THE MEANING AND CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING

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 THE MEANING AND CATEGORIES OF SURVEYING
In general, surveying is performed to determine the relative location or positioning of points on or near the earth's surface.

More specifically, surveying is the science of making measurements, relative to known or assumed datum’s and standards, and applying the principles of mathematics to such measurements to determine existing or future horizontal and vertical position, from area, magnitude, boundaries, and extent of land parcels and topographical features.

Surveying or land surveying
is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them.

These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes
American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM)
Provide an alternative definition of surveying as the science and art of making all essential measurements to determine the relative position of points and/or physical and cultural details above, on, or beneath the surface of the Earth, and to depict them in a usable form, or to establish the position of points and/or details.

"Land surveying" (also per ACSM)
Is the detailed study or inspection, as by gathering information through observations, measurements in the field, questionnaires, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis in the support of planning, designing, and establishing of property boundaries.

Categories of surveying
Surveying encompasses the following categories:
1.                              Geodetic Surveys –
Surveys, which establish control networks on a mathematical datum so that measurements will reflect the curved (ellipsoidal) shape of the earth.

2.                  Land Surveys –
Surveys which include retracement of existing land ownership boundaries or the creation of new boundaries.

3.                              Engineering Surveys –
Surveys performed for the location, design, construction, maintenance and
operation of engineering projects.

4.                              Construction Surveys –
Surveys which establish stakes in the ground, and other like reference points, at known horizontal and vertical positions to define location and size of each component of the facility to be constructed, enable inspection of contract items, and serve as a basis of payment for work.

5.                              Cartographic Surveys –
Map making from original surveys.

B. IMPORTANCE OF SURVEYING
1.         The Basic Engineering Discipline –
Surveying is basic to all civil engineering works. In transportation
Engineering, surveying provides the foundation and continuity for route location, design, land acquisition, and all other preliminary engineering.

Surveys also set a basic "framework" of stakes, which is used by contractors and engineers in building and inspecting transportation projects.

2.         The Thread of Continuity –
Surveying is the single engineering function which links all the phases of a project including conception, planning design, land acquisition, construction and final monumentation.

3.                              Basis for Efficiency –
To a great degree, the acceptability and cost-effectiveness of planning, land
acquisition, design, and construction are dependent upon properly performed surveys.

Types of surveys and applicability

ALTA/ACSM Survey: a surveying standard jointly proposed by the American Land Title Association and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping that incorporates elements of the boundary survey, mortgage survey, and topographic survey.
Archaeological survey:
Is used to accurately assess the relationship of archaeological sites in a landscape or to accurately record finds on an archaeological site.
As-built survey:
a survey carried out during or immediately after a construction project for record, completion evaluation and payment purposes.
Bathymetric survey:
a survey carried out to map the topography and features of the bed of an ocean, lake, river or other body of water.


Boundary survey:
a survey that establishes boundaries of a parcel using its legal description, which typically involves the setting or restoration of monuments or markers at the corners or along the lines of the parcel, often in the form of iron rods, pipes, or concrete monuments in the ground, or nails set in concrete or asphalt.
Deformation survey:
a survey to determine if a structure or object is changing shape or moving. The three-dimensional positions of specific points on an object are determined, a period of time is allowed to pass, these positions are then re-measured and calculated, and a comparison between the two sets of positions is made.

Engineering surveys:
Those surveys associated with the engineering design (topographic, layout and as-built) often requiring geodetic computations beyond normal civil engineering practise.
Foundation survey:
a survey done to collect the positional data on a foundation that has been poured and is cured. This is done to ensure that the foundation was constructed in the location, and at the elevation, authorized in the plot plan, site plan, or subdivision plan.
Geological survey:
 generic term for a survey conducted for the purpose of recording the geologically significant features of the area under investigation. .
Hydrographic survey:
a survey conducted with the purpose of mapping the coastline and seabed for navigation, engineering, or resource management purposes.
Measured survey:
a building survey to produce plans of the building. Such a survey may be conducted before renovation works, for commercial purpose, or at end of the construction process "as built survey"
Mortgage survey or physical survey:
a simple survey that delineates land boundaries and building locations. In many places a mortgage survey is required by lending institutions as a precondition for a mortgage loan.

Soil survey,
or soil mapping, is the process of determining the soil types or other properties of the soil cover over a landscape, and mapping them for others to understand and use.
Structural survey:
A detailed inspection to report upon the physical condition and structural stability of a building or other structure and to highlight any work needed to maintain it in good repair.
Tape survey:
This type of survey is the most basic and inexpensive type of land survey. Popular in the middle part of the 20th century, tape surveys while being accurate for distance lack substantially in their accuracy of measuring angle and bearing. Standards that are practiced by professional land surveyors.
Topographic survey:
a survey that measures the elevation of points on a particular piece of land, and presents them as contour lines on a plot.

Classification of Surveys according to the field of work

Land Survey

This involved survey of objects in earth’s surface.
German Soldier carrying out Land Survey to determine the natural features and determine areas of strategic importance

Hydrographic or Marine Survey

This involves survey of objects under water.

Marine Survey

Aerial Survey

Aerial survey is carried out by an aeroplane in air.

Land Survey can be further classified into the following:

  1. Topographical survey
  2. Cadastral Survey
  3. City Survey
  4. Engineering Survey

Topographical Survey

This survey is performed or determining the natural features of the country such as rivers, mountains, hills, valleys etc. and also artificial features such as canals, railways, roads, towns, villages etc.
This helps to keep a record of existing natural features of the country.

Cadastral Survey

Cadastral Survey is similar to topographical survey. It only involves a little more precision and detailing in the process. Apart from determining the natural features, this method of survey also helps to determine boundaries of fields, houses and other properties.
Cadastral Survey maps are drawn to a more larger scale as compared to topographical survey maps.
This is performed in connection with town planning schemes such as drainage, water supply etc and for laying plots, roads, streets etc.

City Survey

City Survey is carried out in connection with various engineering works such as roads, railways etc and it also involves various works related to water supply sector such as reservoirs, wells etc.

Engineering Survey

Engineering Survey is further classified into the following three types:

  1. Reconnaissance Survey
  2. Preliminary Survey
  3. Location Survey

Reconnaissance Survey

This survey is performed for determining the feasibility of work and to estimate the rough cost of the scheme.

Preliminary Survey

This survey is performed for collecting more précised data to choose the best location for the work and to estimate the exact quantities and cost.

Location Survey

This survey is performed for setting out the work on the ground.

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