Impact of Solid Waste Management on Local Communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, Mtwara Region, Tanzania
STELLA
MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
(Constituents
College of Saint Augustine University of Tanzania)
FACULT
OF EDUCATION
Impact of Solid Waste Management on Local Communities in
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, Mtwara Region, Tanzania
Research
report submitted to the Department of Education in Partial fulfillment of the
Requirement for the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Education
FLORA,
S. MPUNGA
BAED
164294
FEBRUARY,
2021
CERTIFICATION
The
undersigned certifies that, he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by
Stella Maris Mtwara University College (STEMMUCO)
research titled “An assessment on the solid waste management in local
communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, Mtwara Region, Tanzania” in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor Degree of Arts with Education.
……………………………………………………..
(Supervisor)
………………………………………………
Date
COPYRIGHT
This
research is the copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the
Copyright Act, 1999 and other international and national enactments, in that
behalf, on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any means, in
full or in part except for short extract in fair dealings, for research or
private study, critical scholarly review or discourse (with acknowledgements)
without the written permission of the author or the Stella Maris University
Mtwara College (STEMUCO) in that behalf.
DECLARATION
I,
FLORA, S. Mpunga. hereby declare that this research is my own original work and
that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University
for a similar or any other degree award.
Signature……………………………………
Date………………………………………….
DEDICATION
This
work is dedicated to my father Mr. Mpunga who patiently took care of our family
to enable me pursue this degree without any problem. It is also dedicated to my
mother who patiently lived on limited money due to my high expenditure on
paying for higher education.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many
people have contributed in my study in various ways. It is my intention to
thank them all. However a few of them will be mentioned. My first and foremost
thanks are directed to the Almighty God, my Master and Savior of my life,
without him, the dream for having this research written and completed would
have been a farfetched one.
Secondly,
my deep and heartfelt appreciation is given to my supervisor for his consistent
consideration and unlimited support throughout the time that this work was in
progress. His challenges, close follow up, encouragement and insight have been
the source of inspiration and success.
Thirdly
my thanks are also extended to the respondents of the sampled health officers; environmental
officers and people from Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, without their support
my work would have been ineffective.
Fourthly,
I express my special thanks to my beloved family of Mr. Mpunga for their moral
support all the time I was engaged in this work to this end.
Lastly
my thanks go to the Stella Maris University Mtwara College, lecturers,
Directorate of Research Publication and Faculty of Education for granting me
this opportunity to pursue a degree of Arts with Education (BAED).
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the Impact of
Solid Waste Management on Local Communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality,
Mtwara Region, Tanzania. Specific objectives include;
sources of solid waste in the study area, current solid waste management in the
study area, socio-economic impacts of solid waste management on local
communities and impacts of solid waste on the environment in the study area. The study
employed purposive and random sampling techniques in obtaining 28 respondents
from the study area. Data collection tools used was observation, interview,
questionnaires and documentation. The study findings revealed that, the study
area had both root sources largely cross-cutting to all key solid
waste transboundary problems, socio-economic impacts of solid waste management
on local communities and impacts of solid waste on the environment. It was thus
concluded that, it
is the immense need of present times to get rid from solid waste. It can be
controlled effectively through solid waste management. As it is a difficult
task, its main objectives are to reduce the harmful effects and find ways for
their utilization. Solid waste is harmful for the environment whether it exists
in solid, liquid or gaseous form. It was thus recommended that
awareness creation should be effective. Investors in solid waste management should
be invited to develop targeted investment plans and
proposals for the establishment of appropriate solid waste management infrastructure
in priority hotspots of pollution based on the guidelines and lessons learnt
from demonstration projects. The municipal council in support from central
government should establish, develop and implement regional
training programmes to build capacity in solid waste management. Various
studies should be conducted in other place from the study area
whereby there is no similar studies have been carried out or have been carried
out in a different situation or time frame.
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 1: Characteristics of the
study population
Table 2: Gender of respondents
Table 3: Age of respondents
Table 4: Education levels of
respondents
Table 5: Marital status
Table 6: Occupation of respondents
Table
7: Responses on the sources of solid waste on local communities in Mtwara-
Mikindani
Municipality
Table
8: Responses on the socio-economic impact of solid waste management in the
study area
Table
9: Responses on the impacts of solid waste on the environment
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1: Showing Map of Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality
Figure
2:
Illegally dumped waste in a hole for burning along a street and open burning of
waste along a street in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality.
Figure
3:
Illegally dumped waste along a street at residential houses in Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality
Figure
4: Collected market waste in
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality
DIFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Solid waste refers to the range of garbage materials—arising from animal
and human activities—that are discarded as unwanted and useless. Solid waste is
generated from industrial, residential, and commercial activities in a given
area, and may be handled in a
variety of ways.
Solid waste management – is the discipline associated with control of generation,
storage, collection, transport or transfer, processing and disposal of solid
waste materials in a way that best addresses the range of public health,
conservation, economic, aesthetic, engineering, and other environmental
considerations.
Municipality – is a single administrative division having corporate
status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and
regional laws to which it is subordinate.
Local community – is a group of interacting people living in a common
location. It also refer to a group that is organized around common values and
is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical location,
generally in social units larger than a household.
ACRONYM
AND ABBREVIATIONS
CG – Central Government
CO
– Carbon Monoxide
Cobs
– Community based Organization
GEF
– Global Environment Facility
GHGs
– Green House Gases
Laces
– Local Communities
LG
– Local Government
MMMC
– Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council
MSW
– Municipal Solid Waste
NGOs
– Non-Governmental Organization
NOX
– Oxides of Nitrogen
NPAs
– National Programmes of Action
PCBs
– Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Robs
– Religious based Organizations
RSPM
– Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter
SAP
– Strategic Action Plan
SO2
– Sulphur Dioxide
SPM
– Suspended Particulate Matter
TDA
– Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
UNEP
– United Nations Environment Programme
WIO
– Western Indian Ocean
WIO-Lab
– Land-based Activities in the Western Indian Ocean
LIST
OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
I: RESEARCH WORK PLAN/SCHEDULE/TIMEFRAME
APPENDIX II:
RESEARCH BUDGET/COST
APPENDIX III:
QUESTIONNARES
APPENDIX
IV: INTERVIEW GUIDE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0. INTRODUCTION
This part covers background to the
research problem, statement to the research problem, research objectives,
research questions and significance of the research.
1.1. Background of the Study
The primary purpose of the research was to acquire
empirical data which enabled assessing on the impacts of solid
waste management in local communities taking Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality,
Mtwara Region as the case study.
The
rapid urbanization in the developing countries of Africa, uncontrolled and
unplanned, has brought a serious environmental degradation. One of its most
pressing matters is the management of solid-, liquid- and hazardous waste. A
visit to any African city will be the evidence of this situation where litter
lays besides the roads, streams blocked with junk and toxic waste polluting the
environment and threatening human health (Onibokun, A.G. and Kumuyi, AJ. 1999).
A total of 80 percent of all diseases spread within a community in a developing
country are believed to be connected to the poor waste management in small
towns or cities (Public Health Officer, 2012). This in itself is an unnecessary
and additional problem for people in these countries who often already struggle
with inadequate drinking water and lack of food.
In 1985 the
governments of the Eastern African region came together under the framework of
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)’s Regional Seas Programme and
endorsed the Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development
of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern Africa region and its
related Protocols. The Convention is aimed at maintaining essential ecological
processes and life support systems, preserving genetic diversity, and ensuring sustainable
utilization of marine and coastal natural resources in the region. Today, the
Nairobi Convention has been ratified by all 10 eastern and southern African
countries, namely Comoros, Réunion (France), Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius,
Mozambique, Seychelles, Somalia, South Africa and Tanzania.
The project ‘Addressing
Land-based Activities in the Western Indian Ocean’ (widely known as the WIO-LaB
project) is an initiative of the Nairobi Convention designed to address some of
the main environmental problems related to the degradation of the marine and
coastal environment in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region, due to land-based
activities. The project is a partnership amongst eight participating countries
(Comoros, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Seychelles, South Africa
and Tanzania), UNEP, the Government of Norway and the Global Environment
Facility (GEF). The WIO-LaB project was designed as a demonstration project for
UNEP’s Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment
from Land-based Activities (GPA), with the following objectives:
• Reduce stress on
ecosystems by improving water and sediment quality,
• Strengthen the
regional legal basis for preventing land-based sources of pollution, and
• Develop regional
capacity and strengthen institutions in the WIO region for sustainable, less polluting
development.
One of the key
activities of the WIO-LaB project has been to carry out a Transboundary
Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) of land-based activities in the WIO region. This
Regional Synthesis Report on the status of pollution in the WIO region collates
the information presented in the National Status of Pollution Reports, which
form the basis for the TDA for the WIO region. The TDA, in turn, formed the
basis for the formulation of two major outputs of the WIO-LaB project—a
Strategic Action Plan (SAP) and harmonised National Programmes of Action (NPAs)
on environmental protection in the WIO region.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Management
of solid waste is an enormous challenge in developing countries all over the
world due to factors like; poverty, population explosion and urbanization. The
management is also in-effective and under-funded by governments (Adewale m.
Taiwo, 2011). Senkoro (2003) argued that waste management is the second most
pressing matter after the problem of inadequate water quality within all
developing nations (as cited in Adewale m. Taiwo, 2011). A sustainable system
in place for handling waste is an acute need within rural settlements. This is
because many of these small towns are growing fast and increasing human
populations will lead to production of more waste. The generation of Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW) has been rapid, while the capacity to collect and safely
dispose of the material has been on a general decline. Today MSW are getting
disposed in open and illegal dump sites which lack of proper environmental
pollution control and monitoring (Rotich K. Henry et al, 2006).
Such
poor management of solid waste is a general problem in Tanzania. Literature is
generally lacking on solid waste management (SWM) in this country, with the
exception for some reports from Dar es Salaam (UNEP, 2005). Tanzania, which is
one of the most populated countries on the African continent, formulated a
Waste Management Regulation Plan in 2006. This plan was meant to streamline the
handling, transportation and disposal of various types of waste, aiming to
protect human health and the environment. The waste regulations focus on waste
minimization, minimization of future possible waste and cleaner production.
Despite of this regulation plan, different kinds of waste are still dumped in
an uncontrolled manner with hazardous waste seriously poisoning the environment
which endangers the health of both humans and animals (NEMA, 2012).
Pollution
from plastic bags is one sort of solid waste exemplifying unexpected
environmental hazards. More than being a visual pollution the plastic bag
pollution is associated with several environmental problems; the waste will
block gutters and drains, resulting in storm water problems. Consumption of the
plastic by livestock can cause death. For example the plastic bags are
non-biodegradable therefore their presence in agricultural welds decreases soil
productivity. Plastic bags left in nature have been connected to spread malaria
because they provide ideal breeding habitats for the malaria-carrying
mosquitoes when the plastic has collected rainwater. Then during burning of the
plastic toxic gases like furan and dioxin will be released and unhealthy
residues including lead and cadmium remain on the ground (Njeru, J. 2006).
Therefore, the
study was established so as to assess the impacts of solid waste management on
local communities at Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, Mtwara Region.
1.3.1
General Objective
The
main objective of this research was to assess on the impacts of solid waste
management on local communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, Mtwara Region.
1.3.2
Specific Objectives
i.
To assess sources of solid waste in the
study area.
ii.
To assess the current solid waste
management in the study area.
iii.
To assess socio-economic impacts of solid
waste management on local communities.
iv.
To assess impacts of solid waste on the
environment in the study area.
The following
research questions served as the basis for the case study's data collection,
analysis and discussion of the data:
i.
What are the sources of solid waste in the
study area?
ii.
What is the current solid waste management
in the study area?
iii.
What are the socio-economic impacts of
solid waste management on local communities?
iv.
What are impacts of solid waste on the
environment in the study area?
1.5
Significance of the Study
Wastes
are the material that are not needed and are not usable economically with
further processing. It may be in the form of solid, liquid, and gas. They
originate from the human activities such as agriculture, industry, domestic
activities etc. According to origin, waste is classified as domestic,
industrial, commercial, clinical, construction, nuclear, and agricultural.
According to properties waste is classified as inert, toxic, and inflammable.
If these wastes remain untreated, it leads to air, water, soil or solid waste
pollution. Hence, solid waste management is very essential.
Therefore, this study is expected to inform decision makers in the central
government (CG) and local government (LG) on the importance of solid waste
management in the study area and Tanzania as whole. The study is also expected
to inform planners in the CG, LG, and Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs),
Community based Organization (Cobs) and Religious based Organizations (Robs) on
the importance of sensitizing local communities (Laces) and involving them in
solid waste management for their sustainable livelihood.
Finally, yet
importantly, the study is expected to generate knowledge of solid waste
management potentials and add it to exiting literature that could be reviewed
by other researcher interested in carrying out various researches in
geographical phenomena related to this study in the study area, Tanzania,
developing countries and elsewhere.
1.6
Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework can be defined as an abstract
indicating how basic concepts and constructs are expected to interact with
definite settings and experiences that form a foundation of the research study
(Kothari, 2000).
MMMC
Source: Research
Data 2021
Waste
management is everyone’s business. We all produce wastes in nearly everything
we do. Solid waste management starts at a point referred to as MMMC. MMMC is a
point in which guidelines are provided as how to manage solid waste after
identified as no longer of value and are either thrown away or gathered for
disposal. The solid wastes management is processed or stored; in other words
onsite waste handling/storage and process is performed. The MMMC provides tender for solid waste
management and at the same time are using solid waste collectors under MMMC and
Local Government cleaners.
Solid
waste generated is processed closely to the point of generation. According to
the interviews and questionnaires held in Rahaleo, Shangani and Chikongola
streets indicated that all residents are generating waste. The differences
exist in the quantities and type of waste produced, the way waste is stored,
collected and disposed. That is why MMMC allowed streets to collect waste using
local collectors under street and private collectors under street.
Collection
refers to the activities involving gathering of solid waste and the hauling of
wastes to the location where the waste collection vehicles (dump-trucks) are
brought to dump the waste. Then follows transfer and transport of waste to the
dump site. Transfer and transport of waste involves taking waste from the
collection point to the dump site. Waste transportation involves larger
transport equipment which transport waste usually over a long distance to the
disposal site. For example, waste collected in Rahaleo is transported to
Mangamba dump located about 10 to 15 kms away. The last step in solid waste
management is MMMC landfill. The process is done by making sure that the waste
will not harm the environment and other living organisms including human
beings. In the study area as well as in MMMC at large, solid waste is
processed. The responsible authorities collect waste and take them to the dump
site and processing it in any way.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0. Introduction
This chapter introduces
and discusses the theoretical review, literature review from previous studies
and research gap.
2.1.
Introduction
Solid
waste management refers to the systems that cover all actions that seek to
reduce the negative impacts on health, environment and economy. Developing
countries are seriously facing the associated problems in collection,
transportation and disposal of communal solid waste. In Tanzania, due to
unplanned communities and developments in major cities, environmental and
sanitary conditions are becoming very complex. Due to a lack of awareness and
low income sources, dwellers are forced to live with unhealthy and unhygienic
conditions. An improper solid waste management system may contribute to a
worsening environmental degradation of the community. Illegal dumping of
communal solid waste is responsible for a number of diseases in Tanzania.
2.2.
Overview of Solid Waste Management
(SWM)
According to
Mazzanti & Zoboli, (2008), Solid waste management has become one of a major
concern in environmental issues. This is particularly true to urban areas where
population is rapidly growing and amount of waste generated is increasing like
never before (Kathiravale & Mohd Yunus, 2008). Current earth’s population
is 6.8 billion and it is estimated that almost half of this population lives in
urban areas (Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social
Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, 2009). Waste generation increase
proportionally to this population number and income, creating the needs of
effective management (Mazzanti & Zoboli, 2008). Urbanization and
industrialization leads to new lifestyles and behavior which also affects waste
composition from mainly organic to synthetic material that last longer such as plastics
and other packaging material (Idris et al., 2004). E-waste that barely existed
before was generated as much as 20-50 metric tons a year (UNEP, 2006).
The management of
waste become complex and the facilities provided cannot cope with the increasing
demand and needs. Therefore, best approach need to be implemented immediately
while considering environmental, social and economic aspects (Aye &
Widjaya, 2006). The drivers of sustainable waste management were clarified by
Agamuthu et al. (2009), which include human, economic, institutional and
environment aspect. The study suggests that each driving group should be
considered in local context as managing solid waste for a particular society
may differ from the others.
For example, waste
managers in Africa need to tackle some issues including, lack of data,
insignificant financial resources, vast different of amount and waste types
between urban and rural area, lack of technical and human resources, low level
of awareness and cultural aversion towards waste (Couth & Trois, 2010). On
the other hand, problems faced among Asian countries differ with two distinct
groups; developed and developing countries. While some of the countries are
having specific national policy on solid waste management, some others experience
problems such as increasing urban population, scarcity of land, services
coverage area, inadequate resources and technology, and so on (Shekdar, 2009).
The differences in
managing solid waste not only vary between countries but also among areas in
the same country. For instance, while Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Dodoma and Arusha
are having big improvement in their solid waste management with the establishment
of transfer stations, sanitary landfills and methane recovery system, it does
not reduce the problem in the cities like Mtwara and Lindi. This is caused by
the complex topography, weak administrative structures and the low local’s
income (Berkun et al., 2005).
2.3.
Importance of solid waste management
A growing body of
literature shows that solid waste management are important in most parts of the
world. Solid waste management like other
disciplines of study is planned for the achievement of a wide variety of goals
in ideal circumstances. In any program settings, achievement is the
ultimate goal, once a program is achieving important results it can be expanded
and become more daring, more ambitious. Achievement serves as a feedback
mechanism to the development of environmental program However, for a program to
achieve; it needs assessment, evaluation and interventions.
2.4.
Result of solid waste mismanagement
The
problem connected with solid waste mismanagement is that there is no national
solid waste management strategy and consequently, the operational system for
SWM is working without having clear policies and regulations that now seem to
be unforceable. Central Government has also been blamed for failing to
adequately engage in monitoring and evaluation of solid waste activities in the
country, among other problems. Vehicles used in solid waste collection are in
poor state of repair to the extent that it is difficult to distinguish them
from disused vehicles. It is very normal for those vehicles to get breakdown
while on the way to the dump and they stay for a number of days on the road
with solid waste which rots and smells very bad. Some of the problems related
to solid waste mismanagement lead to outbreak of diseases, blockage of water
channels and sewage systems.
2.5. Challenges facing solid waste management
Solid
waste management has been victimized by several factors in facilitating
development of communities in the country. Scholars have been active on the
matter by pointing several factors which constrain solid waste management. For
instance, the experience in DFDI`s 25 priority countries shows five major
challenges which bring difficulties for solid waste management. These
challenges include poor environmental policy, conflict and social exclusion
including basis of caste, ethnicity, religion or disability.
2.6.
Conclusion and Research Gap
A gap to close captures
the main ideas evident in the literature on the relationship between health,
waste management, and local communities. The researchers represented the most
comprehensive account on the theme to date. Modest information on the impacts
of solid waste management in local communities was not captured in the recent researches.
This study offered a complementary account of waste and the gap of knowledge we
have identified for guiding future policy and improvement to the quality of
life in communities as it relates to place-based solutions, and policy
development, for improving health and wellbeing.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0. Introduction
The methodology
explains the procedures that were used to achieve the objectives. In addition,
the methodologies consider the study design and the techniques and procedures
used to achieve the proposed objectives.
3.1. Research Design
Research
design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data.
Research design is needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of various
research operations (Kothari, 2004). Research design is the scheme, outline all
plans that a researcher will use to generate the possible answer during the
study. This study used Qualitative design during data collection because it
helped a researcher to be able to apply a random selecting in a given
population to make them providing their view without any barrier.
3.2. Research Approach
Research simply defines the pre-operation exposure conditions for
the set of indicators identified to stand as measures for pre-programmed
condition, system. Therefore, this study involved both qualitative and
quantitative approaches in conducting research on the
impacts of solid waste management in local communities in Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality, Mtwara Region.
By mixing both qualitative and quantitative approaches, the researcher gained
in breadth and depth of understanding and corroboration, while offsetting the
weaknesses inherent to using each approach by itself.
3.3. Selection of the study area
The
research was conducted in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, Mtwara region. Mtwara
is the southern part of Tanzania and is developing town with more than 1
million populations, (National Censor, 2012). The town lies along the coast of
Indian Ocean. The area was selected because; it was easy and cheap to collect
data in terms of money and time where facilities and geographical location provide
conducive environment for efficient data collection.
The
main intention to choose this area was because it is not cost full for the researcher
in terms of transport fare as well as time devoted. Due to that, was easy for
the researcher to obtain reliable data. The study was conducted in
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality to the streets of Chikongola, Shangani and Rahaleo.
These streets were selected to represent others.
3.3.1.
Location
Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality is in South-eastern Tanzania. It lies along the coast of Indian
Ocean to the East. It is bordered with Mtwara Rural District and Lindi Region
to the North and South respectively. Also, it is bordered with Nanyamba Town
Council to the West.
Figure 1: Showing Map of
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality
3.4. Population under study
The
population of this study comprised with a total of 50 respondents who were 7 Heath
officers, 8 environmental officers and the rest 35 people from Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality. This population was considered by the researcher in the study in
order to get accuracy, reliable information and to avoid repetition of answer
from the respondents.
3.5. Sample and Sampling
Techniques
A
sample technique refers to the number of item to be selected from the universe
to constitute a sample. It should be optimum so as to fulfill the requirement
of efficiency, representativeness, reliability and flexibility (Kothari, 2004).
Sampling
techniques is the acquisition of information about a relatively small part a
larger group or population usually with the aim of making inferential generalization
about large group. Mugenda, (1999), Sampling technique is the process used to
select a sample from large group to gain information about a particular
population. The study used simple random sampling and purposive sampling in
order to obtain information concerning the phenomena.
3.5.1.
Purposive
Sampling Technique
Purposive
sampling is a technique that allows a researcher to use cases to explore the
required information with respect to the objectives of his or her study
(Mugenda, 1999). Purposive sampling is the type of sampling in which units are
selected subjectively by research based on the primary experience of knowledge
that helps research to identify the right person who knows about the subject
matters. Research used purposive sampling to obtain various data on how sports
facilitate development of education in primary school in Ruangwa District.
3.5.2.
Simple
Random Sampling Technique
Mugenda,
(1999), simple random is a technique used to pick members accessible population
at random. It helps to generalize the data to a large population. The study
selected random individuals for a specific purpose of assessing on the impacts
of solid waste management in local communities taking Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality. In other word, simple random refers to the type of sampling
technique in which individual observation are chosen in such a way that, each has an equal chance of being
selected and each independent of any other choice. Researcher framed simple
random to get data from the respondents.
3.6. Sample Size
Sample
size refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to
constituent sample Kothari, (2004). The sample size of this study encountered 50
people by which many of them were from Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality. 7 were
Health officers, 8 environmental officers and the rest 35 were people from
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality.
3.7.
Types of data required
Due
to the nature of the study, time limitation and the organizational structure
the study was based on qualitative and quantitative technique in which data was
collected in both forms of primary and secondary data.
3.7.1.
Primary
data
According
to Kothari 2004, primary data are data collected first hand specifically
for investigation at hand. This type of data was collected through interviews,
observations and questionnaires from the respondents. The collected data was
both qualitative and quantitative.
3.7.2.
Secondary
data
These
are the statistics gathered by agencies not specifically for solving the
problem at hand, but significant for its success (Baker, 2003).
Secondary data is also known as research desk data. These data already exist,
thus the researchers used literature documents from sources like the internet,
text books, Journals, magazines and Reports to gather secondary data which
added value to the findings of the study.
3.8. Methods
of Data Collection
According to the nature of Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality and research topic, data was collected through Questionnaire and
Interview.
3.8.1. Primary data collection methods
The procedures involved in collection of
primary information were interview, questionnaire, and observation.
3.8.1.1. Interview
A list of structured Open-ended and
close-ended questions on A4 paper sheet was distributed to the respondents. The
respondents were given two weeks of filling them, and then were collected for
data sorting, summarizing and interpretation. Total of fifty (50)
questionnaires were distributed to the targeted respondents. The respondents required
to fill these questionnaires within two weeks which were in form of open ended
and close ended questionnaires and needed short answers and detailed
explanation where necessary. The researcher applied this method because the
responses are gathered in a standardized way, so questionnaires are more
objective, certainly more so than interviews.
3.8.1.3. Observation
This is the method of data collection
where the researcher obtained data through participating in different sections
of the MMMC. It appeared that
researcher work in different MMMC departments. This was conducted every
day of the week and respondents were observed by using both participatory
observation where involved directly in the activities and non-participatory
were observed indirectly.
3.8.2. Secondary data collection methods
The
procedures involved in collection of secondary information were documentary
review from sources like the internet, text books, Journals, magazines and reports.
3.8.2.1. Documentary review
Through the library and MMMC archives, solid
waste documents reviewed and well-studied.
3.9. Data analysis
This refers to how the results from research
studies are organized, summarized, and characterized statistically. Therefore,
in this study, the qualitative information was used to describe an item's
attributes in a standardized format such as the author's name and title of a
book in a library catalogue.
The study findings were summarized and
presented using tables, chart, graphs, and photography. Other quantitative
forms of data presentation are tabular average, percentages.
3.11.
Study
limitation and delimitation
The
study focused on selected streets in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality which are Chikongola
and Rahaleo.
Other
street was Shangani. These streets were purposively selected depending on
statistical data of solid waste management programs whereby the street with
high, moderate and low programs was selected.
CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH FINDINGS DISCUSSION
4.0. Introduction
The
methodology described in the previous chapter provided the basis of the data
collection. In this chapter, the presentation of data is systematically linked
to the format of the self-developed questionnaire attached in the appendix.
Data was analyzed through description of the sample, main results, discussion,
presentation and interpretations of the results.
The chapter focuses on the analysis and
interpretation of data that was collected for this research based on the sample
of the Health officers, environmental officers, and people from Mtwara
Municipality. The purpose of interpreting the data was to reduce it to an
intelligible and interpretable form so that the relations of research problems
could be studied and tested, and finally conclusions drawn.
Ø The
following were the specific objectives guided the study;
i.
To assess sources of solid waste in the
study area.
ii.
To assess the current solid waste
management in the study area.
iii.
To assess socio-economic impacts of solid
waste management on local communities.
iv.
To assess impacts of solid waste on the
environment in the study area.
4.1.
Characteristics of the
study population
Table
1: Characteristics of the study population
|
Category
of respondents |
Number
of respondents |
Percentage
(%) |
|
Health
Officers |
1 |
3.57% |
|
Environmental
Officers |
1 |
3.57% |
|
Ward
officers |
3 |
10.71% |
|
Community
members |
23 |
82.14% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source: Research Data 2021
Table one above represent distribution of
the respondents of the study whereby there was 28 respondents. The total number
of respondents included one (1) Health Officer, one (1) Environmental Officer, three
(3) ward officers and the rest twenty three (23) community members.
Table
2: Gender of respondents
|
Category
of respondents |
Number
of respondents |
Percentage
(%) |
|
Male |
16 |
57% |
|
Female |
12 |
43% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source: Research Data 2021
There were 16 males’ respondents
and 12 females’ respondents in total as shown in the table 2 above. As the
frequency table clearly shows, there was the imbalance between male respondents
and female respondents. Male were by far in the majority (16). The extremely
small number of female respondents made it difficult to influence the results.
Table
3: Age of respondents
|
Category
of respondents |
Number
of respondents |
Percentage
(%) |
|
30
years or younger |
13 |
46% |
|
Older
than 30 years |
15 |
54% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source: Research Data
2021
Table 3 represents the age
distribution of 28 respondents. The age range of respondents was from 15 – 55
years. More than half of the respondents (15) were older than 30 years while 13
respondents were 30 years or younger.
Table
4: Education levels of respondents
|
Category
of respondents |
Number
of respondents |
Percentage
(%) |
|
Primary
level |
8 |
29% |
|
Secondary/Diploma |
17 |
60% |
|
University
level |
3 |
11% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source: Research Data 2021
Among all 28 respondents, there was
no one who was illiteracy as specified in the table 4 above. All 28 respondents
range from Primary education to University level though it was so hard for them
to clearly mention their education levels.
4.1.4. Marital
status of respondents
Table
5: Marital status
|
Category
of respondents |
Number
of respondents |
Percentage
(%) |
|
Married |
12 |
43% |
|
Single |
16 |
57% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source: Research Data 2021
Table
5 above indicating marital status of respondents whereby majority (57%) of the
respondents was not married (single), while 43% of them were married.
4.1.5.
Occupation
of respondents
Table 6: Occupation of respondents
|
Category
of respondents |
Number
of respondents |
Percentage
(%) |
|
Trash
collectors |
2 |
7% |
|
Private
collectors |
2 |
7% |
|
MMMC
employees |
5 |
18% |
|
Self
employed |
19 |
68% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source:
Research Data 2021
4.2. Sources of solid waste in the study area
The
study wanted the respondents to give out the sources of solid waste on local
communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality.
Table 7: Responses
on the sources of solid waste on local communities in Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality
|
Households |
11 |
|
|
Market, restaurants and hotels |
9 |
|
|
Local processing industries |
8 |
|
These root sources
are largely cross-cutting to all key solid waste transboundary problems identified
in table 5, as can be seen from the causal chain analyses below;
4.2.1. Households
The study found
that, 39% of the respondents mentioned households as a fundamental root source threatening
the community resources in Mtwara region. These domestic solid wastes one
usually, thrown in municipal garbage collecting cans or on road side open waste
lands. They are collected by municipality vehicles to certain garbage disposal
site. They are dumped over a large area of land which becomes the breeding
ground of flies and rats. Usually they are not burnt to reduce the volume
because burning would cause air pollution which is still more dangerous.
Figure 2: Illegally dumped waste along a
street at residential houses in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality.
4.2.2. Market,
restaurants and hotels
32% of the
respondents argued that, solid waste is characterized by markets, restaurants
and hotels in the region. Consequently, the estimated
value in the characterization of solid waste can be affected by the month and
quantity of events, considering the increase in the consumption. The number of
guests and people in the market corresponds to distinct solid waste generators
in the communities. The study found that, the floating population in the
market, restaurants and hotels (tourists) contributed to a large portion of the
solid waste, thus they are considered an important factor to estimate the
generation of waste. Wastes from bathrooms are compounds that, by their nature,
cannot be reused or recycled because of their biological risk; therefore they
are treated as rejects. In addition, when they are in contact with waste from
other categories, these materials are contaminated, which prevents or
complicates their reuse.
Figure 3: Illegally dumped waste in a hole
for burning along a street and open burning of waste along a street in
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality.
4.2.3. Local
processing industries
Study
has found that 29% of the respondents said local processing industries as among
the sources of solid waste. Most
of the toxic industrial wastes are dumped on waste lands for slow and gradual
decomposition. Some of local processing industries dump their effluents on
barren land, road sides creating very unhygienic environment for the local
population. Some of the effluents have heavy metals which pollute the ground
water through seepage during the monsoon season. Some heavy metals have been
found slowly accumulating on formland soils.
4.3. Current solid waste management in the study
area
In
the study area, approximately 14,449 metric tonnes of municipal solid waste is
being generated daily, out of which around 11,000 metric tonnes collected, and
about 3,602 metric tonnes are treated. Municipality wise
generation of waste shows significant variation in the waste per capita/day
generation at an exponential rate strictly from the year 2001 to 2018. The typology of the garbage in the regions changes with
their geographical conditions, climate, social and economic status of the
people. The populated regions are generating more municipal waste. Variation in
the waste leads to more challenges for the municipalities, which clearly show
the same strategy cannot apply to all regions. The reason municipalities are
not able to cope up with the situation and seem behind except fewer cases
leading ahead. Bigger regions such as Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Tanga and Arusha
cater a huge share of the solid waste generation in Tanzania. Highly dense
population stays in these regions generates a heterogeneous type of solid waste
daily.
Figure 4: Figure 4: Collected market waste
in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality
4.4. Socio-economic
impact of solid waste management in the study area
The
study wanted the respondents to give out the socio-economic impact of solid
waste management in the study area.
Table 8: Responses on the
socio-economic impact of solid waste management in the study area
|
Responses |
Frequency |
Percentage (%) |
|
Employment |
13 |
46% |
|
Source of income |
8 |
29% |
|
Sanitation |
7 |
25% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source: Research Data 2021
4.4.1. Employment
The study has found
that 46% of the respondents strongly argued that solid waste management
provides employments. Although the relationship between rising incomes and
increasing waste generation rate and non-food waste composition is clearly
established, participation in recycling activity does not tend to occur
spontaneously, and intervention is often required. However, the legal mandate
may not be sufficient to influence the public to start recycling as observed in
many regions that employed mandatory recycling or high waste management fees.
These regions reported adverse incidents such as illegal dumping of waste or
low participation in the recycling program. Therefore, creating attractive
programs with clear incentives pertaining to participation in the program as
well as the right design and an optimal level of incentives are needed in order
to boost the chances of the program’s success.
4.4.2.
Source
of income
29% of the
respondents said solid waste management is source of income. Private collectors
are making money through solid waste management as they use handcart to collect
waste passing through door-to-door. In particular, the subsequent increase of
collected recyclable waste has appeared to reduce its environmental impact in
terms of human toxicity, global warming, photochemical oxidation, acidification
and eutrophication. Nevertheless, waste management policies should be
appropriately accompanied by awareness-raising campaigns and programmes
involving citizens more closely for a better outcome. Private collectors practising
separate waste collection using a door-to-door system were more aware of the
recycling process and more satisfied with the system, as a result of the
effectiveness of the information campaigns that have been locally implemented.
However, if municipal authorities did not provide appropriate schemes and
programmes to facilitate waste collection operations.
4.4.3. Sanitation
Sanitation is the provision of facilities and services
for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, the maintenance of hygienic
conditions, through services such as garbage collection and wastewater
disposal. This reported by 25% of the respondents. Socio-economic gained By ‘facilities’ and By ‘services’. By
facilities mean the structures that are used to provide sanitation. This ranges
from latrines and toilets, the system for collecting the excreta from latrines,
through to sewage treatment systems. While By ‘services’ means the whole scheme for providing sanitation;
providing facilities, maintaining them, treating the wastes from them and
organizing finance and payments.
4.5. Impacts of solid waste on the environment.
The
research findings indicate that, there are several impacts of solid waste on the
environment in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality.
Table 9: Responses on the
impacts of solid waste on the environment
|
Responses |
Frequency |
Percentage (%) |
|
Improper waste collection |
9 |
32% |
|
Water pollution |
8 |
29% |
|
Likely spread of diseases |
6 |
21% |
|
Odor
smell |
5 |
18% |
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100% |
Source: Research
Data 2021
4.5.1.
Improper waste collection
The
study has found that 32% said improper waste collection as among of the impacts
of solid waste on the environment. In MMMC, solid waste is
being collected through the deployment of sweepers and sanitary crew. These
workers are collecting the solid waste from the streets with the help of wheel
barrows and handcarts. Solid waste is being temporarily collected in
containers/dumpsites from where it is transported by the help of collection
vehicles and carried out to final disposal sites. Solid waste collection
efficiency is not uniform in other areas of MMMC. It was also observed during
field visits that collection bags and collection vehicles are not sufficient to
maintain the MMMC solid waste management system properly. In remote areas of MMMC,
municipal authorities are not providing any facility for the collection and
disposal of solid wastes. In these remote areas scavenging by people and
animals, natural biodegradation of organic wastes, burning at the initial point
of disposal, and local self-help are well known solid waste disposal practices.
4.5.2.
Water pollution
A water pollutant
is a chemical or physical substance present in it at the excessive levels
capable of causing harm to living organisms and environment as reported by 29%
of the respondents. The chemical hazards are the Copper, Manganese, Lead,
Cadmium, Phosphate, Nitrate etc. As the public health concern, the ground water
should be free from physical and chemical hazards. The people in and around the
dumping site are depending upon the ground water for drinking and other
domestic purposes. Other high-risk group includes population living close to a
waste dump and those, whose water supply has become contaminated either due to
waste dumping or leakage from landfill sites increases risk of injury, and
infection. Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes
resulted in the accumulation of toxic substances in the food chain through the
plants and animals that feed on it.
4.5.3.
Likely spread of diseases
21% of the
respondents said solid waste can cause diseases to the society. The dust
released from various sources can produce a group of diseases ranging from a
simple cold to dangerous diseases like cancer. The higher concentration of
particulate matter causes acute and chronic respiratory disorders and lung
damage in humans. In particular, domestic waste creates favourable conditions
to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens. Uncollected solid waste can
also obstruct storm water runoff, resulting in the forming of stagnant water
bodies that become the breeding ground of diseases such as Malaria, chest
pains, Diarrhea and Cholera. Certain chemicals if released untreated, e.g.
Cyanides, Mercury and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are highly toxic and
exposure can lead to disease or death.
4.5.4.
Odor smell
The
study has found 18% of all respondents responded that odor smell as among the
impact of solid waste on environment. In the perspective
of the improvement of life quality and citizens wellness, odor pollution is
becoming a more and more relevant topic. In fact, among the variables that
could influence the citizens’ sense of a healthy environment, odor emissions
play an important role, as they deeply affect the human life quality and
psycho-physical wellness. An odor is a mixture of light and small molecules
that are able to stimulate an anatomical response in the human olfactory system
(Craven et al., 1996). The nose represents the interface between the ambient
air and the central nervous system; in fact chemicals interact with the
olfactory epithelium which contains different olfactory receptors and the
signals are transmitted to the brain, where the final perceived odor results
from a series of neural computations.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This
chapter presents a summary of the study, general conclusion based on the
findings and recommendations both for action and further research.
5.1. Summary of the Study
The
focus of this paper was on impacts of solid waste management on local
communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality, Mtwara region. In this study different
ways of generating, disposing waste and the associated problems were studied.
About 28 people were interviewed. Different methods were employed in data
collection which included observation, documentations, interviews and
questionnaires. Moreover, both secondary and primary data were collected.
Sources of solid wastes are domestic, commercial and industrial enterprises. Domestic
and industrial waste is deposited in landfills; the rest is burned,
incinerated, taken to the dump or recycled. In major urban cities and centres,
land suitable for waste disposal is becoming increasingly scarce and expensive.
The study found that poor waste management is coupled with a number of problems
such as eruption of diseases and foul smell. Stern measures must be legally
instituted, reinforced and enforced to ensure that all residents adhere to
them. Residents should be sensitized and educated on the importance of managing
their waste in a proper and sustainable manner.
5.2.
Conclusion
Conclusively,
based on the findings of the study, it
is the immense need of present times to get rid from solid waste. It can be
controlled effectively through solid waste management. As it is a difficult
task, its main objectives are to reduce the harmful effects and find ways for
their utilization. Solid waste is harmful for the environment whether it exists
in solid, liquid or gaseous form. Solid waste is caused mainly through
urbanization and through industrial waste. It causes various diseases in human
as bacillary dysentery, diarrhea and amoebic dysentery, plague, salmonellosis,
trichinosis, endemic typhus, cholera, jaundice, hepatitis, gastro enteric
diseases etc. Hence, management of solid waste is very essential, it helps in
reducing solid waste and creates pollution free and clean environment. Various
methods are practiced to control solid waste as composting, recycling,
incineration, pyrolysis, disposal, landfills etc. Hence, solid waste management
reduces or controls the solid waste and its hazardous effects.
5.3.
Recommendation
Based
on the findings of the study and the conclusion drawn above, the researcher
recommends the following with regard to existing problem in Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipality to government and stakeholders. Government should develop specific
management tools (example regional best practice guidelines) and demonstrate
best practice technologies and management approaches for:
Ø Municipal
and industrial solid waste (including governance aspects such as holding
product manufacturers responsible for the treatment and recycling of their packaging,
applying the ‘polluter pays’ and ‘cradle to grave’ principles and introducing
economic incentives for low-waste packaging).
Ø Develop
targeted investment plans and proposals for the establishment of appropriate
solid waste management infrastructure in priority hotspots of pollution based
on the guidelines and lessons learnt from demonstration projects.
Ø Develop
a register of municipal solid waste management facilities for each of the
region (working towards a permitting system, particularly for central solid
waste treatment facilities and landfills).
Ø Develop
and implement regional training programmes to build capacity in solid waste
management (in many instances focusing on local municipalities).
Ø Develop
and implement regional education and awareness programmes to inform all sectors
of society (including the general public, politicians and managers) on their
roles and responsibilities in the generation, collection, treatment and
disposal of solid waste, as well as the consequences of pollution on the
environment and their socio-economic wellbeing.
5.3.1.
Recommendations
for further Research
This
study was confined to Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality in Mtwara region. It is
recommended that similar research studies are conducted in other districts of Mtwara
region such as Nanyumbu, Mtwara rural and urban, Masasi and Newala where, no
similar studies have been carried out or have been carried out in a different
situation or time frame.
0.6.
References
Galletta, A. 2012. Mastering the
Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond: From Research Design
to Analysis and Publication. New York: New York University
Press.
Kombo,
D. K. & Tromp, D. L. A. (2006). Proposal
and thesis writing. Nairobi: Paulines.
Kothari,
C.R (1990), Research Methodology;
Methods and techniques. New Delhi;
Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology and Techniques, (2nd Ed). New
Delhi: Age International (p) Limited, Publishers.
Abaychi,
J. K. (1987), Concentrations of trace elements in aquatic vascular plants from
shatt al.
Arab river, Iraq. Journal
of Biological Sciences Research.
Agami,
M., Litav, M. and Waisel, Y. (1976), The
effects of various components of water
pollution on the
behaviour of some aquatic macrophytes of the coastal rivers of
Israel. Aquat.
Bot.
Bartelings H,
Sterner T. (1999), Household Waste
Management in a Swedish municipality:
Determinants of waste
disposal, recycling and composting, Environ Reso Econ.
Lingan BA,
Poyyamoli G, Boss UJC. Assessment of air
pollution and its impacts near municipal
solid waste dumping
site
Kammiyampet, Cuddalore,
Njeru, J. (2006), The urban political ecology of plastic bag
waste problem in Nairobi, Kenya.
Geoforum Volume
37, Issue 6, November 2006.
Onibokun, A.G. and Kumuyi, A.J. (1999),
Chapter 1 – Governance and waste
management in
Africa. In
managing the monster: urban waste and governance in Africa
Rotich K. Henry,
et al. (2006), Municipal solid waste
management challenges in developing
countries –
Kenyan case study Waste Management, Volume 26, Issue 1, 2006
Kollmuss, A and
Agyeman, J. (2002), Mind the Gap: Why do
people act environmentally and
what are the
barriers to pro-environmental behavior?
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
2021-1-20
UNEP. (2007), Environmental Pollution and Impacts on Public Health: Implications of
the
Dandora
Municipal Dumping Site in Nairobi.
http://www.unep.org/urban_environment/pdfs/dandorawastedump-
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HEALTH/ENVIRONMENTAL
OFFICERS
Dear
respondent, I’m FLORA, S. MPUNGA, a student of Stella Maris Mtwara University
Collage (STEMUCO), undertaking Bachelor of Arts with Education. The purpose of
this study is to assess on
the impact of solid waste management in local communities in Mtwara-Mikindani
Municipal, Mtwara region as
the case study. This study is for academic purpose. The responses will be treated in confidential
manner.
Instructions
·
Put tick (√)
in the appropriate box
·
There are open ended and close ended
question.
SECTION
ONE:
PERSONAL PARTICULAR
i.
Specify your gender
a. Male
( )
b. Female
( )
ii.
Specify your age
a. 15
– 25 ( )
b. 26
– 35 ( )
c. 36
– 45 ( )
d. 46
– 55 ( )
iii.
Marital status
a. Married
( )
b. Single ( )
iv.
Specify your level of education
a. Secondary [ ]
b. Certificate [ ]
c. Diploma [
]
d. Degree [
]
e. Masters [
]
SECTION TWO: GENERAL QUESTIONS
i.
What are the causes of solid waste
management in local communities? Mention at least five factors.
a. ………………………………………………………………………………………
b. ………………………………………………………………………………………
c. ………………………………………………………………………………………
d. ………………………………………………………………………………………
e. ………………………………………………………………………………………
ii.
What are the impacts of solid waste management
in local communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality?
a. .............................................................................................................................
b. .............................................................................................................................
c. .............................................................................................................................
d. ……………………………………………………………………....................
e. …………………………………………………………………………………..
iii.
Regarding to the previous question, at
least five, mention possible measurements against solid waste management in
local communities in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal.
a.
………………………………………………………..
b.
………………………………………………………...
c.
………………………………………………………..
d.
………………………………………………………..
e.
………………………………………………………..
Thank you!
MASWALI KWA WAKAZI WA MANISPAA YA
MTWARA-MIKINDANI
Ndugu, naitwa FLORA, S.
MPUNGA, mwanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu Kishiriki cha Mtakatifu Augustino Tanzania
tawi la Mtwara (Stella Maris Mtwara University Collage (STEMUCO)), nasoma
Shahada ya Awali ya Sanaa na Elimu. Lengo la utafiti huu ni kuchunguza kwa kina
matokeo ya uhifadhi wa taka ngumu katika jamii ya Manispaa ya Mtwara-Mikindani,
mkoani Mtwara. Utafiti
huu ni kwa sababu za kitaaluma, hivyo majibu yatakayotolewa yatakuwa siri.
Maelekezo
·
Weka alama (√)
kwenye kiboksi husika.
SEHEMU
YA KWANZA: MAELEZO BINAFSI
i.
Jinsia
a. Me
( )
b. Ke
( )
ii.
Umri
a. 15
– 25 ( )
b. 26
– 35 ( )
c. 36
– 45 ( )
d. 46
– 55 ( )
iii.
Hali ya ndoa
a. Umeoa/umeolewa ( )
b. Mseja ( )
iv.
Kiwango cha elimu
a. Elimu
ya Msingi/Sekondari [ ]
b. Cheti [ ]
c. Diploma [
]
d. Shahada [
]
e. Masters [
]
SEHEMU YA PILI: MASWALI
1. Nini
chanzo cha taka ngumu katika jamii? Taja angalau vyanzo vitano (5).
a. …………………………………………………………………………………..
b. …………………………………………………………………………………..
c. …………………………………………………………………………………..
d. …………………………………………………………………………………..
e. …………………………………………………………………………………..
2.
Taja athari za taka ngumu katika jamiii ya
Manispaa ya Mtwara-Mikindani. Taja angalau tano.
a. ……………………………………………………
b. ……………………………………………………
c. ……………………………………………………
d. …………………………………………………….
e. …………………………………………………….
3. Kulingana
na swali lililotangulia, ni njia zipi bora zitumike kuziondoa athari hizo katika
jamii ya Manispaa ya Mtwara-Mikindani? Taja angalau njia tano.
a.
…………………………………………..
b.
……………………………………………
c.
……………………………………………
d.
…………………………………………….
e.
……………………………………………..
Asante sana kwa ushirikiano wako.
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