Queries may be specified by applying conditions solely to the spatial components of spatial data. Discuss

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STELLA MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
(STEMMUCO)
(A constituent College of Saint Augustine University of Tanzania)
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
                  DEPARTMENT:                         GEOGRAPHY
                 COURSE TITTLE:                     GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM

                 COURSE CODE:                         GE 353

                 COURSE INSTRUCTOR:         SIR LEONARD

                 NATURE OF TASK: GROUPASSIGNMENT 5

NO
                    NAME
REGISRATION NO
SIGNATURE
1
MOSHI H. NAMMOHE
STE/BAED/163120

2
ALLY A. MUSSA
STE/BAED/163134

3
TAJI ALLI ISMAIL
STE/BAED/163191

4
CHUNGU LEONARD
STE/BAED/163543

5
JEREMIAH S. KAPELA
STE/BAED/163208

6
NDAKI SAMWEL
STE/BAED/163602

7
AKRAM RAMADHAN
STE/BAED/163316

8
ROJAS KAMOTOKELA
STE/BAED/163532

9
ABDALLAH NASSORO
STE/BAED/163341


TASK: Queries may be specified by applying conditions solely to the spatial components of               spatial data. Discuss

INTRODUCTION
Query is to retrieve the attribute data without altering the existing data according to the specification given by operator. Unwin, D (1981).or
Is the ability to answer and ask questions about geographic features and their attributes and the relationship between them, this is what is known as query or selection, Bonham-Carter (1995).
Query is the one among of the methods of spatial analysis done to answer questions about the real world including the present situation, the trend and evaluation of capacity or possibility using overlay technique, modeling and prediction
Spatial analysis ranges from simple arithmetic and logical operations to complicated model analysis as follows;
Query, Reclassification, Coverage rebuilding, Overlay.
This condition are grouped by the three main components of positional information
·        Location or where something is located it is located by its ex – Y –Z coordinates
·        Orientation or which direction is something facing? By its degree
·        Motion or where the something going and how is fast? By its direction, velocity and acceleration.
In each component there are quantitative and qualitative aspects. Qualitative aspect are determined by numbers where qualitative aspect are described the relation between multiple people, objects or places. According to Bonham-Carter (1995) the following are the some conditions which query may be applied through specific criteria. 
Slopes and aspects
The most versatile and useful representation of terrain in the digital elevation model this is the raster representation in which each grid cells records the elevation value, the elevation recorded is often elevation of cells centre point, but sometimes it mean elevation of cell, and other roles have been used, knowing exactly elevation of point above the sea level is important for some application including prediction of the effects of global warming and raising sea level an coastal cities.
Buffering
 one of the most important transformation available to GIS user in the buffer operation, given any set of object which may include points, line or area a buffer operation builds a new object or objects by identifying all areas that are within a specified distance on the original objects, buffering is possible in both Raster and vector. GIS is the Raster case of the result is the classification of cells according to weather the lie inside or outside the buffer which the result in the vector case in a new set of object.

Shape
GIS are also used to calculate the shape of object particularly in many country political representations is based on the concept of constituencies which are used to define who will vote for each place in the legislature.
Distance and length
 A metric is a rule for determination of distance between point in space. Several kind of metric are used in GIS depending on the application. The simplest in the rule for determining the shortest distance between two points in a flat plain called Hydrogen or straight-line metric
Measurement
Are simple metrical values that describe aspects of geographical data they include measurement of simple properties of objects like distance, length, area or shape and relationships between pairs of objects like distance or direction
Hypothesis
 Testing, focus on the process of reasoning from the result of a limited, sample to make generalization about an entire population
It allows us, for example to determine whether a pattern of a points could have risen by chance based on the information from a hypothesis testing is the basis of efferential statistics and lies at the core of the statistical analysis, but it use with spatial data in much data have problematic
CONCLUSSION
Furthermore queries may be useful in specific condition like in summarizing data and calculating data, not only that but also is used in the data base and used also in finding specific data by filtering specific criteria





REFERENCES
Unwin, D. (1981). Introductory spartial analysis. Methwen, Landon
Bonham-Carter, G. F (1995) Geographical information system for Geoscientist: Modelling with                              GIS. Pergamon Press, New York.

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