HISTORY NOTES FROM TWO

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Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates—in particular genus Homeland  leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes
Theories that explains the origin of man
The creation theory
The mythical/traditional theory
The evolution theory 
Was put forward by Charles Darwin in 1859. In his book “the origin of species by means of natural selection. He argues that plants and animals evolved from simple life form to complex organisms that occurred slowly over millions of years ago through
Mutations
Natural selection
Environmental adaptation
Isolation
​The creation theory
In the book of genesis it is written that God created the universe and all the living creatures including man, six day .God created man and woman in his own image He blessed them and told them to reproduce and fill the earth
Mythical theory
Most African community has myths of origin whose main points are that the first people were created by God. The evolution theory .Why Africa is considered the cradle of man    ​
There are numerous archeological sites on the continent where early fossils that resemble man has been found. The savannah grasslands provided space for early man to effectively hunt and gather his food .The tropical climate was suitable for early man’s existence for it was warm throughout the year
​Aegyopithecus (egyptophicus)
He was an ape like skull found in the faiyum depression in Egypt
He means an Egyptian shape
The teeth was closer to that of a herbivore
Features
        i.            He was small about 4 kgs
      ii.            He lived in the forest and looked like a monkey
    iii.            Had stereoscopic vision (sharp)
    iv.            He had enclosed eye sockets
​Drypithecus africunus (proconsul)
        i.            The skull was found at Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria
      ii.            He lived in the east African forests
    iii.            He lived between 20-25 million years ago
    iv.            Characteristics ​
Characteristics
        i.            ​He had 32 teeth and he had smaller canines than earlier apes
      ii.            He had a brain size of 400cc
    iii.            He had massive jaws
The skull was first discovered at taung in Botswana in 1924
Dr Louis and Mary Leakey discovered similar fossils at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and Lake Turkana in 1959
Similar fossils were found in omo valley and hadar in Ethiopia
​ Types of austropithecus
Australopithecus anamensis
This is the latest fossil found at kanapoi and allia bay of Lake Turkana by dr meave Leakey
Australopithecus afarensis
East Africa at olduvai gorge in Tanzania and was called the bosei.
Also called zinjantropus
Homo sapiens sapiens
Modern man
He lived from 10000 years ago
Characteristics
        i.            He is curious. Intelligent and plans ahead
      ii.            He made boats
    iii.            He developed agriculture
    iv.            He has a brain capacity of about 1400
      v.            He lived in settlements
Culture refers to the way of life a people. It is understood through the study of the stone age of Paleolithic periods.
This periods includes:
        i.            Old Stone Age
      ii.            Middle Stone Age
    iii.            New Stone Age
Old Stone Age/ early / lower Paleolithic tools and weapons  
​Stone Age refers to a period in time when man widely used stone as materials to make tools, weapons and artifacts
They are associated with Homo erectus and represent the second phase of Stone age. They include:
Fist hatchet Hand axes Knives Scrappers Clubs
Use of stone tools
Cutting meat and vegetables
Grinding tough vegetables 
Skinning animals
Digging roots
They sheltered in stone caves during the day and at night they slept on trees to avoid animal attacks
They ate raw meat, fruits, vegetables, eggs, insects and roots
Climate and clothes
The climate is coldest than it is now
Man had hairy body and didn’t wear clothes
Social life
They lived in small groups of about 20-30 people. They had small families
​Middle Stone Age period / middle paleolithic
Tools and weapons
The period is associated with Homo erectus who continued to use smaller, thinner, lighter and sharper tools known as Acheulian
Fire made it possible for man to move out of the warm savannah to other cold parts of the world
​New Stone Age – upper PALEOLITHIC
Tools and weapons
They are associated with Homo sapiens
They includes
Daggers, Fishing harpoons
        i.            , Saw blades ,Knives ,Arrow heads ,Bone needles,Bows and arrows  ,Shelter /clothing /social life He lived in rock shelters
      ii.            He built hut using sticks, mud, grass and trees branches 
    iii.            People lived in groups of up to 1000 member

Exercises
1.      What of theory
2.      What is evolution of man
3.      Explain different theory consider evolution of man
4.      Explain the feature of evolution of man
5.      Mention different activities involved  with man


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