Historical background of the study

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                                                                 CHAPTER ONE

                                                     GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter involves the Background of the study, Statement of the problem, Research objectives, Research questions, Significance of the study, Scope of the study, and Limitation of the study and definition of the key term
1.1Historical background of the study
Cashew nuts production is the one of the economic activity which has been carried out by many indigenous in the Mtwara region. It is the one of the cash crop in which people depend on it.
Cashew nut is the predominant cash crop in the region and others are groundnuts and simsim and sometimes cashew nuts intercropped with food crops mainly cassava, grain and legumes. cashew nut provide an important source of income for farmers in Mtwara region, creating job opportunities to the community and also it contribute much on the GDP of the country. Apart from cashew nut production within the region there are some activities which have been carried out by the people such as fishing, beekeeping, trade and small scale industries.
Economy of Mtwara region tend to increase day after day due to increase in cashew nut production as well as due to contribution made by other sectors of the economy within the region such as agricultural, fishing and mineral sectors as well as coconut production is important in improving the region economy.
Cashew nut production leads to stimulate other economic and social activities such as trade, banking services as well as transport and communication networks and also leads to increase in social interaction of the people from other regions.
Various people conduct research in cashew nut production and such people include Shija Lyella Lusendamila write on “cashew nut production and marketing in Mkuranga district, Tanzania” and he concluded that public services and policies related to development of cashew nut production should give more support to small holder farmers. And this support can be informed of facilitation in the acquisition of working capital and access to markets through production of value added cashew nuts. Moreover support for the improvement cultivation practices to increase productivity and quality of cashew nuts should also be prioritized by the government. This should involve the development of compatible and integrated strategy that will ensure reliable access to inputs, credit and subsidies by cashew nut farmers in which increases in yield require building capacity in research and development of highly yielding cashew nut varieties as well as well improved extension and education services.
Pascal B. Mallya writes on “analysis of social –economic factors affecting cashew nut production in Ruangwa district, Tanzania”. he concluded that government should strive to develop roads, water, energy and communication infrastructures, this will increase smallholder’s economic opportunities by reducing transactions, cost and allowing farmers to get access to marketing information for productivity and small holder cashewnut profitability also the government should encourage private sectors to invest in credit at affordable rates.
Godfrey Renatus Mfumu writes on “Tanzania cashewnut production and supply under market reforms” that the CBT must understand the strength of price signals to the farmers. The announce of good indicative prices should be well received by the farmers. However, such announcements won’t be of any use to the farmers if they fail to benefit from it. This suggests further that there is still a need of proper supervision on the production to prevent middle traders from exploiting the farmers through collusion practices among the buyers. Such measures will allow price incentives to work more effective on benefiting the farmers at the ground and improve the government revenue ripped from the sector for at least in the short run.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Cashew nut production in Mtwara region have more emphasized by the government as shown by CBT statistics that the increase of production was due to increased acreage, government subsidy on pesticides and adoption of good agricultural practices including weeding, pruning and spraying of pesticides and these leads to some extent production contributed to increase in national income as well as the individual’s income. The cashew nut board of Tanzania (CBT) indicates that Tanzania is endowed with huge fertile and arable land where large plantations can be established to feed into feed into processing factories and export markets. This opportunity is open to both local and foreign investors looking for areas to develop viable business ventures in agriculture.
Various people conduct research in cashew nut production in order to discover the impact of cashew nut to the living standard of the people and such people include Joseph Daudi Tesha writes on” contribution of agriculture marketing cooperatives (AMCOS) on cashewnut production in poverty alleviation and standard of living Mtwara, Tanzania” he concluded that poverty alleviation and standard of living is the one among the key focus of the millennium development goals and Tanzania vision of 2025 and poverty strategy by the government of Tanzania. There is need for the government to empower small farmers through calling stake holders to focus on the need to have straight and transparent channel for cashew nut in which the crop pray very big role as a source of income to majority farmers in the southern regions of Lindi and Mtwara.

Ibrahim George writes on “disseminated cashew nut production technologies and their effect to cashew nut productivity in live hoods” and he concluded that cashew nut production technology and their effect are essential in moving towards the broader goal of increasing farmer income and improving rural live hoods through disseminating improved technologies and practices. Also he found in all villages agricultural extension officers identified were basically government employees and their numbers were not sufficient to meet the village needs. Similarly farmer’s participation in cashew nut technologies and practices trainings was found to be low.
Peter Kwasi Sarpong writes on “assessment of the contributions of cashew nut production to local economic development” and he concluded that the exist between cashew nut production and the societies economies provides food, employment and income for the people and foreign exchange for the country as whole. Cashew nut production has been the sources of income to the people thus study recommends that the government on her agencies take pragmatic state the strategies to create an enabling environment for the sector to strive. This require support for all cashew stakeholders, for instance the cashew board of Tanzania regulate and promotes quality in the marketing and export of raw and processed cashew nuts. Despite the contribution made by the other researchers no one has looked on the  impact of cashew nut production to the living standard of the people regardless the contributions made by the governments, agricultural market cooperatives on production and selling and for that reason I’m going to search on how the farmers utilize their income obtained on cashew on their living standard what cause them to fail to use the payments to alleviate poverty in their societies and to improve their living standard so that to fill the gap and to give out the recommendation to be used in order to help the farmers to improve their standard of living.

1.3       Objectives of the Study

1.3.1    General Objective

To assess the impact of cashew nuts production on the improvement of the living standard of the people in Mtwara region.
1.3.2   Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are;
i. To identify the impact of cashew nut production on improvement of living standard of the people.
ii.To find out the challenges obtained by those who participate in cashew nut production in Mtwara region.
iii.To establish  solutions for the challenges obtained by the people participating on cashew nut production.
1.4      Research Questions
i.            What are the impact of impact of cashew nut production on the improvement of the living standard of the people ?
ii.            What are the challenges obtained by those who participate in cashew nut production?
iii.            What are the solutions for the challenges obtained by the people participating on cashew nut production?


 1.5            Significance of the Study
The significance of the study concern the fact that it is not only that the poor living standard become a problem to the indigenous ,but also with the attempt to put forward some reasons for the poor living standard and recommendations that may help farmers to become aware on the income generated from the cashew nut production.

1.6       Scope of the Study

1.7: Limitation of the Study                                                          

        i.            Time limitation influenced by dealing with continuing with the normal studies and at the same time to concentrate in doing the research studies.
      ii.            Economic problem like insufficiency of funds to finance the studying activities.
    iii.            Difficulties on finding the   sources of materials on writing the report.
1.8      Definition of the Key Terms
The following key terms are operationally defined for the purpose of this study:
Cashew nut: It is the edible nut of a tropical American anacardiaceous evergreen tree, anacardium occidentale, bearing kidney shaped nuts that protrude from a fleshy receptacle.
 Production: It is the process of making or growing goods to be sold, is the organized activity of transforming resources into finished goods or services.
Improvement: It is an occasion when something gets better or when you make it better.
Living standard: is the level of comfort, material goods, wealth and necessities available to a certain geographic area including income, quality and availability of employment ,poverty rate, quality and affordability of housing, quality of health care, quality and availability of education, life expectancy, cost of goods and services as well as infrastructure in which people live.


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