With specific examples from across the world, discuss the techniques used in inventorying and monitoring of the forests resources

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Saut Mtwara

FACULTY OF EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT:                              GEOGRAPHY
COURSETITTLE:                         NATURAL RESOURCES MANANGEMENT
COURSECODE:                             GE 352
COURSEINSTRUCTOR:              SONGELA, Angela
NATURE OF ASSIGNMENT:       GROUP WORK
PRESENTATION DATE:                    18-12-2019
NO
NAME
REGISTRATION  NUMBER
SIGN
01
GODFATHER J MSEMO
STE/BAED/162953

02
JANETH   C  MWAKIPOKILE
STE/BAED/163609

03
SAMWEL   S    CHAGU
STE/BAED/162935

04
ISSA     H  NAMTIKE
STE/BAED/163310

05
MWAISHA    D   RAMADHANI
STE/BAED/163556

06
AHMAD   Y    HAMISI
STE/BAED/163240

07
JAPHETH   F  MASUDI
STE/BAED/163218

08
JACKSON   R   CHITANDA
STE/BAED/163179

09
ATUMALYE  MLAGALA
STE/BAED/163616

10
JOSEPHINE CHISUMILA
STE/BAED/163446

TASK:  With specific examples from across the world, discuss the techniques used in inventorying and monitoring of the forests resources.
INTRODUCTION
Forest inventory is the systematic collection of data and information for assessment or analysis of forest resource. The aim of the statistical forest inventory is to provide comprehensive information about the state and dynamics of forests for strategic and management planning.
Monitoring forest cover and loss is critical for obtaining the data necessary to help define what is needed to maintain the varying forest service requirements. There is an increasing need for timely and accurate forest change information, and consequently a greater interest in monitoring those changes. The following are the various techniques used in inventorying and monitoring of the forest resources as follow:
Remote Sensing method, Remote Sensing refers to gathering of information from greater distances and over a broad area, usually through instruments mounted on air craft or orbiting space vehicles.For Forest Monitoring and Management is a good way to monitor changes in forests.For example in India, (1986) using to monitoring the forest cover by using remote sensing imagery , Brazil, (1980) using to monitoring the forest cover, Norway used by Norway national forest inventory for almost 100 years,Denmark, Finland ,Sweden,france,Italy,china,Germany  and Japan used for monitoring forest resources.
Sampling method is a necessary technique used in most forest inventories economic reasons. sampling methods include objective sampling used for know the importance sign of bias in order to determine the sampling error of them and sampling design used for provide most precise estimates for a given cost for example Ireland using statistics methods in the inventory analyst represent standard methods by simple and stratified sampling design and Thailand, (2009) using sampling method for monitoring and inventory of forest resources, according to Tomppo et.al ,(2014) report that Tanzania mainland using sampling method to determine the future demand of charcoal,Scotland,Sweden  using when DBH( diameter at breast height) tree population,Switzeland using for small tree diameter,india,Austria and so on.
Topographic mapping is the operation or act of use elevation contours lines to show the shape of the earth surface. so it using to the whole area exists at a suitable scale, permitting the reduction to a negligible value of the error on the estimate to the total area to be inventoried for example in India used for mapping for accurate and assessment of forest resources as essential step for efficiencies of forest management, finland, Sweden using in forest inventories and so on.
Topographic survey, survey is art of determine the relative position of point on the earth for example in Ireland, (2007) used topographical survey for forest inventory by navigate six figure national grid coordinate, in India used survey for monitoring forest cover, The Bălăbăneşti village is located on the border between the Galati and Vaslui Counties, Sweden using by Swedish land survey and so on.
Estimating method, the principle of these method is to determine the proportional of the total area occupied by a given forest class. Estimation include volume or biomass estimates for individual trees in the sample area are aggregate to derive the total inventoried tree volume in the sample area and area estimation for the different forest or vegetation classes does not require mapping of these areas an objective can be performed by allocating through photo interpretation. For example in India use estimating indicator of ecosystem diversity include forest vertical and horizontal structure, forest edge length, fragmentation status and estimating species diversity,france using to describe forest, other wooded land ,health land and hedges
Geographical information system method, Geographical information system is the computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing and displaying geographically referenced data. Geographical information system helps monitoring and inventory of forest resources for example in India during past decade inventory methods have been greatly modified with modern tools such as Geographical information system (Gis),Finland using to utilize an auxiliary information, Sweden using to separating protected forest from unprotected and so on.
Satellite images based method, this method involve the building of a database method that database provides improved statistical and spatial analysis tools which helps for decision making for the better management and development of forest resources. The building of database include new satellite and airborne instruments by using multi spectral Terra MODIS(moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) instrument information for example in July, (1972) with launching in the United states of first Earth resources Technology satellite (ERTS A) using to monitoring forest resources, Finland using satellite images to monitoring forest resources
Photogrammetric standard methods, photogrammetric method is the method of survey and mapping that has many applications in the department of transportation. so in literature were focused especially on the evaluation of the average height of the tree stem volume, the medium size of the crown or on the density and texture values derived from matching the aerial photogrammetric digital images or high-resolution spectral analysis for example in Ireland using to measure the diameter at breast height of tree is the stem diameter at 1.3m from ground level in order to attributes forest management, Norway using to assess the indicator of non forest sample.
The k-nearest neighbor (KNN) method has become popular for forest inventory by use mapping applications and widely used to produce pixel level estimates of continuous forest variables such as biomass, basal area and volume for example in Sweden applied KNN method for estimate tree biomass by using 658 of national forest inventory , Canada for two different weighting functions to estimate aboveground of biomass, Norway and Finland using to training data from forest management institute inventory so far and so on.



CONCLUSION
A national forest monitoring system comprises the institutional and consultative arrangements that enable a country to estimate its greenhouse gas emissions and removals from forests, including those due to REDDC+activities (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries). In addition, a system should provide data for policy assessment, take advantage of the knowledge of local communities in monitoring, is linked to monitoring of other forest values such as biodiversity and social conditions, and provide information on the success of policy implementation.


REFERENCE
Tomppo et.al. (August 2014). A sampling design for a large area forest inventory:case Tanzania. Forest research , 44(8).


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