-

INTRODUCTION
Language change (or linguistic change) describes the variation over time in human languages - on phonetic, morphological, syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic level. Phenomena of linguistic change can be on various natures and emerge and evolve by quite different circumstances, influences and or dynamics. Or language change is the phenomenon by which permanent alteration are made in features and the use of language over time. All natural languages change and language change affects all areas of language use (William l, 2007). There are two model of language change which is family tree and wave mode; these models have been discussed below.
Family tree model
The family tree model is closely linked to the comparative method, which was developed by the Neo-grammarians in 1860-1880 (Crowley and Bowern, 2010). The comparative method allows us to establish relatedness between languages that evolved from a common proto-language. This is done based on regular sound correspondences between the languages that are examined. These languages are then presented in a family tree which shows how each of the languages belonging to the language family descended from the proto-language, thereby splitting into branches. This model has served as the foundation not only of language classification, but of language change in general

Basic assumptions of the family tree model

The family tree model and the corresponding comparative method rely on several assumptions which I shall now review based on Campbell (2004):
Sound change is regular: This is called the Neogrammarian Hypothesis and was formulated by Karl Brugmann and Hermann Osthoff. This means that whenever sound change occurs it occurs everywhere in the language and admits no exceptions.
             Language change occurs by the diversification of language alone: A single language splits into several dialects that later become distinct languages. Once a split of a language into dialects occurs there is no further interaction between the branches. Therefore, each of the new dialects or languages develops   further autonomously.
 Any proto-language had a single form only: Whatever is reconstructed for the proto-language was invariably used by its speech community.
Wave model
Wave model is a model of language change in which a new language features (innovation) or a new combination of language features spread from its original affecting a gradually expanding cluster of dialects. The model was intended as a substitute for the tree model which did not seem to be already to explain the existence of some features, especially in Germanic language by descent former proto-language. At its most ambition it is a wholesale replacement for the tree model of language. During the 20th c the wave model had little acceptance as model for language change overall except for certain cases, such as the study of dialect continua and among historical linguist, due, to the shortcoming of the tree model (Campbell L 2004). 
Wave model accommodate  distribution of innovation in intersected patterns such as configuration is typical of dialect continua that is historical situation in which dialect share innovations with different neighbors simultaneous in such a way that the genealogical subgroups they define from an intersected patterns this explain the popularity of the wave model in studies of dialectology.









A diagram showing wave model innovations



https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wave_model_Schmidt.svg/300px-Wave_model_Schmidt.svg.png








The circles are to be regarded as diachronic. That is they increase in diameter over time like the concentric wave on a water surface struck by stone. The background represents a dialect continuum of no language boundaries. The circles are stable dialects, characters over bundles of characters that have been innovated that have becoming more stable over originally small portion of continuum for social political-reason, these circles spread from their small centre of maximum effectiveness like wave becoming less effective and then dissipating at maximum time and distance from the centre. Language is not regarded as impermanent set of speech habits that result from and prevail in the intersection of the circles. The most conservative language is represented by the area not covered by the circles.
By conclusion language is always changing , the changes goes across space and across social group this is because language varies according to time, there are many factor for language change other factors are like prestige for example the use of gotten rather than got.


REFERENCES
Campbell, L. (2004). Historical Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Crowley, T. And Bowern, C. (2010). An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford    University Press



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

International Law

-
    International Law The body of law that governs the legal relations between or among states or nations.To qualify as a subject under the traditional definition of international law, a state had to be sovereign: It needed a territory, a population, a government, and the ability to engage in diplomatic or foreign relations. States within the United States, provinces, and cantons were not considered subjects of international law, because they lacked the legal authority to engage in foreign relations. In addition, individuals did not fall within the definition of subjects that enjoyed rights and obligations under international law. so there are two types of international law which are public and private international law. Public International Law: Public International laws have been designed to examine the relationships between the countries and states and they govern the binding rules of the international community to avoid any dispute. Public International laws genera...
Read more
-
Image
 HARMORAPA   Since Artist Harmorapa has entered the music to start to be compared to an artist Harmonize, every time the rapper has been entered on the 'headline' wide and discussed by many artists the biggest in the country, others were pleased with his actions while others mocked him and see that he deserves to be a musician. He started as a joke has to be compared with the bright label WCB minor then starts to penetrate into the ears of love entertainment. We are referring here HarmoRapa  is predicted to major in music of bongo Fleva Time here. His first single not divide a passport is placed on the map and start to be known, though it did not properly market. This Time around HarmoRapa has come up with another hit in Town goes by the name "kiboko ya mabishoo" Many thought if Jokes but relatives had become serious now after signing a deal with a large imaging technology bongo Slides Visual less Mx Carter. Also contusion with producer p funk ...
Read more

KATIBA YA KIKUNDI

-
KATIBA YA VACK GROUP SEHEME YA 1. UTANGULIZI 1 JINA LA KIKUNDI VACK GROUP IBARA YA PILI: 2: TAFSIRI YA MANENO MBALIMBALI  2.1 Kikundi kina mkusanyikon wa watu 2.2 Wanachama wa kikundi wana mtazamo moja  2.3 Wanadhamira moja katika kujenga taifa IBARA YA 3. UTANGULIZI Wanachama wa kikundi cha VACK GROUP tumejipanga kufanya kazi kwa ushirikiano ili kufikia malengo yetu IBARA YA 4. KATIBA Katiba ni kanuni ya nchi au taasisi iliyopangwa kwa makubaliano maalumu yanayosimamia sheria kufuata miongozo yake bila kwenda kinyume.Kwenda kinyume cha hapo ni kosa. IBARA YA 5. JINA LA KIKUNDI Kikundi kinaitwa VACK GROUP  IBARA YA 6. LUGHA RASMI YA KIKUNDI Lugha rasmi ya kikundi ni Kiswahili na kingereza. IBARA YA 7. OFISI KUU Makao makuu ya kikundi yatakua ndani ya Mbinga mjini. IBARA YA 8. ENEO LA UTENDAJI WA KAZI  Itakuwa ndani ya wilaya ya mbinga IBARA YA 9. KANUNI ZA KIMAADILI  9.1 Kuheshimiana wenyewe kwa weny...
Read more