Pottery technology

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INTRODUCTION
            Pottery technology is the process of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other ceramic materials, which are fired to give them a hard durable form(Rice,M.1987).
            The earliest history of pottery production in the fertile crescent can be divided into four periods namely; the Hassuna period(7000-6500 Bc), The half period(6500-5500BC),The ubaid period(5500-4000 Bc), and the Uruk period(4000-3100Bc).By about 5000Bc pottery making was becoming widespread across the region and spread in out form it to neighboring areas.
            Pottery making began in the 7th millenium Bc. The earliest forms,which were found at the Hassuna site, were hand formed from slabs,undercrated,Unglazed low-fired pots made from reddish-brown clays.within the next millenium,wares were decorated with elaborate painted designs and natural forms,incising and burrished.
            As our study case on the nature of the question ,we surveyed  particularly  through Makonde tribe as the field of collecting data about the pottery technology. Therefore historically Makonde people had engaged in pottery technology as follows;

             MAKONDE PEOPLE'S POTTERY TECHNOLOGY.
            The makonde are the ethnic group in Southern east Tanzania and Northern mozambique.The makonde developed their culture on the Mueda plateau in Mozambique at present theyline throught Tanzania and mozambique. The Makonde people had engaged in arts where their main arts included carve house hold objects; figures and marks as well as pottery making.
            Makonde people started to made pottery a long time ago before thecoming of colonialist in Africa.They engaged in different arts. They made different instruments which made by clay sand for different purposes. The clay sand was available in different place but the clay for pottery making found in  the village called Nitokela in Mtwara rural. Clay sand was available and taken during winter period  due to the presence of rainfall asa ease way of collected it.
            The Makonde pots was very different with other pots from other societies, this was due to the Makonde's pots made with ornament at the neck of the pots and other pots at the middle part which differentiate with other societies lived in Mtwara region such as Yao and Makua. Pottery technology by Makonde people made through using particular technique. the following was the technique used by Makonde people during pottery making.
                                                                                               
             TECHNIQUE USED BY MAKONDE PEOPLE DURING POTTERY MAKING.
        Makonde people used  local method(ceramic technique) during pottery making. They used such technique to make different pots. The following are the stages of making pot under the local method( ceramic technique).
  • They took clay and mixed with water to make it smooth shaped.
  • Prepare the hole through digging hole that  resembled with pot that is needed.
  • To burnumize the smoothed clay into the inside of the shaped holes.
  • To take out the dried pot and burn it.
  • finally to anointed a castor oil in and out of the burnt port and to burn again in order to make a pot hard and to avoid penetration of materials such as  water,oil and local alcohol.

       



CLASSIFICATION OF POTS MADE BY MAKONDE PEOPLE.
 Makonde people had classified pots in different types and its uses as follows;
            The pots for cooking food. This pots was used for cooking food only. pots for cooking food was named according to the uses such as pot for cooking Ugali  called CHIKALANGO, pot for cooking rice and pot for  cooking vegetable that named CHILONGO.
            The pot for washing infant, this was  special pot which used to wash infant for the first time. The pot was preserved by elders and the pot was put water and different local medicine to wash infant in order to make him/her strong.
            The pot for water storage, this pot was used to store water which used for drinking and cooking. The pot was named MNENGELO and was outside a the corner of the room.
            A husband's pot, makonde women sculpted such exceptionally artistic three face water pots for their husbands called CHAKUMEHO. They were kept in the bedroom for his use only. The faces are meant to fighten children and to remind them that this is dad's water pot and should not be disturbed or used.
            Generally Makonde pottery making was brought different impacts to the different society apart from makonde themselves. Among the impact was led to the emergence of exchange relation which was based on barter system because the makonde peopl then  were travelled from the interior to the coastal places for exchange between pots and fish. The neighbor tribes such as Yao and Makua travelled to the makonde land for exchange pots with other commodities especially at Nanganga village which was used as trade centre by that time.

REFERENCE
Rice,M.(1987).pottery analysis a source book.chicago.University of chicago press.
Mzee seif(2018)Makuya museum( traditional culture museum of Mtwara.

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