challenge facing Selous Game Reserve on local community; aces of Likuyu-sekemaganga in Namtumbo district, Ruvuma religion.
This
Research Report is my original work and has not been presented to any other
Examination body. No part of this Report should be reproduced without my
consent or that of Stella Maris Mtwara University College.
Name:
NGONYANI, Zalhija
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Research Report has been submitted for examination with my approval as Stella
Maris Mtwara University College Supervisor.
Name:
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DEDICATION
My
special dedication goes to my beloved father and my mother for their unending
love and for a better upbringing that has brought me this far.
COPYRIGHT
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rights reserved, no part of this work should be reproduced, stored in
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Ngonyani zalhija
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I
would like to express thanks first to the Almighty God who helped me in every
step of my study, secondly wish to thank my supervisor Sr.
Gisella of the department of language her heartfelt encouragement, patience,
generation of valuable ideas and enduring guidance together with Miss. NGAYAKWE
for her lecturing how to write research.
I
am immensely grateful to my beloved Parents; Jumanne Ngonyani (father), Reah
Runje (mother), my Young sister Sawa Ngonyani and all my brothers and my Fiancé
Christopher Kapanga for their constant inspiration and support over the entire
period. I say many thanks for your prayers.
Lastly, I extend my thanks to my
Respondents, my friends including Kawango Goodluck, Mwong Happy, Merry Tembo and
other college mates who in one way or another played part that brought my
search to success. May the Almighty God bless all.
ABSTRACT
This
study is about the challenge facing Selous Game reserve in Local community
Area; A case of Likuyu-sekamaganga at Namtumbo district in Ruvuma religion. Many
reserved area experiences the problem, thus influenced the researcher to
conduct a research to investigate the challenge facing Selous game reserve.
The
objective of the study was to investigate the challenge facing Selous game
reserve. Interview and questionnaire were used to get the data as well as group
discussion with the respondents.
The
data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in relation to the
objectives of the research. Various challenge were facing Selous game reserve
including presence of in dangerous and disturbed animals, poor government
support, poor security in reserved area, environment destruction, lack of
environment education to the community and
The
study recommended the ways that the community, government and the policy maker
should apply so as to solve the Challenge facing Selous game reserve in local
community. Moreover the researcher suggested for the future study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table 4.1 showing demographic response by
gender…………………………………………22
Table 4.2.1. Ages of
respondents……………………………………………………………….23
Table 4.2.2 Respondents level of
education……………………………………………………24
4.3.1 Table showing respondents on the improvement of social
services……………………25
4.2.2 Table showing respondents in protecting
environment………………………………. 26
4.2.3 Table showing the respondents on the employment
opportunity…………………… 26
4.3.1 Table showing challenges Facing Selous game reserve……………………………….
27
4.3Table showing the injury and death of people caused by in
dangerous animals from 2014-2018 years………………………………………………………………………………………29
4.4 The Possible Solution that are to be Taken so as to Solve
the Problem Facing Selous Game Reserve…………………………………………………………………………………………..30
5.1 Research budget table………………………………………………………………………37
LIST OF FIGURES
4.2 The pie chart Showing the Percentage Gender of
Respondents………………………….22
Graph showing the injury and death of people caused by in
dangerous animals from 2014-2018 years……………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
LIST
OF ABBREVIATIONS
WMAs - Wildlife Management Areas
AIS - Alien Invasive Species
BAED - Bachelor of Arts with Education
FGD - Focused Group Discussion
GMP -
General Management Plan
No. - Number
SAGCOT - Southern Agriculture Growth Corridor of
Tanzania
SAUT -
Saint Augustine University of Tanzania
SGM - Selous Game Reserve
STEMMUCO -
Stella Maris Mtwara University College
TSHS - Tanzanian shillings
WCA - Wildlife Management buffer
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This
chapter contains the background of the study, statement of the problem,
objectives of the study, research questions, significance, scope and limitation
of the study and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
The Selous Game Reserve is one of the largest
faunal reserves of the world, located in the south of Tanzania. It was named
after Englishman Sir Frederick Selous, a famous big game hunter and early
conservationist, who died at BehoBeho in this territory in 1917 while fighting
against the Germans during World War I. Scottish explorer and cartographer
Keith Johnston had died at BehoBeho in 1879 while leading a Royal Geographical
Society expedition to the Great Lakes of Africa with Joseph Thomson. The Selous
Game Reserve was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982 due to the
diversity of its wildlife and undisturbed nature
The
Selous Game Reserve, covering 50,000 square kilometers, is amongst the largest
protected areas in Africa and is relatively undisturbed by human impact. The
property harbors one of the most significant concentrations of elephant, black
rhinoceros, cheetah, giraffe, hippopotamus and crocodile, amongst many other
species. The reserve also has an exceptionally high variety of habitats including
Miombo woodlands, open grasslands; rive line forests and swamps, making it a
valuable laboratory for on-going ecological and biological processes.
The Selous Game Reserve is one of the largest
remaining wilderness areas in Africa, with relatively undisturbed ecological
and biological processes, including a diverse range of wildlife with
significant predator/prey relationships. The property contains a great
diversity of vegetation types, including rocky acacia-clad hills, gallery and
ground water forests, swamps and lowland rain forest. The dominant vegetation
of the reserve is deciduous Miyombo woodlands and the property constitutes a
globally important example of this vegetation type. Because of this fire-climax
vegetation, soils are subject to erosion when there are heavy rains. The result
is a network of normally dry rivers of sand that become raging torrents during
the rains; these sand rivers are one of the most unique features of the Selous
landscape. Large parts of the wooded grasslands of the northern Selous are
seasonally flooded by the rising water of the Rufiji River, creating a very
dynamic ecosystem.
The reserve has a higher density and diversity
of species than any other Miombo woodland area: more than 2,100 plants have
been recorded and more are thought to exist in the remote forests in the
south. Similarly, the property protects
an impressive large mammal fauna; it contains globally significant populations
of African elephant (Loxodonthaafricana) (106,300), black rhinoceros
(Dicerosbicornis) (2,135) and wild hunting dog (Lycaonpictus). It also includes
one of the world's largest known populations of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus
amphibius) (18,200) and buffalo (Synceruscaffer) (204,015). There are also
important populations of ungulates including sable antelope (Hippotragusniger)
(7000), Lichtenstein's hartebeest (Alcelaphuslichtensteinii) (52,150), greater
kudu (Tragelaphusstrepsiceros), eland (Taurotragusoryx) and Nyassa wildebeest
(Connochaetesalbojubatus) (80,815). Because of this high density and diversity
of species, the Selous Game Reserve is a natural habitat of outstanding
importance for in-situ conservation of biological diversity.
In
Tanzania country Seolus game reserved is
located in Northern and Southern part of
region of Pwani , Ruvuma, Morogolo ,Lind
and Mtwara which consist of larger number of animas such as elephants, buffalo,
and other birds .
With about 50,000 square km or 6% of Tanzania's land surface, the
Selous Game Reserve (SGR) is the largest protected area in the World. Nowadays
a “World Heritage Site”, the Selous was founded primarily as an Elephant
Reserve.
Other protected areas on the Selous periphery, such as Mikumi and
Udzungwa National Parks, and Kilombero
Game Controlled Area, conserve other habitats not represented in SGR
itself, and add a further 10,440 sq.km
to the area under protection. Numerous village Wildlife Management Areas are in the process of being
established in 7 Districts around the Reserve. The adjacent areas of
lowpopulation density contribute an additional 40,000 to 50,000 sq.km to the
ecosystem.
In Ruvuma region Selous Game reserve is
located in districts of Songea, Namtumbo, and Tunduru There is evidence that elephants migrate to and from Northern
Mozambique through corridors in Songea and Tunduru Districts Much of what is uninhabited Game
Reserve now was populated in the past. Large tracts of the Selous did not
contain important numbers of elephants. Areas like Madaba in the center of the Selous,
which are now strongholds of elephants, were important villages up to the
middle of the century. Political events like the MajiMaji uprising in 1905,
resettlements to combat sleeping sickness and later the Ujamaa villegalization
policy contributed to the depopulation of the area. The ranges for wildlife in
the Selous ecosystem have actually increased over this period, so that the
elephants now roam over an area larger than 100,000 sqkm.
1.2Statement of the Problem
Historically
in Tanzania various program have been established which explain about the Selous Game
Reserve basing on different way
such as important challenge contributions to the social, economic, politic, and
traditional impact on different area
which is covered by Selous Game Reserve for example Selous, Saadan and katavi
Rukwa conservation Wildlife Division Dar essaalam (2000) have
been putting efforts on
conserving elephants from pouching
in Selous Game Reserve.
Despite
fact that the government have been make effort on insuring the Selous Game Reserve
is modernizes so as to encourage people in tourism attraction from different country who
came to visit Selous Game Reserve by educating people to protects Game Reserve
from its lost, by solving challenge facing Selous Game Reserve such as exhibiting pouching activities and by
formulating policy which can protect a game reserve. This study was based to
identify challenge facing Selous Game Reserve Wildlife on local community; aces
of Likuyu-Sekamaganga in Namtumbo district, Ruvuma Religion.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1General Objective
To
understand on the challenge facing Selous Game Reserve on local community; aces
of Likuyu-sekemaganga in Namtumbo district, Ruvuma religion.
1.3.2 Specific objective
1.
To assessed on the impact of Selous
game reserve to the local community aces of Likuyu Sekamaganga
2.
To assessed on the impact of Selous
game reserve to the environment
3.
To assessed on the measure taken by parents and government
toward solving on the challenge facing Selous game reserve aces of Likuyu
Sekamaganga ward
Research question
1.
What are the challenge facing
Selous game reserves on local community?
2.
What are positive impacts of Selous
game reserve to the local community?
3.
What are the measure taken by
government and communities toward solving on the challenge facing Selous game
reserve?
1.5 Significance of the
Study
The
study helpful community to both government
and private sector have a starting point
toward solving the challenge facing Selous game reserve in different area by insuring the problem are solving so as the
community can benefit from Selous game reserve. Also the study help others who
can come with new ideas to discuss on issue concerning about Selous game
reserve.
1.5.1Scope of the study
The
study was conducted at Ruvuma region, Namtumbo district, in Likuyu Sekamaganga
village and Secondary school of Selous Secondary School and in the compos of
Selous Game Reserve
1.5.2Limitation of the Study
The
study was encounter the problems as
Financial problem, during the conducting the research there was the problem
such as lack of enough money which
hinder researcher on buying some
materials when conducting the research, a researcher insured that money are enough for stationary, transport, and other materials
which need financial, misinterpretation and misunderstanding from respondents
also was among of the limitation of the research, some of the respondents fear to be interviewing and questioning or
refusing to respond questions. Not only also time shortage, low level of
education of respondents, language problem and transportation network.
1.6 Definition of key terms
Challenge;
refer to the situation of being faced with something that needs a great mental
or physical effort in order to be done successfully and therefore test person
ability.
Reserve;
refer to the keeping of something for particular purpose use of time.
Local community;
refer to the group of people living in a particular area or people considered
unit because of their common interest, social group or nationality
The Selous game reserve
is the largest protected area of wildlife in Africa found in northern and
southern part of Tanzania.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This
chapter reviewed related to the challenge facing Selous Game Reserve from
different researchers and writers of the
same related topic which discussed on the issue concerning with the Selous Game
Reserve this chapter it describe the
different views about Selous Game Reserve, values with example, Challenge
Facing Selous Game Reserve, Ways Taken by Government and Research Gape
2.1Relalated literature Review
2.2 The Selous Game
Reserve
According
to Dr Ludwig Siege (2000) Is the largest protected area in the world, the Selous
was founded as primary as elephants reserve. The Selous Game Reserve, covering
50,000 square kilometers, is amongst the largest protected areas in Africa and
is relatively undisturbed by human impact. The property harbors one of the most
significant concentrations of elephant, black rhinoceros, cheetah, giraffe,
hippopotamus and crocodile, amongst many other species. The reserve also has an
exceptionally high variety of habitats including Miombo woodlands, open
grasslands, river line forests and swamps, making it a valuable laboratory for
on-going ecological and biological processes.
The
vast Selous Game Reserve (SGR) is an extraordinary protected area and World
Heritage Property of global conservation significance. Compared to most
protected areas, Selous Game Reserve is in a privileged position due to its
enormous scale and relative remoteness. By Tilman Jaeger et el in Mission Report of Selous Game Reserve (2013)
Nevertheless,
there can be no doubt about serious ascertained and potential threats to SGR in
the view of the mission. At the same time, the mission is unaware of
irreversible impacts at this stage. Key areas of concern are the direct and
indirect consequences of the massive and ongoing poaching triggered by demand
for ivory and rhino horn, challenges to funding and management in the Broadest
sense, possible impacts of the Mkuju River Project, possible future resource Extraction
based on recent legislative changes and large-scale development projects Proposed
within and near SGR. Less noticed and apparently not a target of systematic Monitoring
or current management efforts are Alien Invasive Species (AIS). AIS are at
least locally an issue in the non-consumptive tourism areas and should receive
more attention in future monitoring and management. The
property is renowned for being home to extraordinary populations of large
mammals, including an elephant population of
global importance - even though recent survey data call this notable attribute into question. The SGR is the heart
of what can be referred to as the Larger
Selous Ecosystem. Besides the property itself, it includes, but is not limited
to, the Mikumi and Udzungwa National Parks,
Kilombero Game Controlled Area (a Ramsar site), several
adjacent Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs) and the Selous Niassa Corridor,
totaling more than 10 million hectares (100,000 km2).
The Selous–Niassa Corridor constitutes the
crucial link between SGR and the likewise vast Niassa Game Reserve in nearby
Mozambique; a link that is reportedly suffering from
increasing fragmentation and disturbance.
While SGR is in a privileged position due to its sheer size and
remoteness, major conservation
issues are well documented. They include both internal challenges
and external threats. In the early 1990s Tanzania strongly responded to the
temporary crisis, joining forces with German bilateral cooperation and other
supporters in an encouraging example of donor coordination (Baldus et al., 2003). The management effort
could successfully be stepped up, bringing poaching largely under control. A
revenue retention scheme became the decisive instrument underpinning the
recovery of the property by enabling costly operations in a vast and
logistically challenging setting. The retention scheme built on the substantial
revenues generated from tourism in SGR, in particular trophy hunting, and
allowed SGR to financially stand on its own feet (Baldus et al., 2003). It is important to
understand in this context that the property is divided up into lucrative
hunting blocks almost in its entirety (44 out of 47 blocks, according to the
current General Management Plan), with a smaller area in the north allocated to
non-consumptive nature-based tourism. According to the retention scheme 50 % of
revenues could be directly re-invested in the management and conservation of
the game reserve.
2.3 Values and its example
The
Selous Game Reserve has appropriate legal protection and a management plan has
been developed. It is managed as a game reserve, with a small area (8%) in the
north dedicated to photographic tourism while most of the property is managed
as a hunting reserve. As long as quota
are established and controlled in a scientific manner, the level of off-take
should not impact wildlife populations and, in fact, should generate substantial
income which needs to be made available for the management of the reserve in
order for the system to be sustainable. A detailed tourism strategy for the
reserve needs to be developed, in line with the framework and principles
outlined in the management plan. The income generated by those activities needs
to be made available for the management of the reserve in order for the system
to be sustainable. The large size of the reserve presents important management
challenges in terms of the levels of staffing and budget required. Key management issues that need to be
addressed are: control of poaching, in particular of elephants and black
rhinoceros; ensuring sufficient benefits for the local communities through the
wildlife management areas and the improved management of hunting and
photographic tourism. Enhanced surveillance and ecological monitoring systems
are required to provide a better scientific/technical basis for management of
the property's natural resources, as well as to better understand the impacts/benefits
of consumptive and non-consumptive tourism. The most significant threats are
related to exploration and extraction of minerals, oil and gas, and large
infrastructure plans; environmental impact assessments need to be conducted for
all development activities in the vicinity of the property that are likely to
have an impact of the property's Outstanding Universal Value. To ensure long
term integrity of the property it is important to ensure its management as part
of a wider Selous ecosystem and to take the necessary measures to maintain the
functional link to Niassa Game Reserve in Mozambique
2.4Challenges Facing Selous Game
Reserve
Selous
Game reserve have been faced with various challenge which cause reserved to
lost its potentiality some challenges are; By Jafar R Kideghesho et el (2013)
Human-wildlife
conflicts
The establishment of protected
areas is construed to be the most feasible strategy of maintaining
biodiversity. Most of the protected areas in sub-Saharan Africa are situated in
the rangelands. However, given the multiple uses of the range lands, decisions
to allocate lands for conservation have often faced resistance. This type of
land use is perceived as an infringement of the rights of other stakeholders. This
is the case when the conservation process involves evicting people from these
areas
And or denying them access to the
resources critical for their livelihoods (Benjamines et al. 2009). Essentially,
for decades, the conventional conservation policies seem to have been accorded higher
priority to wildlife than humans. This is illustrated by the following
reactions from a number of personalities who wanted the Maasai pastoralists be
evicted from Serengeti National Park in the late 1950s: secondary importance” – the then Serengeti Park Manager (Neumann 1992:90).
Poverty
Globally, Tanzania is often
described as a rich and stable state, though it is among the very poor
countries. The country is blessed with abundant natural resources, which
include forests and woodlands, wild animals, rivers, lakes and wetlands Tanzania
is also endowed with a variety and huge reserves of minerals which include Gold,
Nickel, Tanzanite, Diamond, Copper, Iron ore, Coal, Limestone, Soda ash, Gypsum
and Phosphate. Poverty at the national level has an impact on funding of the
biodiversity sector. The notable impact was observed between the 1970s and
1980s where the global economic recession and, consequently, underfunding of
the sector caused rampant poaching of rhino and elephants. Poverty at household
level reduces ability of people to improve on existing livelihood strategies,
thus forcing them to opt for coping strategies that are unsustainable and
ecologically destructive. For example, because of poverty, peasants barely can
afford to purchase and use agricultural inputs to increase crop production on
their lands. Food insecurity and income poverty resulting from this scenario
may lead to conversion of more wildlife habitats into croplands as well as
killing of wild animals for protein (Hackel 1999, Loibooki et al. 2002,
Kideghesho et al. 2005, Wittemyer et al. 2008). Household poverty also limits
access and usage of electricity as a source of energy. Wood fuel (firewood and
charcoal) has remained the most dominant and reliable source of energy for cooking
and heating, both in urban and rural areas accounting to over 90% of daily
total energy consumption that is required by more than 85% of the country’s
population (URT 2003). The ever-increasing fuel energy demands put more
woodlands areas under pressure thereby driving significant land cover change of
most unprotected
Blockage
of migratory corridors
Generally, wildlife corridors
play vital ecological roles in enhancing biodiversity and survival of a large
number of species. In addition, the function of wildlife
corridors include serving as areas of habitat, connecting wildlife populations
separated by human activities (such as roads, development, or logging),
facilitating the re-establishment of populations that have been reduced or
eliminated due to random events (such as fires or disease), and allowing an exchange
of individuals between populations, preventing the negative effects of reduced
genetic diversity potentially associated with long-term population isolation (Henle
et al. 2004, Frankham 1996). Also, wildlife corridors increase the area and
diversity
of habitats over and above the
area of the two habitat patches connected. Wildlife corridors, however, are
under serious threat. First, there is human population pressure attributed to a
number of population-pull factors in the rangelands
2.5 Ways Taken by Government to Solve Challenge Facing Selous
Game Reserve
Selous Game Reserve has the status of a game reserve under the
Wildlife Conservation Act (WCA) of 1974, which establishes and defines the
protected area categories. The Act was amended in 1978 and 2009. The 2009
amendment includes an important modification, which is the explicit permission
of prospecting for and mining of oil, gas or uranium in game reserves under
defined conditions, notwithstanding the continued general prohibition of
prospecting and mining in game reserves. This constitutes a fundamental change,
also from the perspective of the Wildlife Policy of 2007, according to which
“the government is committed to ensure that wildlife and wetlands areas remain
pristine to safeguard in-situ biodiversity and tourism products" and which
also states that "all major development activities, including mining are prohibited
inside core wildlife protected areas.
Given that wildlife is a key (economic) resource in - and often
around - game reserves, the WCA is a central piece of legislation, regulating
also all forms of hunting. The WCA makes reference to "wildlife corridors,
buffer zones and dispersal areas", as well as "migratory routes"
and Wildlife Management Areas (WMA), i.e. it does not restrict wildlife
management to protected areas. The WCA is therefore also an important legal
foundation for addressing the linkages between SGR and the Larger Selous
Ecosystem. Development planning schemes near protected areas are required to
take the WCA into account. This is particularly relevant for major development
schemes, such as the Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania
(SAGCOT.A number of general policies beyond nature conservation and wildlife
management are relevant as a framework and include national policies on the
environment, water, energy, tourism, land and land use planning, agriculture
and livestock, minerals and energy among others . The SGR General Management
Plan (GMP) 2005-2015 was adopted in 2006 and provides the framework for the
management of the Reserve (United Republic of Tanzania/Ministry of Natural
Resources and Tourism/Wildlife Division, 2005). The GMP states that implementation
is to be based on annual plans of operation while stressing that implementation
requires the functioning of the retention scheme and "well informed and committed
staff at all levels" as "prerequisites".
2.6 Theoretical Framework
This
research involved only one theory as Functional theory that guided this study;
Functionalist theory;
the theory propounded by Jarvie in 1973. he argued that “the organic unity of society leads to
speculate about needs which must be met for social system to exist, as well as
the way in which social institutions satisfy those needs such as every society
will have a religion, because religious institution have certain functions
which contribute to the survival of the social system as a whole’’.
Functionalist theory denotes the fundamental metaphor of the living organism,
its several parts and organs, grouped and organized into a system, the function
of the various parts. Similarly, members of a society can be thought of as
cells, its institutions, its organs, whose function is to sustain the life of
the collective entity, despite the frequent death of cells and production of
new ones. Functionalist analyses, examine the social significance of phenomena,
that is, the purpose they serve a particular society in maintaining the whole.
Functionalism sought to be a corrective to the excesses of the evolutionary and
diffusionist theories of the nineteenth-century and the historicism of the
early twentieth century (Goldschmidt, 1996). Equally to the Selous Game Reserve
can be seen as a corrective measure that there should integrity of human
activities which are almost like agriculture activities, lumbering, hunting,
and other activities which lead to challenge facing, Selous Game Reserve,
The theory is related to the study that
in order to solve the challenge facing Selous game reserve there should be
interdependence between the reserved area with the government on ensuring the
reserved are well protected by construct with the villagers at Kikuyu-
sekamaganga village.
2.6 The research gap
Research
gape refers to the research question or problem which has not been answered appropriate
or at al line a given field of study of study. By the Alveson and Sadbag (2002) Research gap is actually what makes
your research publishable, why? Because it shows you are not just duplicating
existing research; it shows you have a deep understanding of the status of the body
of knowledge in your chosen field; and finally, it shows that you have
conducted a research which fulfills that gap in the literature. According to the different scholars that have explained
different views concerning with the issue of Selous game reserve some scholars
come with the views concerning with game reserve such us Ludwing siege et el (2000)
have been discussed From decline to Recover ; Elephant of the Selous
Game Reserve, Tilman Gaeger et el (2013)
in their work of Reactive Monitoring Mission of Selous Game Reserve most of them
have been discussing on the Selous Game
Reserve in different area. Therefore this study is based on finding the
Challenge Facing Selous Game Reserve that
researcher :A ces of Likuyu
Seka-maganga which found in southern part of Tanzania, Ruvuma region
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 General Research Approach
This
study used Mixed Research Approach so as to explain in more details through
exploration relies on the view of participants and statistical data on the
challenge facing Selous game reserve aces of Likuyu sekamaganga Mixed methods
research is a research where Qualitative and Quantitative Research are mixed in
the same study. The aim of using this approach was that the weakness in each
single method must be compensated by the counter-balancing strength of another.
3.2 Research design
Research
design is a logical structure in which the research will be conducted and
carried out at the time of data collection process, measuring and analysis of
data. (Kothari, 2002). The study employs both qualitative and quantitative research
approach. Qualitative approach used to describe the challenge facing Selouse
game reserve. Case of Likuyu-Sekamaganga
found at Namtumbo district in Ruvuma region. Quantitative approach were
used to present the numbers of respondents and calculating their response
percentage.
3.3 Area of study
The
study conducted at Namtumbo district in Ruvuma Region. Ruvuma Region is one of Tanzania’s 31 administrative regions. The regional capital is the municipality
of Songea. According to the 2012 national census, the region had a
population of 1,376,891, which was lower than the pre-census projection of
1,449,830. For 2002–2012, the region's 2.1 percent average annual
population growth rate was the twentieth highest in the country. It was
also the 28th most densely populated region with 22 people per square
kilometer. Namtumbo District is one of the
five districts of the Ruvuma
Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the north by the Morogoro
Region, to the east by the Tunduru District, to the south by Mozambique and to the east by the Songea Urban District and Songea
Rural District. As of 2002, the population of the Namtumbo District was
185,131. Namtumbo District is administratively divided
into 21 wards: Kitanda ,Ligera, Luchili, Luegu, Lusewa, Magazini, Msisima
Mgombasi ,Mkongo Nakawale Msindo, Namabengo Namtumbo, Rwinga, Mchomoro, Hanga, Mputa,
Likuyuseka, Lisimonji. Mkongo Gulioni, Litola, Limamu. Researcher
conducted the study from the Challenge
facing Selous game reserve in Local community area; Case of Likuyu-sekamaganga at Namtumbo district in Ruvuma region.
3.4 Targeted Population
Kombo
and Trump (2006), defines population as the large ground of people or element
from which the sample is taken. Therefore, this study used the residents of
Likuyu-sekamaganga village, which account to 300 four hundred population with
which included the Head of school, teachers, communities, village chairman and
some of the students. The aim of using this population is to get the different
information about the study on the challenge facing Selous game reserve in
Local community Area. Case of Likuyu-Sekamaganga village
3.5 Sampling Procedures
According
to Kothari (2004:55), sampling is a process of selecting respondents that is
the selection of a few items presenting the total population. This refers to
the sampling techniques where by the subjects are selected because of some
characteristics (Patton, 1990). Sampling procedure is the process of selecting
the sample from the target population. It will not be possible to collect
information from the whole population. The study used both purposive sampling
and simple Random sampling techniques. This is because particular respondents
are identified for specific purposes Conen et al, (2007).
3.5.1 Purposeful sampling technique
In
this study purposive sampling based on the respondents’ knowledge about the
challenge facing Selous game reserve. Case of Likuyu-Sekamaganga at Namtumbo
district in Ruvuma region by considering, the were selected purposively which
account to 40 respondents.
3.5.2 Simple Random Sampling
The
researcher used simple randomly sampling in selection of twelve (12)
respondents from Selouse secondary
school students. The researcher used some pieces of paper written in numerical
form mixed them together and distributed the randomly to the respondents,
whereby the number which was appointed are respondents who was used for data
collection. Therefore, through simple randomly sampling provided enough chance
for participation. In simple randomly sampling selection of respondents helps
researcher to establish state of probability that reduce biases during
collection of research information and enable to measure the strength and
weakness of information possessed.
3.6 Sample Size
Sample
is the number of items to be selected from the population to constitute a
sample. The targeted group must be of an optimum size that should neither be
excessively large nor too small (Kothari, 2004) states that the large sample
gives accurate information of the respondents but if the sample is too small
the researcher will not obtain accurate information. The study used sample size.
3.7 Data Collection Techniques
Data
collection techniques refer to all techniques that are used by the researcher
in conducting research (Kothari, 2004). This study used primary and secondary
data so as to achieve accurate and acceptable information from the area of
study.
3.7.1 Primary Data and secondary data
According
to (Kothari,2004) these are data from which the researcher directly collects
from the field that have not been previously collected by another researcher.
Primary data are firsthand information through various techniques. Example,
primary data will be obtained through questionnaire, where by the researcher
asked questions to the interviewees, another primary data was obtained through
interview instrument which involves face to face questions between researcher
and respondents in order to get accurate information. Also observation
instruments will be used.
3.7.2 Questionnaires
A
questionnaire is defined as a document containing questions and other types of
items designed to solicit information appropriate for analysis (Babbie, 2004).
According to the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, (pg 955) the term
questionnaire is defines as “a written list of questions that can be collected
from the answer”. There are two types of
questions which are close-ended and open-ended questions which were addressed
to the students because their freedom is very much limited and they had a
limitation particularly when speaking of the matters pertaining to their
teacher and also it would help to maintain good relationship with
teachers. But teachers were provided
with both open-ended and close-ended questions so as to express their views,
opinions and even to give out their suggestions on the topic. Therefore the
researcher used this method in order to meet the targeted group easily and give
an opportunity to the selected sample to respond freely to the open ended as
well as closed ended questions so as the then by obtained data could be
presented in the quantitative and qualitative methods.
3.7.3 Interview
This
is the data collection techniques where by questions are given oral or verbal
communication between the interviewers (researchers) and interviewee
(respondents), Kothari (1984). These are questions asked by a researcher to the
respondent orally. The researcher used this instrument so as to provide
opportunity for both literate and illiterates in provision of data. The
interviewee had been used for the Head of schools.
3.7.4 Documentary Review
The
word document is defined as, “a piece of the paper that has official
information on it” Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2006 pg 460).
The researcher used the documentations from the CSEE results from 2014-2015,
only which might support the researcher with the different evidence on whether,
the investigation and thought has a negative impact or not.
3.8 Data Analysis
Mugeda
(1999), data analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and meaning
to the mass of information collected. Data collected from the study areas where
organized in order to provide the information obtained from the field
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION, PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE FINDINGS.
4.0 Introduction
This
chapter deals with discussion, presentation and analysis of the findings as
obtained from the study. The findings were collected from tools of research
which were Questionnaires and Interviews. The work was done in respect of the
research objectives which were; to identify the challenge facing Selous Game Reserves,
to assess the challenge facing Selous game reserve and to assess the measures
taken by government on solving problem facing Selous Game Reserve in Local
community area . The findings are analyzed using both quantitative and
qualitative methods because both numbers and words are used. Thus the information
obtained from Namtumbo district was altered in terms of percentages.
4.1 Demographic information
4.1.1 Gender
The
research was targeted to 40 respondents; the distribution was 1 village
chairman, 25 parents, 2 teachers and 12 students from Namtumbo district at
Likuyu ward. Sex is the one of the factor which show the roles of the person in
his or her society. The study considered sex in the process of data collection
so as to understand various role played by both female and male sexes in
society in different occasion at different time. Through this fact the study
managed well to show various contributions of the sexes in obtained data and
information. Gender of respondent show that the number of male are larger than
female because of many women were engaged in preparing farms for agriculture in
that time than men.
The Table 4.1 showing demographic response by gender
|
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
|
Parents
|
18
|
7
|
25
|
|
Teachers
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
|
Students
|
6
|
6
|
12
|
|
Chairman
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
|
TOTAL 40
|
|||
Source of data; field research 2019
4.2 The pie chart Showing the Percentage Gender of
Respondents
Source of
data; field research 2019
4.1.2 Ages of respondents
The
researcher found different ages of respondents who answered the questionnaires
at school and street. The age of respondents are recorded as follows; 12 were
of age 14-18, 4 were of age 19-23, 8
were of age 24-28, 3 were of age of
29-33, 2 were of age,4 were of age 34-38,
3 were age of 39-43, 3 were age of 44-48, 1 were of age 49-53, 0 were of
age 54-58, 2 were of age 59-63, 64+. This age obtained due to the facing with
different people around the village.
|
No
|
Respondents
Ages
|
Frequency
|
Percentages
(%)
|
|
1.
|
14-18years
|
12
|
30
|
|
2.
|
19-23 years
|
04
|
10
|
|
3.
|
24-28 years
|
08
|
20
|
|
4.
|
29-33 years
|
03
|
7.5
|
|
5.
|
34-38
years
|
02
|
5
|
|
6
|
39-43 years
|
04
|
10
|
|
7
|
44-48 years
|
03
|
7.5
|
|
8
|
49-53 years
|
01
|
2.5
|
|
9
|
54-58 years
|
00
|
00
|
|
10
|
59-63 years
|
02
|
5%
|
|
11
|
64+
|
01
|
2.5%
|
|
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100%
|
Source of data; field research 2019
4.1.3 Respondents’ level of
education
The
following data shows the level of education attained by the respondents; 19
primary level,15 were students from
O-level and Advanced level from the selected school and street, 02 respondents attained diploma,01 attained
first Degree, and 03 are non-educated. The level of education of respondents is
obtained from the field are different age due to the facing with different
people around the village
Table 4.2.2 Respondents level of education.
|
No.
|
Level of education
|
Frequency
|
Percentages (%)
|
|
1.
|
Primary
level
|
19
|
47.5
|
|
2.
|
Secondary
level (o-level)
|
15
|
37.5
|
|
3.
|
Diploma
level
|
02
|
5
|
|
4.
|
First
Degree
|
01
|
2.5
|
|
5.
|
Non-educated
|
03
|
7.5
|
|
6.
|
TOTAL
|
40
|
100
|
Source: Field research, September
2019
4.2 Study
findings.
The
study was conducted at Namtumbo distinct the aim was to examine challenge
facing Selous Game Reserve access of Likuyu-Sekamaganga, where by the targeted
population were villagers, teachers, and students, in both simple random sampling
and convenience sampling aware used in collecting data the researcher used questioner,
interview, and observation method in collecting data from respondents. In this
study researcher use qualitative method to explain and clarify data on the objectives
and research questions in collecting, analyzing and presentation
4.2.1 Impact of Selous Game Reserve to the local community.
The
impact of Selous Game Reserve to the local community was the among of the
researcher objective Were by intended to investigate on the impact of Selous
Game Reserve to the local community, under this objective the following issues
were obtained from respondents;
4.2.2 Improvement of social services.
About
72.5% of the respondents, responded on the improvement of social service due
the presence of SGM contribute to the earning of foreign money through tourism activity
game reserve are help community in developing social service such as building
of dispensary, mosque, and providing cars on transferring of the patients to
another hospital like from Likuyu to Namtumbo hospital
4.3.1 Table showing respondents on the improvement of social
services
|
Respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentage%
|
|
Chairman
|
1
|
2.5
|
|
Parents
|
18
|
45
|
|
Teachers
|
2
|
5
|
|
Students
|
8
|
20
|
|
TOTAL
|
29
|
72.5
|
Source of data; field research 2019
4.2.3 Protecting of the environment
Selous
Game Reserve protecting environment from being destruction by people around the
reserve by ensuring people are aware on protecting the game reserve such as
avoiding cutting trees within the reserved, many of respondents agreed that the
game reserve are helping to protect environment which can help in future
generation
4.2.2 Table showing respondents in protecting environment
|
Respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentage%
|
|
Chairman
|
01
|
0.5
|
|
Villagers
|
22
|
55
|
|
Teachers
|
02
|
05
|
|
Students
|
09
|
22.5
|
|
TOTAL
|
34
|
85
|
Source of data; field research 2019
4.2.4 Provide employment opportunities
About
35% of the respondents agreed the issue of employment opportunities to the people
around reserve especially to those who are employed to work on the reserve in
different sector such as in security there are people who working in protecting
reserve, and other work on the cleaning within the reserve in passing way.
4.2.3 Table showing the respondents on the employment
opportunity
|
Respondents
|
Frequency
|
Percentage%
|
|
Chairman
|
1
|
0.5
|
|
Villagers
|
14
|
35
|
|
Teachers
|
00
|
00
|
|
Students
|
6
|
15
|
|
TOTAL
|
21
|
52.5
|
Source of data; Field research 2019
4.3. The challenges
facing Selous Game Reserve aces of Likuyu-Sekamaganga in Local community Area.
This
was the main objective of the researcher aimed at examine the challenges facing
Selous Game in Local community Reserve aces
of Likuyu-Sekamaganga based on local community,
students and teachers around the reserved area. There are some
challenges obtained from respondents as below
4.3.1 Table showing challenges Facing Selous game reserve
|
Challenges
facing Selous Game Reserve
|
No.
of respondents
|
Percentage%
|
|
Increase of pouching
|
28
|
70
|
|
Poor support to the local community
|
30
|
75
|
|
Poor infrastructure
|
36
|
90
|
|
Presence of dangerousness and
disturbed animals
|
34
|
85
|
|
Poor security in Reserved area
|
25
|
65
|
Source of data; Field research 2019
4.3.1 Increase of pouching in reserved
The
finding indicates that 28 respondents equal to 70 percentage responded that the
reserved area it faced with the problem of killing of animal for selling and
for food which led to the decrease of animals in reserved at Likuyu –Sekamaganga
reserve area. The study finding that people are evolving in pouching due to the
lack of enough capital which can help in generating their daily life especially
to human basic needs such as food, shelter and clothe. People are engaging in
poaching especially killing of elephants many elephants are killed and their
horse for economic gain and thy believed that if they can get the elephants
horse and tooth their life will be improved also they find animal for getting
meat such animals are rabbit,
4.3.2 Poor support to the local community
The
study found that 30 respondents which is equal to the 75% responded that there is poor support from the
government due to the lack of awareness to the local community people were not aware
about the benefit of the Selous Game Reserve and how can protect and conserve
the reserved area, Also government did
not provide the composition to the
community who are have been facing with various problem especially to those
farmers due to the disturbed animals such as monkey which destroy the crops into the farmers.
This finding entails that the poor government support is among of the factor
which led to the destruction of the reserved area hence people are defending themselves
though using poor method in controlling disturbed animals for example using
dogs in chasing animals and using traditional poison method to kill animals.
4.3.3 Poor infrastructure
From
the study it was found that 36 which equal to 90%of the respondents whereby
through interview and questioner method from respondents at Likuyu-sekamanga
village people exposed that poor infrastructure is among of the challenge
facing SGR especially in transport system. The transport system of the reserved
area is not well modernized hence there is poor road system especially the road
from the Namtumbo district to Likuyu village the road was very rough and during
rainy season the road are not well in travelling also passing way into reserved
area their road is not well in travelling from one area to another. also
passing way into reserved area their road was not well in travelling from one
area to another.
4.3.4 Presence of in dangerous and disturbed animals.
The
study show that about 34 of respondents which is equal to 85% from different
street, such as Usalama, Muungano, Misheni, Uwanjani, Naheno and Buguruni responded about the presence of dangerous
animals and disturbed animals have been the big problem to community around in
reserved area because some of animal cause death to the people which bring fear
to the people some of animals are elephants, crocodile, some of people have
been faced with that problem people were dying and others are getting injury
and others animal destroy the crops into farmer
like maize, rice, cassava and led people to suffer from hunger.
4.3Table showing the injury and death of people caused by in
dangerous animals from 2014-2018 years
|
Year
|
Injury
|
Death
|
|
2014
|
02
|
-
|
|
2015
|
-
|
03
|
|
2016
|
1
|
6
|
|
2017
|
1
|
01
|
|
2018
|
-
|
-
|
|
TOTAL
|
4
|
10
|
Source of data; field research 2019
Graph showing the injury and death of people caused by in
dangerous animals from 2014-2018 years
Source of data: field study 2019
4.4.5 Poor security in Reserved Area
The
finding indicate that 25 of respondent equal to 62.5% from different street
around Likuyu- Sekamaganga village, relaying on explaining the presence of poor
security which led to the increase of pouching and illegal hunting because the
reserved area cove the large area and sometime thieves can go to other area where
there is no security and are pouching in that area. The study found that the
surveyor method for protecting the reserved area that is why the pouching is
still a problem in reserved area.
4.4 The Possible Solution that are to be Taken so as to Solve
the Problem Facing Selous Game Reserve.
In
order to find out possible way on solving the problem facing Selous game
reserve the researcher used interviewed, questioner and documentary method in
gathering data. The different people with different level of education come
with different possible way that could help to solve the challenge facing Selous
game reserve in local community as the following answers;
|
Theme
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
|
Improvement of infrastructure
|
27
|
67.5
|
|
Promoting of environmental education
to the community
|
20
|
50
|
|
Promoting of good security in reserved
area
|
19
|
47.5
|
|
Promoting of good support to the local
community
|
30
|
75
|
Source of data; field research 2019
4.4.1 Improvement of infrastructure
About
27 of respondents equal to the 67.5% respondents that the improvement of
infrastructure especially in transport system will help in solving the
challenge of Selous Game Reserve hence people will be able to transport from
one place to another place. There should be a good road which could support the tourism activity and other economic
activities conducting on the reserved area as well as promoting of development
to the community.
4.4.2 Promoting of environmental education to the local
community
The
finding indicate that about 20 of respondents equal to 50% agree that the possible way of solving challenge facing
Selous game reserve is to provide
environment education to the community so as people can be aware on protecting
and convolving the reserved by educating on the benefit of protecting the
reserved area. The researcher found that if people will get education on protecting
the reserved area some of the problem which caused by human activity will be
decrease hence people are aware protecting environment example, cutting of
trees, pouching and poor method in agriculture.
4.4.3 Promoting in good security in reserved area
About
19 of respondents equal to 47.5% responded on the issue of insuring the good
protection in the area so as to preserve the reserved area from being
destruction, respondents stated that in reserved area should make sure that
there is good security in protecting, therefore government should ensure that
there is enough facilities and game reserve should use good method in
protecting the area like surveying method the use of technology like using GPS
in monitoring the reserved area
4.4.3 Promoting of good support to
the local community
The
study shows that about 30 of respondents equal to 75% stated on the issue of
support from the government trough supporting the communities some of the
challenge facing will be solved by
communities themselves hence people are aware. The government should provide
support to the people so as to ensure that some of the challenges are solved
researcher found that people are not cooperate in protecting game reserve because government
did not support themselves especially in
providing social services like transport system.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
5.0 Introduction
The
aim of this study was to find out the main challenge facing Selous Game Reserve
in Local community aces of Likuyu Sekamaganga village. This chapter dealt with
summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study concern.
5.1 Summary
Basing
on the research objectives of this study, the researcher found that there are
many challenge facing game reserve in Likuyu-Sekamaganga village found in
Namtumbo district at Ruvuma region one of the challenge and emphasized by many
respondents was presence of in dangers and disturbed animals. Moreover, the
researcher identified some of the challenge facing with game reserve area was
poor government support. Since some of possible measures are being taken to
make the problem into too small and some of those measures promoting of
education to the community and provision of social services. Hence,
implementation is still improbable.
5.2 Conclusion
The
research findings indicate that there is an existence of the challenge facing
Selous game reserve in Likuyu-sekamaganga village. And for about 95% of some of
the main challenge are increase of pouching, poor infrastructure, poor
government support, presence of in dangers and disturbance animals and poor security
in reserved area. The game reserve has greatly impact to the community which
can help to keep moving on the development them in social and economic and can improve their standard of livings, Government
and the community in general has great influence on taking measure on solving
challenge facing game reserve some of
the measure like provision of environmental
education to community, provision of security in reserved area girls, developing
of good policy in reserved area. Despite the effort made by the community and
the government the problem still exist and become bigger than the day before.
5.3 Recommendation
In
order to solve challenge facing Selous game reserved aces of Likuyu sekamaganga
village the study proposes some of the important solutions as follows:
community
should be advised on how can protect the reserved area, through providing of environment education so
as can be able to protect by showing the important of protecting the environment
also they have to be advised to stop on
illegal killing of animals. The researcher suggested so, because the
information gathered shows that people are destroying environment because they
don’t know about the importance of protecting the reserved area, they consider
it as area which hinder them to get area for their activities like agriculture,
lumbering and other activities.
The
ministry of Natural Resource and Tourism and forest as part of the government
has to deal effective with the challenge facing Selous game reserve at
Likuyu-sekamanga village. The study shows that many of the challenge facing
reserved area the government has get influence in solving the challenges
government do not make a great follow-up to know the one challenge facing
reserved area especially improving the transport network in Likuyu sekamaganga than telling the
promise that they will get a good road network. The policy maker should improve
good policy which will help in catching the people who are involved in illegal killing animals and environments through
enacting of strong laws which forbid destroy the environment,
such a person caught with animals organ such as teeth, horse etc should be sentenced to prisoners or death after proving.
In order to solve the problem; government, community and other environmentalists
in general is supposed to cooperate hand in hand towards the phenomena.
5.4 Suggestion for future study
Generally,
if any research to be conducted in future it should critically asses on the
impact conducting mining activities in reserved area to the environment in
relation to National Development. Therefore the research is highly encouraging
other researchers to go on with the study proposed.
5.1 Research budget table
|
Research items
|
Cost Tshs.
|
Total
|
|
Research
expenditure (i)Transport
system
(ii)Meals
and accommodation
|
Tshs
40000.00
Tshs
30000.00
|
70000,00.
|
|
Stationery
(i)
Two reams of ruled paper
(ii) Flash disc 8GB
(iii)
Mathematical set
|
Tshs
18000.00
Tshs
15000.00
Tshs
5000.00
|
38000.
|
|
Secretarial
services
(i)Typing
and printing
(ii)Binding
|
Tshs
40000.00
Tshs
10000.00
|
50,000.
|
|
People
who was assisting during report
process
|
Tshs 10000.00
|
10,000.
|
|
TOTAL
|
TSHS
|
980,000.
|
APPENDIX: I
Questionnaires to Chairman village
1. What
do you understand about Selous Game Reserve?
Unaelewa nini kuhusu Hifadhi ya
Mbuga ya selous?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. What
are the advantages of Selous Game Reserve?
At
likuyu sekamaganga?
Hifadhi ya Mbuga ya Selous ina
faida gani katika kijiji cha likuyu sekamaganga?
3. What
are challenges facing Selous Game Reserve on local community?
Changamoto
zipi zinaikumba Hifadhi ya Mbuga ya Selous katika kijiji cha likuyu Sekamaganga?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What
are the socio-economic impacts of Selous Game Reserve at Likuyu sekamaganga?
Kuna matokeo gani ya kijamii na
kiuchumi yanayotokana na Hifadhi ya Mbuga ya Selous?
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Asante
kwa ushilikiano
APPENDIX: II
Question to Villagers
1.Unaelewa nini kuhusu Hifadhi ya
Mbuga ya Selous
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.Taja
faida nne (4) zitokanazo na Hifadhi ya Mbuga ya Selous katika kijji cha Likuyu
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.Hifadhi
ya mbuga ya selouse inakumbana na changamoto gani?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
JIBU
NDIO AU HAPANA KWENYE MASWALI YAFUATAYO
1. Moja
ya changamoto inayoikumba hifadhi ya Mbuga ya selous ni Uhalibifu wa mazingira unaotokana na
shughuli za binadamu. Ndio/ Hapana
2. Hifadhi
ya Mbuga ya Selous katika kijiji cha likuyu inasaidia katika kuleta maendeleo
kwa wananchi. Ndio/ Hapana
3. Kutokana
na uwepo wa wanyama wakali katika hifadhi ya mbuga ya selous kuna idadi kubwa
ya vifo vya binadamu inayotokana na kuuawa na wanyama wakali kama
tembo,simba,nk.
APPENDIX:
Questionnaire to Students
1.
What
is Selous Game Reserve?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2.
What
are the impacts of Selous Game reserve to the Likuyu sekamaganga village?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3.
What
are the measure to be taken so as to solve the challenge facing Selous game
reserve
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Thank
you for your cooperation
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