Labeling

                    Labeling refer to the process of categorizing or classifying children based on their abilities and disabilities.

This assumes that assigning a student categorical name implies knowledge about the characteristics of the student's learning problem. it has been criticized by many educator who claim that labeling a student does more harm than good.

However, what students are called determines what services they receive and where they will receive them.

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                      Labeling is a process of creating descriptor to identify person who differ from the norm .norm is a broad relative term, everyone is different in some way from someone else "(darrow and white)" as sited in davis k.2004.

As human we use numerous labels on a daily basis without being conscious. We may say the teacher, the doctor or the principal this done to conjure up an image of the person in question and how they might look as act. In a similar way we often ladled person with disabilities

Special education service a child must be identified as having a disability and in most cases must be further classified into one of the state's categories such as mental retardation or learning disability.A person with disability is labeled based on medical and education diagnosis for example cripples which is used to refer to a person (s) with mobility impairment.

                      The following are the advantages of labeling in the context of education psychology

                  Labeling form the basis for funding education provision.Natioand local funding of special education programme are based on categories disabilities hence due to that labeling play the great role in context of education psychology.

                 Labeling the disability spotlight the problem for the public. labeling can spark social concern and aid advocacy effort when person are labeled , advocacy, group now have an opportunity to identify the problem and lobby for it on behalf of the individual . in other word labeling creates cohesive communication for advocacy group

                  Labeling may make the majority without disabilities more tolerant of the minority with disabilities .labeling provide the person without the disability an opportunity to research about the condition and make them more tolerant of the person with the disability. This is so because people are labeled based on their education for medical

                   Labeling may make the majority without disabilities more tolerant of the minority with disabilities. That is the action of child identified as having intellectual disability for example might be tolerated, whereas the behavior of a peer without intellectual disability would be criticized.

                    Labeling can relate diagnosis to specific treatment or type of education example speech audiologist , medical practitioners labeling the disability spotlights the problem for the public labeling can spar social concern and advocacy hence due that labeling play the great role in the context of education psychology.

                     Labeling has led to the development of special teaching method, assessment approaches and behavioral interventions that are useful for teacher of all students. When using labeling in context of education psychology can help teacher to have he or she is own way or method of teaching hence to enable student to understand well according to the he or she is ability on learning hence labeling play the great role.

                     Labeling enable or help professional to communicate with one another because each categorical label convey a general idea about leering characteristic, so due labeling can make professionals to understand each on the way of communication because instruction are being given due to the category and characteristic

   The following are disadvantages of labeling in context of education psychology

                      Labeling lead student cannot receive special education services until they are labeled, in many instances the intervention comes too late student with disabilities at a disadvantage when they have to wait to be labeled before they can be receive special education service .In essence the need to label student before help arrive undermines a preventive approach to mild learning problem.

                        Labeling tend to focus on impairment and may encourage people to see the impairment instead of the child .Often time when a child is labeled. the person without the disability focuses on the child limitation and not their strength the on looker , d force not to look pass the disability while the real beaty is shoved aside by the label.

                         When a child labeled the  blame and guilt is force onto the shoulder of the parent .this make the parent feel as if their child is constantly discriminated and the parent eventually feel that it is their fault .as a result the parent may with draw the child from the wider society as a means of protection

                        Label send a clear message ; The learning problem is with the student label tend to obscure the essence of teaching and learning as a two way street for example , some student placed in a mild disability category have nothing with them they are the unfortunate recipient of ineffective schooling.

                       Label may result in love expectation for the child than for peers. in some cases the moment a child is labeled , the expectation of the child is lowered .As a result of the child disabilities they are not expected to perform at a high standard as the rest the class or their

 peer in general .

                    Label shape teacher expectation studies on have demonstrated that what teacher believe about student capability is directly related to student

                    Hence labeling must be not used much in education because due to labeling can make children to lose his or her basic right of perfect education only due to his or her ability.

                  

      

                    Inclusion refers to the educational practice which involves educating student with special education needs in regular classroom. it means breading educational opportunities for children with disabilities and marginalized group so as to realize their fall potential

It is about ensuring the right to education of all learners regardless of their individual characteristics or difficulties in order to build a more just society (UNESCO 2001) .

The major impetus for the inclusive education approach was given by the world conferences on special need education in 1994.

Inclusive school are the most effective means of combating discriminatory attitudes creating welcoming communities building an inclusive society achieving education to the majority of children and improve the efficiency and ultimately the cost effectiveness of the entire education system(UNESCO 1994).

In an inclusion setting disability should be seen and treated in social mode point of view that is the system have to adjusted to accommodate special education needs (UNESCO 2007)the emphasis on

.Re organization of regular school and classroom in order to cater for a greater diversity of children’s need in the community all children attending their local school in regular classroom and appropriate support given

.all school restructures their curriculum /assessment and group arrangement to ensure access and success for children.

.This will help to make the school setting least  restructure the least restrictive environment (LRE) refer to a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated

.similarly technology can also be used to assist student with disability have equal access to education in inclusive setting

.Technology device and service need to provide to student and disabilities.

There two types of technology can be used to improve the education of student with disabilities. These are

 i. Instructional technology; this includes videos tapes, computer assisted instruction and complex hyperemic programmers in which computer are used to control the display of visual images stored on video disc .

ii.Assive technology; consists of various services and devices help student with disabilities function within the environment.

                 The following are the reason why inclusion

            All children have the right to learn together. Inclusion is done because any or every student have equal right to study together in regular classroom regardless their mental abilities either mental disabilities or learning difficulties , gifted and talented , hence inclusion put those study together in matter of giving out education.

          Children should not be devalued or discriminated against by being excluded or sent away because of their disability or learning difficulty .inclusion is there because any student are equal and there is no need to devaluate or discriminated a student only because of their disabilities

            Inclusion make children do better academically and socially in inclusive setting. So when children will be joined together without looking for their disabilities makes children to perform well in different matter such as academic matter but also in the social matters.

             All children need an education that will help them develop relationship and prepare them for life in the mainstream. all people need education for their betterment regardless their abilities hence inclusion is there to make sure that all children get education for their betterment of their life without look for their abilities.

             Only inclusion has the potential to reduce fear and to build friendship respect and understanding .When inclusion will be done student will feel comfortable because they will feel they are not discriminated and segregated hence make them to do something better than when labeling will be done

            Therefore inclusion in education is most important because it bring positive effect to student (children)but also inclusion have its disadvantage in education because it make teacher to use much effort to make sure that all student are understand but also when teacher will not consider the abilities of his or her student hence use the way that make children who have disabilities to do not understand it will be not good at all 

   REFERENCE

 Kelvin Seifert at al.2010contemporary Education psychology .wiki books

Nurture?Beliefs  about child development Held by college student in psychology courses by McDEVITT, college student journal

Kelvun.S.& sutton, R .(2009) Education psychology , second edition .zurich 

Heward, william, 2014, expectional chidren.

WOOLFOLK ANITA 2002 , Education psychology.