An Investigation on the Causes of Income poverty among women in the Society. A Case Study of Momba District
TASK:
An Investigation on the Causes of
Income poverty among women in the Society. A Case Study of Momba District
DECLARATION
I declare that this research report
is the work of my own hand, and it is essential tool to give me as a researcher
the guidelines through which my research report will pass through. This
research proposal is determined to give the background information, literature
review and methodologies on the above research title.
Name:
FR. FESTUS
Signature:…………………….
Date:………………………….
Declaration by the Supervisor
This
research report has been submitted for the examination with my
approval as the Supervisor.
Name:
FR. FESTUS
Signature:……………..
Date:……………………
DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to my beloved
parents Mr. George Sichimata and Mrs. George Sichimata for taking care of me
and incurring a lot of expenses in sustaining my studies from the elementary
stage up to this University level; really I thank them so much and pray to God
that they are showered with blessings in their lives here on Earth
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First
and foremost, I am grateful to my Almighty God who gives me life and
intellectual capability to solve all of my problems, thank you Lord.
I
would also like to thank those in one way or another who helped me from the
beginning of my study up to this moment.
Thirdly,
I would like to thank you my parents and all my relatives for their tireless
prayers that gave me the strength and courage to work harder in my academic
performance. Additionally, special thanks to Mr. Joel sinkolongo for his
instruction through the course of (RM) which in one way or another helped me to
gain the skills of writing this proposal.
Lastly,
I would like to acknowledge Mr. Godluck Kawonga for his assistance especially
how to arrange this work systematically.
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property of Stella Maris Mtwara University College and one is not allowed to reproduce
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college. Importantly, in case of any utility of this work either in full or
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that will not go unpunished.
Table of
Contents
ABSTRACT
The study was based on the investigation
on the causes of income poverty among women in the society. Chapter One
presented the background of the study, the statement of the problem showed
clear that causes of income poverty among women in the society women in Momba
District researcher conclude by basing in objective of the
study that are,
To examine the social factors that causes income poverty among women in Momba District to identify the economic
factors that causes income poverty among women in Momba District and to investigate the other related factors that
causes income poverty among women in Momba District.
Chapter Two was about literature review,
it was about related review of the study from different with the study it came
out that these were not exactly appeared to women in Momba District.,
and these led to the research gap of the study.
Chapter Three was about research
methodology. The study employed qualitative and quantitative approaches while
survey design was used during the study. The study employed simple random
sampling, purposive sampling and snow ball that used that were in selecting a
total of 50 respondents whereby 40 community member 09 executive officers and
01 district executive officer. Information presented was collected though interview
and questionnaire methods.
Chapter Four was about finding of the
study investigation on the causes of income poverty among women in the society
were identified as social causes like poor
family relationship, corruption, lack of education, different among the women
and traditional and cultural influences.
Economic causes like lack of the sources and capital, lack of planning
and high employment problem as well as other related causes of income poverty among women like
single mother household, natural and geographical problem, vicious cycle and
climatic change.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The
‘feminization of income poverty among women is a feature of much of the
developing world, with females accounting for half of the world’s population
but 70 percent of the poor (Moghadam, 2005) factors of income poverty among women in Sub-Saharan Africa mainly rural
women in the countries of the tropical belt. The income poverty among
women in Tanzania have been said differently,
as the World Bank and in a narrower sense with IMF are the clear intellectual
leaders among Tanzania’s donors in terms of the depth and breadth of the
various on-going and planned reforms of the macro-economic Famine resulting from floods or droughts
is not uncommon. Since the mid-1990s, adverse weather conditions have
undermined food security. Social well-being, however, is good in Tanzania, a
country with a long history of participatory planning and implementation of
public programs. Aside from some instability in the late 1960s and early 1970s,
Tanzania has enjoyed peace, stability, and independence.
1.2
Statement of the problem
Income
poverty among women is the serious problem although it have being suggested by
the World bank (2006) Summit to have access of all basic needs to human being
especially in developing countries whose its people are living under the
extreme poverty line. But different strategies have been suggested in Tanzania
as the major solution towards income poverty eradication to women like women empowerment and the efforts made by Word Bank and other donors
from outside also though Tanzanian governments since the Arusha Declaration in 1967. The
institutions of governance were carefully crafted to match with the vision of
the day, the mono-party and centralized planning framework. Together with all
those efforts made by different doors from outside and different programs
proposed by the Tanzanian government the problem of income povertyespecially among women is still prevailing in Tanzania
specifically in Momba District.
Therefore the research decided seriously to make a critical assessment on the
factors contributing to income poverty among women to the community.
1.3
Objective of the study
1.3.1
General objective
The
general objective of the study will be an investigation on the critical
assessment on the factors contributing to income poverty among women in the
society.
1.3.2Specific
Objective
i)
To
examine the social factors that causes income poverty among women in Momba District
ii)
To
identify the economic factors that
causes income poverty among women in Momba
District
iii)
To
investigate the other related factors that causes income poverty among women in
Momba District
1.4
Research Questions
The
research questions of the study will be:
i)
What
are the social factors that cause income poverty among women in Momba District?
ii)
What
are the economic factors that cause income poverty among women in Momba District?
iv)
What
are the cultural factors that cause income poverty among women in Momba
District?
1.5
Significance of the study
To the Researcher, this research finding
will help the other researchers to continue with the topic gap so as to fill
the gap and put emphasis by contributing more knowledge.
1.6
Limitation of the study
This study is to investigate the
measures which can be taken in reduction of income poverty among women in Momba District
1.7
Definition of key terms
Causes are the reasons that lead something to happen or
exist.
Society is the people who leaving together as community with
defined territory and authority.
1.8
Conceptual frame work
A conceptual framework is a research tool which will intend
to assist a researcher to develop awareness and understanding of situation
under scrutiny and communicate it (Kombo and Tromp, 2006).In this study the conceptual framework that will be
adopted shows interrelationship between independent variables and dependent
variables and the assumed influence of the independent variables over dependent
variable.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.0
Introduction
This chapter presents the Theoretical Review,
Overviews, Empirical Studies and Research Gap. Also this study consulted
information related to the problem being investigated.
1.1
Empirical review
Previous
studies have explained differently on the social causes, economic causes and
other related causes on income poverty among the women. These are as follows:-
2.1.1
The social causes of income poverty among women in the society
Unlike
the definition of income poverty among women, which continues to conjure up
different meanings for different people (hence a consensus on this definition
remains elusive), general concurrence among scholars and development
practitioners regarding the factors that determine and sustain income poverty
among women has been more closely approximated. Some of these factors are
thought to be general, in that they can serve to create or intensify privation
across all sectors of the economy and across different population groups.
Migration
as a cause of income poverty, there are a number of ways in which migration can
cause income poverty towomen
or at least deteriorate the living standards of the already poor and the near
poor. Those that will be discussed here include, among others, forced removals,
migration that occurs through irregular channels, overcrowding in the labor
markets (of various destinations), and brain drain. (I) Forced removals
According to Skelton (2003), one of the most obvious ways in which migration
can cause income poverty among women is through forced removals that occur without
adequate planning and support. These forced removals have a direct effect on
the livelihoods of the poor, in a sense that they strip the poor of their
much-needed essential asset,
Skeldon
(2003), environmental/situational characteristics, the different areas where people live pose both opportunities and
constraints or hazards. People who fail to realize opportunities in their
respective communities, particularly in the rural areas, usually fail to
mitigate the negative effects (that are created by the constraints or hazards
in these respective areas) that accompany these opportunities, and this could
lead to low income, which could result in income poverty among women if it
(i.e. low income) is sustained for long periods of time. In light of this, the
ensuing sub-sections seek to discuss how these constraints (including exposure
to natural disasters and residing in rural areas) could lead to income poverty
among women if they are not managed successfully.
2.1.2
Other related causes of income poverty among women
Nero&
Thomas, (2000), natural disasters (floods, droughts, etc.) and income poverty among
women, everybody is exposed to natural hazards and hence to disaster risks.
However, the level of exposure and the ability to cope with disaster is varied,
with income poverty among women being the result in some instances. In light of
this, this section seeks to understand how natural disasters can cause or
aggravate income poverty. This will be achieved by discussing, in brief, why
the impacts of natural disasters affect poor people and rich people
differently, and how these disasters actually affect poor people and poor
societies. Rural location and income poverty, one of the most salient facts about the poor in most developing
countries is that they are disproportionately located in rural areas and,
according to Ravalli on (2002); this trend is likely to prevail for protracted
periods of time.
2.1.3
Economic causes of income poverty among women in the society
Lack
of resources and technology, rural areas are heavily dependent on agricultural
production, which in developing countries is characterized by low labor
productivity, because of minimal capital per worker and inadequate technology.
Small farm owners, in general, receive limited credit (compared to large farm
owners) and tenants, sharecroppers and landless laborers receive almost none.
Moreover, there is little research and development to improve technology
appropriate for small farmers. Therefore, due to the combination of these
factors, low aggregate earnings are usually the result.
Lucas
&Timer, (2005), urban bias at the heart of the apartheid policies, there
was a subtle premise of multi-faceted discrimination against non-Whites,
especially Africans. According to the ideology of apartheid, each race was to
be kept apart, and each was to develop separately. This segregation tactic was
then, in turn, utilized to target development efforts at high-income
1.1
Theoretical literature review
1.1.1
Classical theory
Classical economics, developed
mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries, included theories on both value and
distribution. The value of a product was thought to depend exclusively on the
costs involved in producing that product. The explanation of costs in classical
economics served simultaneously as an explanation of distribution. Expressed in
its original agricultural terms, a landlord received rent, workers received
wages, and a capitalist tenant farmer received profits on their investment. No
exploration was carried out into the driving forces behind the different flows
of income accruing to the different actors involved (i.e., on the shape of the
distribution of these payments).
In connection to that as
discussed above, the wrong choices made by individuals may lead them to find
themselves in income poverty among women or welfare trap. Beyond a minimum
level to prevent destitution, state intervention is generally viewed adversely
as a source of economic inefficiency; by generating incentives that are
misaligned between poor individuals and society as a whole, welfare programs
are perceived as a potential cause for or reinforcement of income poverty among
women(through welfare dependence).
2.3
Research gap
Different
scholars have conducted the research on the measures for income poverty among
women reduction in different areas as Hulme et al (2001) do the research in
South Africa and come up with the major or general causes of income poverty
among women as he said some of these factors or causes of income poverty among
women can be grouped into categories based on the channels through which they
affect income poverty among women levels. Therefore in spite of such researches
done by different scholars this research is going to differ in terms of themes,
time and the case study as this study will deal with the measures for reduction
of income poverty among women in Tanzania concentrating on three objectives
which are to identify the social factors that causes of income poverty, to
examine economic social factors that causes income poverty among women and to
identify the cultural factors that causes income poverty among women in Momba
district.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0
INTRODUCTION
This chapter
will present research method which used by researcher are Research design, area
for the study, Target population sample and sampling procedure, Data collection
techniques, Data analysis technique.
3.1 Research design
Kothari (2002) defines research design as a logical
structure in which the research will be conducted and carried out during the
data collection process, measuring and analysis of data. The study will involve
both qualitative and quantitative approach The study will
involve both qualitative and quantitative approach. The strategy will be
applied because of the time constrains that will not allow the researcher to
carry out a research over an extended period.
3.3Area
of the study
The
study will be conducted in Momba district are founded at Songwe Region which
are boundaries with four district from North, East, West and south. North there
is Ileje district, East there is Mbozi district, west there is Nakonde, and
South there is Katavi..The area is found in the southern part of Tanzania.
According to the 2012 Tanzania national census the actual total population of Momba District, is
about 336,302.
3.4 Target population
Kombo
and Tromp (2005) define targeted population as group of people which sample
population is taken for collecting information. The research study will include
local community who are found in Momba District, because these
one who are much affected with income poverty.
3.5 Sample and
sampling procedures
3.5.1 Sample Size
According to Fraenkel and Wallen
(2002, 8), sample is the selection of individuals who will participate from the
whole population. Sample Size refers to the number of unity to be selected from
the universe to constitute a sample, Kothari (2004, 4). In this study the
researcher will use the rule of thumb to obtain sample size. This rule will be
supported by Curry (1984), insists on the use of thumb rule in selecting sample
size, whereby sample size had been obtained from total targeted population.
This study will use the total of 50 respondents where by 40 are the community
members, 9 executive officers, and 1 District executive officer.
3.5.2 Purposive
Sampling
This
refers to the sampling techniques whereby the Subjects are selected because of
some characteristic (Patton, 1990). In this study the purposive sampling will be
used to select the ward executive officers and District executive officer. In Momba
district.
3.5.3 Simple random sampling
Sampling
refers to the act, process or technique of selecting a suitable sample or
representative part of population for the purpose of determining parameters or
characteristic of the whole population (Webster 1985).In this study,
the researcher will employ
simple random technique of
sampling which allow each member
of the population
as specified probability chosen
.
3.6 Data collection methods
These
are the tools in research that are used to collect data from the selected
respondents (Kothari, 2004). Interviews are discussions, usually one-on-one
between an interviewer and an individual, meant to gather information on a
specific set of topics(Bernard and Russell,2000) thus, interviews can be
conducted in person or over the phone. Arksey and Hillary (1999) state
Observations data collection in which the researcher does not participate in
the interactions. Examples of this include observing operating room procedures;
3.6.1 Interview
Interview
refers to the process of asking somebody questions about their life, opinions
and other related matters (Hornby, 2006). There are two types of interview
which are structured and unstructured interview. Structured Interview normally
interviews are done in a face-to-face format or via telephone using a standard
set of questions to obtain data that can be aggregated because identical
questions have been asked of each participant.
3.6.2 Observation
Non participant type of observation will be used
throughout the field, hand in hand with by observing the measures on income
poverty among women reduction. The method will facilitate the availability of
information which will not be provided by other data collection methods or to
validate the information gathered by interview and questionnaires which will be
employed in the field.
3.6.2 Secondary data
The secondary data are those which
have already collected by someone else and which have already passed through
the statistical process. Kothari (2004).Secondary information will be collected
from secondary sources such as books, journals from various libraries as well
as the internet; various public documents will also be used as source of
secondary information.
3.6.2.1
Documentary review
This method will be used to get second
hand information simply any written or recorded material data. It helped to
distill relevant information for the problem under study. The types of
documents which will be used is research reports, textbooks in libraries,
Journals and other records which relate to the causes, impact, and the solution
towards income poverty among women alleviation in Tanzania
3.7 Data analysis
Kothari
(2004:122) defines the term analysis as computation of a certain measures along
with searching for patterns of relationship that exist data group. The data
will be analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) through
descriptive statistics so as to make data more accurate and consistence for
presentation.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
4.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter attempted
to assess on the critical
assessment on the factors contributing to income poverty among women in the
society.
4.1 Distribution of
respondents
4.1.1 Age of the
respondents
This
is the age characteristics of the respondents who participated in this study.
The data obtain shows that, 30 respondents their age was 26-49 years and 20
respondents their age was 50.
Table: 2 Ages of the respondents (50)
|
Age of the respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentages (%)
|
|
26-49
|
30
|
60
|
|
50 and above
|
20
|
40
|
|
Total
|
50
|
100
|
Source: field Data, 2019
4.1.2 Educational
level of the
Respondents
The
data collected from the field revealed that 5 respondents were Diploma which is
equal to 10%, 5 respondents were Degree which is equal to 10% and 40 respondents which were Standard seven which
is equals to 80%. The table below shows the education level of respondents from
the field study.
4.1.3 Sex of the Respondents
The
research findings show that the total numbers of respondents in the field were
50, in which 45 respondents were female which account for 90% and 5 respondents
were male which equals to 10%..
4.2The Social Factors that Causes Income Poverty among women in society
4.2.2Poor
family relationship
The
research findings showed by 30 out of 50 respondents which is equals to 70%
that many people are rich in life due to the wealth obtained from their family
members. A person without a proper family rarely lives a prosperous life.
Adequate family support helps one take up education and also the right
decisions in business or investments. If not family, one at least needs good
friends and well-wishers to live a better and prosperous life.
4.2.3Lack of Education
The
findings show that, 38 out of 50 respondents which is
equals to 76% commented that opportunities for developing human capital and
education. A major key to reducing women's poverty is
to emphasize the importance of higher education. Families that are poor and are
living in rural areas of Africa will send their sons to school instead of their
daughters for many different reasons. School fees will keep parents from
sending their daughters to school because they are not deemed worthy of an
education. Girls are also kept home to learn how to care for a family by doing
chores, taking care of younger siblings, cooking and cleaning.
4.2.4Differences among women
In
general, more women than men suffer from poverty. Nevertheless, there is an
increasing trend that considerable differences exist among women themselves.
Highly educated women who are childless or have had fewer children or have had
children later in life have benefited from the narrowing of the gender gap over
the latter half of the twentieth century as they spend more time in better paid
employment, compared to women with lower education. As a result, there is as
4.2.5 Ineffective
governance and government policies
The
findings showed that 30 out of 50 respondents which is equals to 60% raised
that the most of region governments have been undemocratic for the time. Although many governments have formulated policies to
reduce poverty, they often fail to address the particular circumstances of
women. The lack of a gender perspective in anti-poverty policies may result in
the special needs of women being overlooked.
4.2.6
Traditional and culture influences
4.3The
Economic Factors that Causes Income Poverty among women among Women
4.3.1 Lack of resources and capital
The
findings revealed that 40 out of 50 respondents which is equals to 80% agreed
that women with some natural resources could eliminate poverty among
women. Some of the women are previously considered as those with resources are
now wealthiest women. This is due to the availability of capital by which they
could generate massive income. These women are also afraid of the decline of
their reserves. Even if the other means of energy generation for automobiles
like technology arise. Most of women in Momba
District,
lacked money of supporting them to
undertake business and its result they living in income poverty.
4.4Other relate causes of Income Poverty
among Women
4.4.1 Single
mother households
It
was reported by 38 out of 50 respondents which is equal to 77% that, Single
mother households are critical in addressing feminization of poverty and can be
broadly defined as households in which there are female headships and no male
headships. Single mother households are at the highest risk of poverty for
women due to lack of income and resources. There is a continuing increase of
single mother households in the world, which results in higher percentages of
women in poverty. Single mothers are the poorest women in society and their
children tend to be disadvantaged in comparison to their peers.
4.4.2 Natural and
geographical problems
About
32 out of 50 respondents which is equals to 64% argued that many areas in
Mtwara Mikindani are inherently poor due to their geographic characteristics
that predispose them to weak economic growth.
For example, most people who live in Mtwara Mikindani much inwards from
the sea coastal or navigable rivers than in other regions and hence face higher
transportation costs for exports. Furthermore, much of the population lives in
Mtwara Mikindani which are landlocked. Also, these problems of distance are
compounded by political barriers.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
5.1
Summary of the study
The study was based on the investigation
on the causes of income poverty among women in the society. Chapter One
presented the background of the study, the statement of the problem showed
clear that causes of income poverty among women in the society women in Momba
District, researcher conclude by basing in objective of the
study that are,
to examine the social factors that causes income poverty among women, to
identify the economic factors that causes income poverty among women and to
investigate the other related factors that causes income poverty among women in
Momba District, Chapter Two was about literature review,
it was about related review of the study from different with the study it came
out that these were not exactly appeared to women in Mtwara Momba District, and
these led to the research gap of the study. Chapter Three was about research
methodology. The study employed qualitative and
quantitative and random sampling Chapter Four was about finding of the study
investigation on the causes of income poverty among women in the society were
identified as social causes like poor
family relationship, corruption, lack of education, different among the women
and traditional and cultural influences.
Economic causes like lack of the sources and capital as well as other
related causes of income poverty among
women like single mother household
5.2
Conclusion.
In the research findings on the causes of
income poverty among women in Momba District, showed that ,ones of the great causes of poverty to women were lack of
capital and low level of education as well as its management if little is solicited.
Most of the respondents showed that they attained standard seven level of
education
5.3 Recommendations
Government
should provide education to women in order to create women empowerment for the
improvement of the environmental condition. so as to reduce the income
poverty to women.
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APPENDIX
i)
What
are the social factors that cause income poverty among women in Momba District?
ii)
What
are the economic factors that cause income poverty among women in Momba
District?
What are the cultural factors that
cause income poverty among women in Momba District
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