringing different cultures into international. Cultural globalization involves
human integration and hybridization arguing that it is possible to detect
cultural mixing across continental s and regions going back many countries.
[pitters,2007].
Homogenization;
an alternative perspective on cultural globalization emphasize the
transfiguration of world wide diversity into a pandemic of westernized consumer
culture. [Donald, 2004].
Conflicts
intensification; another perspective argues that in recreation to the process
of cultural globalization , a clash of civilizations may appear indeed,
[Samuel Huntington, 2007].
Spread
of American individualism ideas to the other parts of the world; the idea of
individualism have brought new dimensions on African culture . where by the
idea dismissed the communal system of living or system of sharing different
things in the society.
Cultural
globalization lead to the difficulties in identified people of specific
culture; now days the entire world is in
the adoption of different culture from the other side . For example at the past
people were recognized by languages ,words articulation, wearing styles like
that of Indian , Masai, and Arabs were easy to be identified but now days it is
difficulties simply every one can do with or can adopt the outside culture
without restrictions.
Colonization;
the powerfully nations used globalization as the mean or new way of maintenance
their exploitation in the weak nations, they impose different things like goods
which increase their income. For example the use of social network. Also the
western countries use cultural globalization in driving weak countries
especially African to pass on their foots. The something which is new to Africa is already used by
them.
Therefore
the development of the world technology marked as bridge towards the
development of cultural globalization in the world. Is driven by capitalist or
believed that globalization is there for making people aware , maintenance of
individuals rights in political like through multipartism also to facilitate the free movements of
people and goods , while the marx view explain the cultural globalization is
there for maintain capitalist status. Also is there maintaining new system of
explanation. Some of Marxist including Muammar Gadaff they proposed for the
solution against such system is to unite together among the third world
countries against this capitalist nations.
References
Paul
hopper ,[2007]. Understanding cultural globalization
Aditya,
sarthak ,[2006].globalization transport
Huntington
Samuel , [1993] the clash of civilizations. Foreign affairs.
Crane
D. [2011]cultural globalization .university of Pennsylvania
Kluver,
R. 2004. The cultural globalization .index in foreign policy magazine.
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