Language change

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Introduction
 Language  change  is one  of the   of historical  lingustic  the   subfield  of linguistic  that  studies  language   aspect .Sometimes  the term  diachronic  is used  instead  in the historicl  lingistic   as very  of referencing  to the study  of language  at various  point   in  time  as stage ( adrn 2012)
 Language   change  is the  phenomena  by which   alteration  are made    in the  factoes  and use  of a language  over time . all  natural  language   change  and language  change  affect  all ares  of langaugae  use .The   chanhe  sound   change  , lexical .semantic  .change  and  syntiiic  changes 
 Languahe   has developed  over  a given   we  require  o theretical  framework  means  a  model  within  which  may be  started  and explained. Ideally  such a model  should  be  capable  of according  for all  changes  which  have taken  plpace  in the language  by  reducing  them  a to systematically  intergrated  set  of rule   bynon  1997
  Family  tree morden  language  can  be historicall  stemmed  from  the  internal  diversification  of  what was  onces  a single  language   with  no  neeed  to  resort  primaly to extrnal factors   as  const  or  language   admixture . the internal  divesity  among  morden  remorn language  forexample  can largel  be explain  by a process of intternal  fragmentation  taking  a relatively  homogeneous  varity  of spoken  latin  as  strating  point . this  procedure  know  as  the  comperative  method  was  intialy  developed  ny  the german  neo grammirias  in the  second  half  of  nineteeth  century   and   constrituted  to this  day  most  seccessful  approach  in reconstracting  the history  language  families 
 The   tree  model puresupposses a  flawed understanding  of languguage  diversification  in  a nutshell   cladistic tree  based  represenation  are  enntirely based  oon the  the  fiction  tha  main  reasonn why  language  emerge is  the  abrupt  division  of  language  community  into  separete  social  from  the  fregmenation  of a language  into nertwork  of  dialets  which  remained  in  result   contact  with  each other  for  an  extendend  period  of time
 There  is one  futher  aspect  of the neogrammirian  model  whivh  require  discussion  namely  the   proces  whrere by  a single  intial  system  into  a number  of independence  system  we  must  in others  words  account  for  th among  into  existenxe  of new  language 

The  neogramria  model  has  said that  language  are  related  when  they  have  developed  from  a common  ancestor  and  the rulwe where by  are  derived  from  the  ptoto  language  reseprent  the  changes  that each  has undergo  during  the  interrving  period  now  let us  consider  the use  


Those  will  bt definition  share the early  rule  and differ  only  in thise rule  two have been  added  more recenty .the  most  extreme  sition  would  be the   one  in which  all  the rule  were  identical except  for a  single  upper  most  rule  posssessed by only  one the  language  bynon  1977  
 The  reduction  in the  number  of language  as one  moves  backward in  time  thus  from  the principle of share  innovation  as indicator  of common  development  and it is  the family  try  showing  the language  which  are orginatyed  from  same  source 
  According  to  asugustine  schleicher  b1872 the  reconstruction  of proto  indo  european  culminate  wiyh  his  publishing  a  fable  com[posed  in the  recondtructed  language  his attempt  was met  with  ridicule , but  why  we  may ask  is not  reasonable  to  expect  of  the  grammar  of  a  language  that  we should  be able  to  construst  by  means  of it  grammatical sentences  in short  there  are  clearly many  aspect  of the  reconstructyion  whioch  are extremely  tenous  it is easy  to condemn  schleicher  attempt  as  imprude  and  for failing  to distinguish  beteewn  languae poarole,But  even  if we  agrre that  reconstruction  must  confine  its to langue ,what  kind of rule  doies  this  choice  imply  provide  however by  schleicher  would  appaer  to  be  usefull  and perfectly  legimite  excrise  about  excrise  about  the  language  change
The  family tree m,odel  is closel  linked  to the  comparative  method  ws  develpoewd  the   neogrammaries  in  1860-1880 .the  comparitive  method  allow  us to establishe relatedness  between  language  language  the  evolved  from  a cvommon   proto  language.these language  are the  peresent  in famality  descedende  from    there by  spliting  in branches ,this  model has served as  the  foundation  not only  langugae  classification  c but  of language  change  in general 
 The  wave  modwl  theory 
 A theoretical  model  which  postulates  the  spread  of lingustic innovation  from  a center  over the  sorrounding   terrory  much  as  a  stone  trown  into  stll  water  produce  progressivelly  wider  and  fainter around  it point  of  impact  first proposed by johannes  schmidit  in a book  on  the  internalationship  of  the  indio  european      and  has  come  to be as the wave  theory .it  as  designed to account  for that when  related languiage  arte compared a certain  correlation  is generally  to be  between geographical  distance  and lingustic  distance  situation  must  be envisage (
 A number of different possible situtuion must  be  invisaged
 The ideal  case  in one  which  in  undisturbed  linguistic  territory  that  is to  asy  on e in  which  thre have   been  no  massive  inluxe  of  immigrants  nor  assssimilation  of pre exstinging  communalities  thre  arise  a new  politics  and  culture  center.  The  two language  which result  will  clearly  be  more closely  related to each  other  than  either  of the  will be  to  any third  language
The  wave model  seeks  however  to account  not only  for  such  case  of  divergent  development  but  also  diffisution  some  features  across  a number  of language ,these  are two  related  but  linguistically district dialect  which  are  geographical  adjent  and whose  territories  have  become  united  under  the influence  of some  political  force  with  a single  admininitive  and  culture  center . the  common  innovation  may  also  arise  which  will  serve  to split  both  prevision

 The  diffusion  of common  feature  to related  dialect  we shall  return to the  question  of  unrelated  language  in contant  the  different between  related  language   

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