Politeness theory

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Politeness theory
According to Brown & Levinson, (1987) Politeness theory states a of using communicative strategies to create and maintain social harmony.
Apart from the above, Lack off, (1990). State politeness theory as a system of interpersonal relations designed to facilitate interaction by minimizing the potential for conflict and confrontation inherent in all human interchange.
Brown & Levinson (1978) use face to explain the politeness theory..
They express the concept of Negative face as the desire to be independent and avoiding others to tell him/her what to do. They add by saying face is the public image that every member want to claim for themselves. :
For example: Expressing of thanks,  "thank you very much for your help." Here the speaker expresses thanks because he/she feels obliged to do so. The freedom of action is threatened in the moment of speaking.
Negative face describes the basic personal rights of an individual including his or her personal freedom as well as freedom of action. One's negative face is negligible of all factors which represents a threat towards individual rights. Popular example is the freedom of speech which include one's need not to be interrupted by others when speakin.
Negative face is threatened when an individual does not avoid or intend to avoid the obstructions of their interlocutor's freedom of action. This can cause the demage to either the speaker or the hearer, and makes one of the interlocutors submit their will to the other. Form of choice or action are impeded when negative face is threatened.
Negative face threatening act (FTA's) restricting the hearer's personal freedom include:-
Ø  Acts predicating a future act of the hearer. Example: orders, requests, suggestions, advice, reminding, threats, warning or dares.
Ø  Acts predicating a future act of the speaker towards the hearer. Example: offers or promises.
Ø  Acts expressing a desire of a speaker towards the hearer of his or her goods. Example: complements, expressions of emotions.
From the above, here below are their examples:-
v  Order: "please give that book" TheThe speaker expresses an anticipation where by restricts his or her personal freedom.
v  Promise: "I promise I will come by tomorrow" the speaker stats the future action in which a hearer should be involved.
v  Compliment: "I real like you" the speaker expresses positive emotions towards the hearer which may involve an anticipation of positive reaction by the hearer. (Giving thanks or expressing positive emotions towards the speaker).
Conclusion.
Negative face in regarded to the politeness theory is seen that an individual can be faced with a lack of confidence and claim to territorial personal preserves rights to non - distractions.







References:-
Brown, P. & Levinson, S.C. (1978) Politeness: some universals in language use, England: Cambridge university press.
Goffman, E. (1955). On face-work: an analysis of ritual elements in social interaction. Psychiatry journal for the study of interpersonal processes.
Lackoff, R.T.S. (2005) Broadening the horizon of linguistic politeness, pragmatic and beyond new series, Amsterdam, John Benjamins.
BARGIELA - CHIPPING, E. (2003) face and politeness: New (insights) for old (concept) Journal of programic, 35: 1453-1469





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