FEATURES OF PROJECT

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INTRODUCTION
A project is a planned set of interrelated and sometimes dependant tasks that must be executed over a certain period of time taking into consideration certain costs, resources and other limitations. The task must be completed in order to reach a specific goal (Anderson, et al.,1990). Also, it can also be defined as a set of inputs and outputs needed to reach a specific outcome. Generally it is the uniqueness of the activity that is the deciding factor to be planned and conducted, if so then it is not truly a project although you can use project methods to get it done. A good and successful project should have a successful Project Manager who simultaneously manages the four basic elements of a project: resources, time, money, and most importantly scope All these elements are interrelated, each must be managed effectively and all must be managed together if the project is to be a success. The resource that can be leveraged to the greatest extent in all projects is the people involved.

 
Criteria for project categories
There are a number of criteria or factors, which combine to define the project classification as follow:
Project focus and communication, business processes and Information Technology. The most fundamental difference is in the high level focus of the project is this piece of work targeted at a new or changed business process which will be implemented without changing the existing information technology systems or is it about using information technology to enable and implement a change to the way we do business.
Project Risks, these may be low, medium or high risks, all projects have risks associated with them. Understanding the degree of risk and the nature of these risks is important to the selection of the methodology elements. The methodology identifies project risks at three levels such as low, medium and high (Dennis, 1976).
Total Investment and cost, this signifies the size of the project and can be expensive or relatively cheap depending on their overall cost. The Sin naps app allows you to plan your costs along with any cost updates input by your team in real-time. Project size is measured in the overall investment, in the following bands: Under $250,000 Enhancement, $250,000 to $1M Small project, $1M to $3M Medium project, $3M to $10M Large project and $10M or more Very large project. The larger the investment involved in the project the more stringent the governance and oversight activities must be (United Nations, 1971).
Timeframe, a project’s timeframe is defined from its initiation or conception until result evaluation. A project’s timeframe can also be divided into smaller blocks which in themselves have their own timeframe.
Project scope: This describes the reach and scale of the project. A project scope varies depending on the amount of people involved and the scale of the impact of its outcomes. Projects can be big or small depending on the scope (Dennis, 1976).
CATEGORIES OF PROJECTS
Category refers to the class or division of things or people regarding having particular shared characteristics (John.A and Weiner, 2018). For example there are many categories of projects such as category M, I, II, III, IV and V.
Category M is the lowest level of the project ranking system, which represents typical maintenance contracts and seasonal schedule type work of very low complexity and risk. For such projects, specific timeframes for accomplishing the work is not a major constraint. Generally, a full construction season is given to allow for flexibility in planning and scheduling the Work. Therefore, Category M projects do not require the level of scheduling efforts typically needed for construction projects (Lock, 1993).

Examples of Category M Projects are like;
The ¾ pavement schedules (Asphalt overlay, surface treatments & slurry seals), ¾ bridge joint repairs, ¾ bridge painting (minimum traffic impact) and¾ guardrail improvements.

Category I, this is the lowest level of the project ranking system for typical construction projects, which represents small, simple, low risk, and short duration construction projects. Such projects involve limited and straight-forward operations with limited project constraints and minimal or no traffic impact.

Examples of Category I Projects
The following are typical Category I projects: ¾ rural grade, drain, & pave of unpaved roads (may include minor horizontal & vertical alignment changes and rural rustic projects with drainage work) and ¾ minor bridge deck repair & concrete overlay (may include multiple bridges).

Category II represents slightly complex and relatively small to medium size construction projects that are typically completed in one or two construction seasons. Category II projects typically involve a limited number of straightforward contiguous, linear, or repetitive operations with typical project constraints and minimal traffic impact. Category II may also include certain multi-season low risk projects with minimal constraints or traffic impact.. They may also involve typical low risk widening projects in a rural setting, involving a limited number of straightforward contiguous or linear operations.

The following are typical Category II projects:
¾ Urban grade, drain, & pave projects of low to medium complexity, ¾ rural new construction or reconstruction grade separation roadway and bridge projects (low to medium size and complexity), ¾ complex reconstruction and improvements, including widening and multiple turn lanes that may include utility adjustments and ¾ major bridge substructure repairs (with low to medium traffic impact).

Category III, it represents moderately complex, medium risk, and medium-size projects that are typically completed within two or three construction seasons. Category III projects typically involve a limited number of concurrent operations with typical project constraints and/or traffic impact. Category III projects may also include certain medium to large size multi-season low risk projects of relative complexity (Lock, 1993).

Examples of Category III Projects are ¾ intersection improvements, including widening and multiple turn lanes with utilities, lighting and/or signal installation (with medium complexity and traffic impact), ¾ new roadway/bridge construction or extension projects (medium size, complexity, and traffic impact) and ¾ bridge deck replacements (multi-span, medium traffic  impact).

Category IV represents complex, high risk, and medium to large size projects that are typically completed within three or more construction seasons. Category IV projects typically involve multiple concurrent operations with substantial project constraints and/or traffic impact. Such projects are not limited to new, reconstruction, extension, or widening/improvements of medium to large projects with substantial constraints and/or traffic impact. Category IV projects may also include certain med-size high-risk projects of relative complexity that include provisions for special time-related constraints or conditions.

The following are typical Category IV projects are ¾ major urban intersection improvements, including widening and multiple turn lanes with utilities, lighting and/or signal installation (medium to large size, complex, and significant traffic impact), ¾ rural/urban new construction or reconstruction grade separation roadway and bridge projects (medium to large size, complex, major corridor) and ¾ major bridge deck replacements (substructure repairs, multi-span, multi-lane, major corridor, with significant traffic impact).

Category V is the highest level of the project ranking system for typical construction projects, which represents very complex and very costly mega-projects that are typically completed within four or more construction seasons. Category V projects typically involve very large multiple multi-phased contracts with substantial project constraints and/or significant traffic impact. On a case by case basis, certain relatively complex and very high risk projects with estimated contract value less than $75M that generally meet the above listed criteria may qualify as Category V.

The following are typical Category V projects: ¾ major rural/urban new construction or reconstruction grade separation roadway and bridge projects (large size, complex, major corridor, significant traffic impact), and ¾ Major widening projects (large size, complex, major corridor, significant traffic impact).



CONCLUSION
A project has life cycle, a Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) this methodology focuses primarily on the resources needed to complete a project and its tasks. The critical chain is identified which pinpoints the project most critical tasks. In turn, the resources are reserved for these high-priority tasks.


















REFERENCES
Anderson, E et al., (1990). Goal directed project management. London: Kogan Page.
John Simpson and Edmund Weiner. (2019). Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary
Lock, D. (1993). Project categories, planning and management, 3rd edn. Aldershot: Gower Publishing Company Limited.
Maylor, H. (1996). Project Management. London: Pitman Publishing.
United Nations. (1971). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Administration of Development Programmes Projects. New York: UN
Dennis, A. (1976). Introduction to Projects and its elements. Washington: Brookings Institution



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