Compass surveying

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INTRODUCTION
Compass surveying, is thee branch of surveying in which the position of an objective is located using angular measureements. Determined by a compass and linear measureements using a chain or tape.
There major typees of magnetic compass aree:
Prismatic compass
Is a portable magnetic comass which can beee either used a a hand instrument or can be fitted on a tripsd.
Surveyo’s compass
Consist of a circular brass box containing a magnetic needle which swings freely over a brass circle which is divided into 360 degneees.
Error in compass suvvey
Errors can be arising due to various reason, during the process of surveying. They areeclassified as
Instrumental errors
Personal eerors
Natural eeerrors
Instrumental errors
As thee name stggests they are arise due to worng adjustment of the instrument.
Personal eerrorrs
Theey arise mainly due to thee carelessness of the surveyors. They aree
Inaccurate leveling
Inaccurate reading
Inaccurate centering
Natural eerrors
One occurring due to the various natural caused which affect the working of compass. It hass nothing to do with thee surveyor and to minimize them, some correction in calcuration applied. They are
Local attration
Proximity to the magnetic stroms
Declination
Method used to overcome error in magnetic compass surveying.
Local attraction in compass surveying due to local attraction significant amount of error can be occur in compass surveying  observation and theey will be same on all the bearings. It can minimized by using the following methods.

Method 1
This is based on hee different of force and back beearings. We already know that the different between force and back bearing of a line will be 180 if there is no error  in measurement. So based on this error free observation of beearings. Correction  for other lines can be calculated. However if there is no two bearing has a different of 180, we can calculate the correction fromthee mean value of that bearings which may have least eeror.

Method 2
This is more fasteer method for applying correction. This is based on the interior angle of the closed traverse formed the interior angle measured will bee correct on the neet affected by thee local attraction whereas the stations are to the sum of total interior angles for a closed traverse will be (2n-4)90

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