Examine the co- existence of modes of production in 19th C Zanzibar.

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.Examine the co- existence of modes of production in 19th C Zanzibar.

Modesofproduction,accordingtoMarxandAngles (1967) defined asforindividualofproductionisadefinitefromofexpressingtheirlife.Adefinitedealswiththewhattheyproduceandhowtheyproduce,includingtheproductiveforceslikelabour,instrument, rawmaterialsbetweenhumansintheproductionofgoods.

Modesofproduction,referstothevariedwaysthathumanbeingcollectivelyproducethemeansofsubstanceinordertosurviveandenhancesocialbeing.Marxbelievethathumanhistorycouldbecharactrizedbythedominatmodesofproduction,soinshortmodesofproductionitmeanstothespecificeconomicsystem, Ingrams  (1967).

AccordingtoAlan&Richards(1986),definedmodesofproductionasintermsoftheinteraction oftherelationsandforceofproduction,thatisthesystemof ownershipoftherelationsandforceofproductionandthelevelofdevelopmentoftheletterthough interaction of productionformedthefoundationofallsocialsystemsfromanyothersocial,economic,ideologicalandpoliticalrelationsamongthe people in a particulararea.Thusproductiveforcesincludinghumanlaboursandmeansofproduction, example tools,productivemachinery,commercialandindustrialbuilding,  infrastructures,techicalknowledge,materials,plants,animals and exploitableland.

    Generally, modes of production refers to the relationship between the productive forces that are used in production activities including human labour and means of production.

Zanzibar formally known as StoneTown becameoneofthelargestandwealthiestcitiesinEastAfrica.WiththecomingofOmanirule,there was the existence of forced landredistributionasallofthemostfertilelandwashandedovertoOmaniaristocratswhoenslavedtheAfricanfarmerswhoworkedtheland.Everyyear,hundredsofdhowswouldsailacrosstheIndianOceanfromArabia,PersiaandIndiawiththemonsoonwindsblowinginfromthenortheast,bringingiron,cloth and sugar. WhenthemonsoonwindsshiftedtothesouthwestinMarchorApril,thetraderswouldleave,withtheirshipspackedfulloftortoiseshell,copal,cloves,coir,coconuts,rice,ivoryandpalm oil, arol  & et ell (1991).

Thus the following were the modes ofproduction that were operated durng the 19 century in Zanzibar.

Feudalismmodeofproduction,feudalism in various places of Africa but some of the common srea in which feudalism existed was Zanzabar. Feudalism was exisiting around thecostofEastAfricancoast especially in Zanzibar in wchich it was knownasUmwinyi.InthisregiontheWamwinyiwhocontrolledtheproductiveforcesuchasland,serfsandtenantsmonopolizedbypoliticalandeconomicpower. The serfsandtenantsweregivenlandbyWamwinyi(feudallords), in Zanzibarfeudalismexistedforlongtime ago. The MwinyiMkuuwasthegreatestlandlordandruledZanzibar withthehelp of the ShahainUngujaandDiwaninPemba.HehadShekuawhousually,collectedrentfromtheserfs.Shekuawasalsoresponsibleforrecruitinglabourswhoworkedfor Mwinyimkuu in theland underhiscontol,MarxandEngles(1967).

So the following are the features ofslaverymodeofproductioninZanzibar.

Exitenceofclasses,feudalisminZanzibarwasclassifiedintotwo main classes whicharelandlords or land owners and tenants,inwhichthelandlordorMwinyimkuuwastheoverallleaderinfeudalsysteminZanzibarwhoowenedlandandprovided ittothetenantswhoweregivenforproductionandafterproductiontheyrequiredtopaytotheMwinyimkuu.TheseclassesdividedintwogroupswchicharepoorpeopleandrichpeoplethatmeansrichpeoplewerefewinnumberlikeMwinyimkuu,Sheha,DiwanandShekuabutthepoorpeoplewerelargeinnumberliketenantsorserfswhoproduceforbenefitsofMwinyimkuu.SofeudalisminZanzibar wasexploitativeinnature, Sinclair (2005).

Rentinkinds,theserfsregularyhadtodeliverthequantitiesofhisproductstothelandlords.Theproductscouldbeinformofcloves,  coconut andpalmoilbecausetenantswerelandlessbutthelandwasUndertheMwinyimkuu.ThusthetenantswerenowaytorunoutapartfromtakinglandtotheMwinyimkuuinordertoproduceandfinallypaythecertainamountoftheproducts to the land owner, Marx and Engles (1967).

Slaverymodeofproduction,amongtheprofitableeconomicactivitywhichconductedinZanzibarslaverywasthemostimportantwhichforeconomicdevelopmentinZanzibar,wherebyslavesaroundotherpartsofEastAfrica were taken  totheIslandZanzibarorStonetowninthattime.Slaveryweretransportedthroughdhows,canoesandshipswheremanyaspossiblewerepackedwithnoregardforcomfortorsafety.  Scientific research concludes that about three out of four slaves died before they reached the market where they were to be sold. The causes were hunger, illness or exhaustion after long journeys. Due totheestablishmentofOmanruleofSultanSayyidSaidintroducedlargeplantationsofclovesandcoconutwhichincreasedlargenumberofslaveswhoneededforagriculturalactivities. From 1839 to 1860, the quantity of exported cloves increased from 565 (1,246 pounds)  to 12,600 kilograms, according to American historian Frederick Cooper. Zanzibar's  changed from being the center of the slave trade to a center of slave keeping which produced notorious figures such as the legendary slave trader Tippu-Tip. It isnotedthatduring19 century everyyearabout40,000-50,000slavesweretakentoworkinplantationsinZanzibarbutforunifortunatelytheyworkinpoorconditionsandharshtreatmentwereupontothembytheArabs.TheOmanArabswhoruledZanzibarhadinthewordsoftheAmericandiplomatDolnaldPerttersona"cultureofviolence"wherebrutalityforcewaspreferredsolutiontoproblemsand outlandcruelwaspossible.DespitethefactthatZanzibarwasfamousworldwideforit'sspeciesandit'sslavesbutalsotheslavemarket,itinfluenceinhumanityandbrutalitywhichledtodealthofpeopleandlossofmanpowerinZanzibarandarroundEastAfricainlarge,MarxandEngles(1967).

Thus the following are features ofslaverymodeofproductioninZanzibar.

basedonexploitationofmanbyman.SlaveryinZanzibarinvolvedinplantationsinwhytheyusedaslabourswhoworksincloves,palm oil and coconut.Slavesworkunderpoorconditionsforalongtimewithlowpaymentornoanypaymentatall,sothroughtheseincreasedtheproductiontotheArabsbutwithdiscriminationandsurbonationoftheAfricansnatives,Sinclair(2005),

Capitalismmodeofproduction,duringthe19centuryZanzibarwascharactrizedwiththeintroductionofplantationsagriculturethatinvolvedtheproductionofclovesandcoconutinwhichtheproductusedinproducingmedicineandperfumes.ThroughplantationsinZanzibartheobtainedrawmaterialsweretransportedinoutsidecountriesin for industries thatarerequiredtofeedtheindustriesevenalsoothermaterialsothermaterialsobtainedinfromZanzibarlikeIvory,tortoisesshells,cooperthatwereusedinEuropeanindustriesforproducingsomemanufacturedgoodslikeclocksandwatch.ItisaguedthatthecityofZanzibarduringthe19centurybecomethevastcitycommercialempireinwhichEuropeannationstartedtotradearroundtheIndianoceanshippingallkindsofgoodsbetweendifferentportsinthewideeconomicnetworktheseregionalnetworkoftradehadlongexisted.TheIndianoceancouldevenbecharactrizedasaworldsystemofit'sownpriorofEuropeandominantforthousandsyearspriortotheenrollmentofclovesplantationsthatexpandedaftertheindustrialrevolutionbutalsotheopenofsuezcanalin1869madeshippingbetweenEurope,America,andZanzibarveryfast.ZanzibarwasattheheartofthischangesasamajorpartofentreforgoodsexportedfromthemainlandtobetradedintotheIndianandAntraticocean, Carol  & et ell (1991)

Thus the following are features of capitalism mode of production in Zanzibar.

Existenceofclasses,historicallycapitalistsocietywascharacterizedbtwoclassesbetweentheclassofindividualorcapitalistclasswhichownthemeansforproducinganddistributinggoodsorownersandworkingclassinexchangeforwageswithminimalpaymentornopaymentatalltheeconomywasdominatedbyhighclass(capitalist)whoownandoperateCompaniesandmadedecisionastotheuseofresourcesbutthelowclassexistedaslabourswhoworksinthehighclasswithoutpayments, Sinclair (2005).

Explorationofrawmaterials,afterindustrialrevolutionthereweretheincreaseoflargenumberofmerchantswhocompetinginobtainingorsearchingrawmaterialslikeivory,goldandagriculturalproductsincludingclovescoconutandpalm.Thatwereneededinindustriesforproductionofmanufacturinggoodslikemedicineandperfumes,Sinclair(2005).

Generally,throughthechangesthatoccurredintheneedofproducts duringtheperiodoffeudalismpeoplewereproducingfortheneedofconsuptions,butduringtheslaverytimetheslaveswereusedasanimportantcommoditiesthatneededinagriculturalproductionclovesandcoconutbutalsoduringcapitalistismtherawmaterialswereneededinlargeamountinindustriessothedemandincreased.Innutshellallovermodesextedduringthecapitalistmodeandmodeschangeduethedemandsofproductsataparticulartime.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference.

Carol M. & et ell (1991),From Zanzibar to Zagros.A Copal Pendand From Eshnunna: Journal of New Eastern Studies.

Ingrams W.H.  (1967), Zanzibar It's History and People. Pschology Press.

MarxandEngles(1967).The communist Manifesto.Trans.SamuelMoure.Harmondsworth,UK.Penguin.

SarchC.K(2015).AnArchaeologyofPlantationsLifeonNinteenth-CenturyZanzibar:CapitalismandCloves.

Sinclairp.(2005),ExcuvationatCuumbiCaveonZanzibar.TheAfricanArchaeologyNetwork:ResearchinProgress.

 

 

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