These theories are creation theory and evolution theory

 

Origin, the point or place where some thing begins or arises or derived. The place or point where a muscle, nerve or other body part arises in particular. A fixed point from which coordinates are measured as were access intersects.

Origin of man is premised in perspectives of which are conclusive. Speculation still goes on, but there have been two common theories which attempt to explain the emergence of man

These theories are creation theory and evolution theory.

Creation theory

This is very straight forward in explaining the origin of human kind.it does not even allow for questions because its premises of the origin is the unquestionably super natural power,the supreme power.the whole narrative is based on biblical book of Genesis chapter 1:26_27. Then God said "let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea,and birds of the air,as well as livestock,over the earth,and over the all creatures that move along the ground" So God created man in his own image he created him: males and females he created them.

Also Qur'an stated that  God breathed onto the Soil of man was created.

 

Creation Theory Believes That;

Humans are a product of supernatural power that is God.

Humans along with other living and non-living things found in the universe were created  by God as looking today.

Humans are superior/ more privileged than other creatures. And they are the head prefects of each and everything on the earth.

Human have life after death be it in hell or heaven.

God created everything in six days of the week and rested on the seventh day.

 

Basing On Evolution Theory

 

 

Evidence that supports Africa is the home place of mankind.

 

Since 1920's and strongly evidence from 1950's Scientific research and discoveries in different parts of Africa pointed out that Africa is the cradle of human in the world. This occurred due to the many technological innovations which provided sufficient evidence to confirm Darwin's assertion that Africa was the birth place of humanity. The evidence was derived from tracing ancient bones,fossils, stone tools and other material artifact.Prof.Raymond Dart ( 1925 ).

 

DNA evidence, Skulls evidence .

 

Evolution theory based on scientific speculation whereby a natural scientist known as Charles Darwin (1859) on his book title in the origin of species by means of natural selection.

 

Evolution is simply a gradual change through which species adopt themselves to the changing environmental provision in order to survive in a given condition. They start from simpler forms but as a result they gradually developed to advanced forms.

When Darwin applied his theory to origin of human being,in his second, the Descent of Man(1871).He suggested that human being descended from the same evolutionary ancestry with appe and monkeys (primates family hominid). He also concluded that the birth place of human kind was probably Africa.

  

   Evolution theory is premised on the following ideas

   Human being are products of natural forces. They have acquired the modern from of appearance through a gradual process of change which has been dictated by the environment.

There is no life after death.

 

According to the present evidence, culture emerged 2.5 million years ago

   Human being are most intelligent of natural animals hence they manipulate the universe at the expense of other material forms .

 

   Evidence that support Africa cradle of man kind.

There are some general evidence that concluded the ideas of support Africa cradle of man kind. These including skeletal evidence, that concluded the ideas of support Africa cradle of man kind as scientific research discovered various species of early man skulls as scientists well explained below.

   Since 1920s and strongly from 1950s scientific speculation or research and discoveries in different parts of Africa pointed out that Africa is the principal center of human evolution. This conclusion was not arrived from the blue sky but rather was derived from the evidence collected from the evidence materials remains. There were many technological innovation which provided sufficient evidence to confirm Darwin desertion that Africa was the birth place of humanity. The evidence was derived from tracing ancient bones,fossils, stones tools and other many artifacts.

According to professor Raymond A.Dart in 1925. He was the anthropologist who discovered the skull of six million years old creature buried in limestone cave near taung in south Africa. It was ape like in appearance and had certain human like characteristics. Dart named the creature as Authroaopithecus

   From then a large number of Australopithecus remains have been discovered in Eastern Africa. for example Olduvai George by Dr Leakey at the same time  his wife marry Leakey she discovered the feet print at Laitoli in northern Tanzania on 1959,Also lake Turkana in Kenya, Hadar and omo valley in Ethhuma Leakey.(1973).

  Presence of many signs, there are man's settlements of early man.Example Olduvai George, Koobi fora .Existence or discovered of early man realized that Africa was the birth place of humanity.

   Archeological evidence (tools evidence) where discovers of oldest stone tools (pebbles tools) it show that Africa was began to used those pebbles tools from 2.5milion years ago by the named the tools as oldowans tools but many years later they gradually developed into a modern from which has been discovered previous that tools was named the Archeulian tools found in east Africa, dates was derived from 1.6 million years ago.

Presence of rock paintings, Example that found at the kondoa irangi.so those evidence collected from the same evolutionary ancestry it proved that Africa was the birth place of human kind.

 

East Africa there are remains of hunter gathers example Hadzabe, Masai societies. This proved that Africa was the birth place of humanity.

 

Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa and spread across the globe.

 

The study of early human remains and artifacts helps our place in human history.

Scientists search for human origin, written documents provide a window to ksim wdistant past. For several thousands years, people have recorded information about their beliefs, activities and important events. Pre history however dates back to the time before the invention of writing_roughly 5,000 years ago without access to written records, scientists  investigating the lives of pre historic people face special challenges.

 

Bone might reveal what the people looked like, how tall they were, the types of food they ate,diseases they may have had, and how long they lived.

Artifacts evidence, this refers to the human made objects such as  tools and Jewry. This items may hints at  how peoples dressed, what what works they did or how they worshiped.

Early foot print evidence, in 1978 at laetoli,Tanzania, Mary Leakey found 3.6 million years old hominids footprints. She and her team looked for clues about human origins. In 1978, they found historic footprints that resembled those of modern human preserved in volcanic ash.the laetoli footprints provided striking evidence about human origins.

Discovery of Lucy, while Mary Leakey was working in East Africa, U.S anthropologist Donald Johnson and his team were also searching for fossils. They were exploring sites in Ethiopia, about 1000 miles to the north. In 1974,Johnson's team made a remarkable finds. An unusually complete skeleton of an adult female hominid. They nicknamed her Lucy after the song  in the sky with Diamond. She had lived around 3.5million years ago, the oldest hominid found to that date.

1994 in Ethiopia, an international team  of scientists find 2.33 million years hominid jaw.

2002 in Chad,Scientists announced discovery of a possible 6 million years old hominid skull.

Also DNA evidence gives the same answer. Using mitochondrial DNA a kind of genetic materials passed from mother and Y_chromosomes evidence from the males, scholars have demonstrated conclusively that the greatest genetic diversity of homosapiens  lies in Africa. Greater human genetic diversity exist in Africa for the simple reason that is fully evolved.Homosapiens have been present on that continent longer than they have been elsewhere.habilivariationshe representer tative of modern human being. Homo habilis had much bigger brain size of between 650_800cc compared to Australopithecines that had 400_500cc.its remains have been found in direct association with oldest known stone tools that is oldowan tools.The tools are simple, heavy duct and crude made. (2001)Homo habilis seems to have lived between 2.5 and 1.5 million years ago.He therefore, co_existed with the last species of the Australopithecus lineage (Robust vegetarian of East Africa), and possibly evolved from the same group based on bigger brain size, better developed morphology and the direct association with oldowan tools, scientists have agreed that homo habilis was the first tools maker.in this case therefore, if we agree that human being is a cultural and and if the earliest known culture (oldowan culture) is associated with homo habilis, then, we can conclude that homo habilis and not Australopithecus is our direct ancestor.

 

The next hominid to evolve in the homo erectus(up right man).fossil evidence suggests that, homo erectus lived between 1.5 and 0.4 million years ago. It's brain size ranged between 800_1100cc, and there is clear evidence that homo erectus shaped specific tools including the famous hand axes.The earliest evidence of the use of fire appears during the last phase homo erectus. It is evident that no specimen, until now, of homo erectus or his tools found outside Africa dated to earlier than 1million years ago. this means therefore that, it was not until about 1milion years ago that homo erectus became the first hominid to move out of Africa into Eurasia.

 

Early form of modern humans, homo sapiens (wise man) with a brain size between 1300_1400cc appears to have evolved again in Africa between 200,000 and 109,000 years ago. Final evolution if modern humans, homo sapiens with average brain size of about 1459cc was clearly complete by 49,000 B.C from Africa they started to spread to all other major regions of the world BT 10,000 B.C.

 

Since the earliest homo sapiens sapiens came from tropical Africa, they were probably brown  skinned similar to Africans of today. But as they spread throughout Africa and in other continents of the world, they adapted to variations in climates and environment. Those in the heart of tropical Africa developed dark skin to protect them from the harmful rays of the direct tropical sun.Those in cooler climates developed pale skin in order to absorb more direct sun light. In this view, racial differences between the various people of the world are just local adaptations to local climates and environment. All human being belong to the same species, and the origins of that are found in Africa

 

Factors that influenced Evolution.

Natural selection: this works especially on the principle of the survival  for the fittest.The one who is weak can not compete with the stronger ones and therefore will automatically perish.

 

Mutation. It is a spontaneous and accidental change of the chemical composition and structures of a gene.There are some factors which come unpredictably.

 

Gene flow.this is another factors which influence evolution. It is an exchange of change of gene between popmillions

 

The environment and Evolution of Human kind

The basic factor that influenced and conditioned man's evolution was the environment. During the Eocene and Oligocene periods (about 50 to 25 million years ago) the environment was characterized by extensive rain forest.But during the Miocene and the Pliocene periods (25 to 2 millions years ago) there were greater physical and climatic changes on the earth.The earth experienced geomorphic processes Example faulting which produced a range of mountains like Alps,Himalaya, Andes,Atlas and Rockies. At a later stage between 1.5;and 1.2 million years ago, similar movement produced the great Africa rift Valley. A series of lakes were also formed in the valley. The volcanic mountains also emerged.

 

Climatically, there was a change from wet to drier conditions leading to disappearance of forest in most parts and pre dominance of graces and thorns. The question here is; what then did environmental conditions add or impact on the livelihood of creatures and the evolution process?

The ancestor of man who had been used to life in the jungle getting his food from fruits of forest, and protecting himself from enemies by climbing and jumping the trees, found himself in disadvantages following the disappearance of the forests.

 He could not climb the thorny shrubs to obtain his food or for protection purposes. He was faced with challenges on how to survive in the newly environment.Due to this man adopt new strategies of terrestrial life in the new respect, the new development of bipedalism was inevitable which assist human in walking uprising to see an enemies easily and the fore limbs were modified and operated like hand.

 

Conclusion

 

 

References.

Darwin,C.,(1859),On the Origin of species by means Of Natural selection,Or the preservetion of favoured Races in the struggle for life,James Murray,London

Darwin, C., (1871),on the descent of man, and selection in relations to sex, Appleton, New York.

 Shillington, K.,(1995),History of Africa, 2rd edition, palgrave Macmillan, London

 

Leakey, R.E.F.(1973).Evidence for an advanced Plio-Pleistocene hominid from East Rudolf,Kenya.Manure,242,447-450.

 

O'Connell, J.F.,K.HAWKES&N.G. Blurton Jones.1999.Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus.Journal of Human Evolution 36:461-85.

James D.2091."Humankind Emerging"Edited (Boston:Little,Brown&co, Chapter 1and2.

Alperson-Afily,N.,Goren- In bar,2010.The Acheulian Site of Gesher Benot Ya 'aqov- vol ii- Ancient flames and controlled use of fire.Springer.

Manzi,G.2011. Before the emergence of Homo Sapiens: overview on the Early- to middle Pleistocene Fossil record (with proposal about Homo heidelbergensis at the subspecific Level). International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011,art ID 582678.