CONTRIBUTION OF LUHIRA WILDLIFE RESERVED AREA ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES A CASE-STUDY OF MSHANGANO AND MSAMALA WARDS IN SONGEA MUNICIPALITY
(A
constituent College of St. Augustine University of Tanzania)
FACULTY
OF EDUCATION
CONTRIBUTION
OF LUHIRA WILDLIFE RESERVED AREA ON LOCAL COMMUNITIES
A CASE-STUDY OF MSHANGANO AND
MSAMALA WARDS IN
SONGEA MUNICIPALITY
A Research Report submitted to the
Faculty of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of
the Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Education at Stella Maris Mtwara University
College (A constituent college of SAUT).
BY:
KAPANGA Cristopher D,
Registration no. BAED/163007
Mobile: +225758723945
April, 2019
Declaration
This
Research Report is my original work and has not been presented to any other
Examination body. No part of this Report should be reproduced without my
consent or that of Stella Maris Mtwara University College.
Name:
KAPANGA Christopher D,
Signature:
………………….
Date:
……………………….
Declaration by the Supervisor
This
Research Report has been submitted for examination with my approval as Stella
Maris Mtwara University College Supervisor.
Name:
CHARLES Mahinda
Signature:
…………………….
Date:
…………………………
DEDICATION
My special dedication goes to God,
my beloved parents and relatives blood, and my friends for their unending love,
support and for a better upbringing that has brought me this far.
COPYRIGHT
All rights reserved, no part of the this work
should be reproduce, stored in electronics, photocopy or doing anything to any
part of this research report without the prior written permission of the author
or of the STEMMUCO on behalf.
Acknowledgement
I
would like to express thanks first to the Almighty God who helped me in every
step of my study for giving me and my supervisor good health and secondly wish
to thank my supervisor CHARLES Mahinda of the department of Geography his heartfelt
encouragement, patience, generation of valuable ideas and enduring guidance
together with MR LEONAD for emphasizing on how research should be written.
I
am immensely grateful to my beloved Government together with my FiancéZulhija
Ngonyani and for their constant
inspiration and support over the entire period. I say many thanks for your
prayers.
Lastly, I extend my thanks to my Respondents,
and my friend Godluck Kawonga, Agrin Komba, and otherscollege mates who in one
way or another played part that brought my search to success.May the Almighty
God bless all.
ABSTRACT
This
study is about, contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on local
communities in Mshangano and Msamala Wards in Songea municipality.
thus influenced the researcher to conduct a
research to investigate the contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on
local communities The objective of the study was to investigate the contribution
of Luhira wildlife reserved area on local communities in Mshangano and Msamala
Wards in Songea municipality. Interview and questionnaire were used to get the
data
The
data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in relation to the
objectives of the research. The study recommended the, contribution of Luhira
wildlife reserved area to the government and the local communities especially
in Mshangano and Msamala wards which are closed with it.
Table of Contents
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
UNICEF - United Nations Children’s
Fund
No. - Number
TSHS - Tanzanian shillings
STEMMUCO -Stella Maris Mtwara University
College
SAUT - Saint Augustine University of Tanzania
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This
chapter represented the background information of the study, statement of the
problem, objectives of the study, research questions, and significance of the
study, and conceptual frame work, study limitation, scope of the study and
definition of key terms.
1.1 background of the study
Wildlife
conservation includes all of man's efforts to preserve wild animals and plants
and save them from extinction. The first game reserves were set up by rulers of
ancient civilizations as ways to protect their own personal hunting grounds. It
became a practice that was continued by the medieval kings of Europe. Realizing
that it was important to protect wildlife so that game would be available in
future years, laws were passed by the British colonies during the 1600s and
1700s to limit hunting. Unfortunately, most of the colonists ignored these
laws. It wasn't until the late 1800s that effective wildlife conservation in
Canada and in the United States was started. The world's first national park
was established by Congress in 1872. It is Yellowstone National Park which lies
in the northwest corner of Wyoming and spreads into Idaho and Montana. Also
during the late 1800s, many of the states began to pass and enforce game laws.
And during the 1890s, millions of acres of forest were protected by the
national forest system. Then in 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt established
the nation's first federal wildlife refuge on Pitcan Island in Florida. The
national park system wasn't set up by Congress until 1916. It was then under
the direction of the National Park Service, an agency of the Department of the
Interior. The government created the Fish and Wildlife Service in 1940 in the
same department to strengthen the wildlife conservation program. The service manages the federal wildlife refuges,
which in 1966 were organized into the National Wildlife Refuge System. Canada
created its first national park, Banff National Park, in 1887. Sabi Game
Reserve, which is now Kruger National Park, was established in what is now
South Africa in 1898. Now an extensive network of parks and reserves protects
African wildlife(World Resources Institute, 1995).
Historians
tell us that various species had become extinct even before people appeared on
the earth. However, in the past other species developed and replaced those that
died off, and the total variety of life did not diminish. Today, human
activities unfortunately kill off species with no hope for their replacement.
Wildlife conservation, therefore, became very important. Since 1600, a number
of kinds of wildlife have become extinct in North America including the
Carolina parakeet, the passenger pigeon, the California grizzly bear, the
Florida black wolf, the Franklinia tree of Georgia and a birch that once grew
in Virginia. Care must be taken since several hundred species of animals and
thousands of species of plants even now face the danger of extinction. Included
are such animals as the Asiatic lion, the Bengal tiger, the blue whale, and the
whooping crane, the California condor, the ivory billed woodpecker and all the
Asian rhinoceroses. Plants facing extinction include the black cabbage tree,
the Ozark chestnut, the St. Helena redwood, several kinds of California
manzanitas and the frankincense tree of Africa.(World
Resources Institute,1995).
The
wildlife conservation in Tanzania dates back in 1891 when laws controlling
hunting were enacted by the Germany rule. This law regulated the off-take the
hunting methods and trade in wildlife, with some endangered species being fully
protected. First the game reserves were established in 1905 by Germans in the
area which now forms the Selous Game Reserve. Game reserves were chosen mainly
for their concentrations of big game rather that their biological diversity. In
1921 the British Government established the game department was to administer
the game reserves, enforce the hunting regulations and protect people and crops
from raiding animals. Later on, the Ngorongoro crater closed area and Serengeti
game reserves were established in 1928 and 1929 respectively (Gamassa, 1997).
Tanganyika
was always famous for its variety of big game wildlife numbers and diversity of
landscapes and in those early days, attracted a steady stream of wealthy
hunters. The sport ( tourist’s hunting) industry dates back to 1946 when Game
controlled area (GCAs) were established and divided into hunting blocks, where
professional hunters and their clients could hunt trophy animals. The present
frame work of wildlife protected areas (PAs) in Tanzania comprising of national
parks, game reserves and game controlled area was starts after world war II .In
1951 the Serengeti national park which incorporated the Ngorongoro crater was
gazette followed by several national parks (NPs) and Game reserves (GRs). In
1961 there were three (3) National parks and nine (9) Game reserves and the
Ngorongoro conservation area. After independence it was the policy of the
government to continue with extension of the game reserves and national parks
and many new parks and reserves were gazette (Silkiluwasha,
1998).
At
independence, Tanzania showed her commitment to wildlife conservation when
president of Tanganyika Mwalimu J.K.Nyerere, 1961 released a statement, “the
famous Arusha, manifesto”
The
Arusha manifesto has been used to guide wildlife conservation in Tanzania until
1998.At independence in 1961, Tanzania’s human population was relatively low (
only 8 million) making land use conflicts uncalled for, especially under
condition of inadequate technological and scientific development. Part of land
could easily be set aside for the protection of wildlife without seriously
inconveniencing local people. Today the Tanzanian human population is over 30
million, with advancement of science and technology, and changing economic
policies; land, wildlife and wetlands have values making suitable land scarce
and necessitate land use plans and an elaborate wildlife conservation policy.
The wildlife policy of 1998 was the first comprehensive policy for
conservation, management and development of wildlife in Tanzania
Tanzania
has ratified important conventions related to conservation and management of
wildlife and wetlands resources. It became a member to the cities in 1981 CMS
in 1999 AEWA in 1999, Ramsar in 2000 and signed the Lusaka Agreement in
1996.Tanzania also ratified the Enforcement in 2002. All these initiatives are
aimed at ensuring equitable benefits there form. Wild bees,zebra,Giraffe, Cape
buffalo and Puck as well as many species of antelope, which are similarly important
in continental context (MNRT, 1998).
Under this structure,
the use of wildlife resources by local communities had always been restrictive,
causing increased rural poverty and poaching. In recent years, the Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA) has
initiated corrective actions to involve the local community in conservation
efforts, which is aimed at contribution to local economies by way of equitable
benefits sharing.Exports of the Nile perch yields US$100
million annually to Tanzania.
The wildlife of Tanzania refers to the fauna of Tanzania. Tanzania contains some 20 percent of the
species of Africa’s large mammal population, found
across its reserves, conservation areas, marine parks, and 17 national parks,
spread over an area of more than 42,000 square kilometers
(16,000 sq mi) and forming approximately 38 percent of the country's
territory. Wildlife resources of
Tanzania are described as “without parallel in Africa” and “the prime game
viewing country”. Serengeti National
Park, the country’s second largest national park area at
14,763 square kilometers (5,700 sq. mi), is located in northern
Tanzania and is famous for its extensive migratory herds ofwild bees and zebra while also having the reputation as one of the great
natural wonders of the world. TheNgorongoro
Conservation Area, established in 1959, is a UNESCO World
Heritage Siteand
inhabited by the Maasai people.Its Ngorongoro Crater is the largest intact caldera in the world(Silkiluwasha, 1998).The national parks are also part of
the wetlands of Tanzania. The wild animals tend to
be closer to the wetlands, particularly the water loving species such as the
hippopotamus, waterbuck, common warthog, elephant, crocodile,situating as well as water birds such as flamingoes and ducks. The
wildlife resources in Tanzania provide an annual income of US$30 million to the
national exchequer, and an income of US$9 million as revenue from the leasing companies.
Illegal hunting is estimated to be worth US$ 50 million. In the 1990s, exports
of 1.68 million birds, 523,000 reptiles, 12,000 mammals and 148,000 amphibians
occurred, in addition to an increase in wildlife related tourism by about 30%.
Fishery resources have also contributed richly to the export revenue of the
country with export value of US$130 million reported in 2003, with the export
of the Nile perch accounting for a major share of US$100 million.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Wildlife
preservation have the many importance in
human and community concerned like source of national income as attracted by
tourist, there are many scholars undergo the study about the wildlife study such as Robert D. Brown in his study talk about The History of Wildlife Conservation and
Research in the United States and Implications for the Future,
Ashley.C. And Barmes,J (1996) About
the wildlife use for economic gain the
potential for wildlife to contribute to development in Namibia, Lucy Emerton in
February (1997) the economic tourism and wildlife conservation in Africa and
The development of community wildlife management in Tanzania lesson from Ruaha
ecosystem by Martin.T. Walsh.
Although different research conducted about the wild life such as Ashley.C. And Barmes,J (1996) About the
wildlife use for economic gain the potential for wildlife to contribute
to development in Namibia .Therefore this study intended to investigated
on the contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on local community in
Mshangano and Msamala wards in Songea municipality
1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General objective
To
understand the contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on local
communities in Mshangano and Msamala Wards in Songea municipality.
1.3.2 Specific objectives
i)
To assess the economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area.
ii)
To assess the impacts to the environment.
iii)
To assess the effectiveness of the projects.
1.4 Research question
i)
What are the economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area?
ii)
What are impacts to the environment?
iii)
What is the effectiveness of the projects?
1.5 Significance of the
study
The
findings from this study were very essential to researchers in sense that other
researchers would be helped to conduct deep investigation on contribution of
Wildlife reserved area of Luhira on local communities after seeing this study
where has been done. Also in case of government was helpfully to the wildlife
officers to pick some information which would help them in improved the
sectors, like in formation of suitable policies about the wildlife
conservation. Also through this study the government and the officers concerned
in wildlife reserve in Luhira were easy to know the exact assistance needed and
solution to take in the impacts of wildlife in environment.
1.6 Conceptual framework
|
Central government
And
Local
communities
|
|
Opportunities
·
Government revenue
·
Employment to the people
·
Recreation of closure
|
|
Strengths of wildlife
·
The only game reserved in songea
municipality
·
Increase the income to the local communities
·
Provide ecotourism
|
|
Ruhila wildlife reserved
Activities
|
Weakness
Threats
|
Weakness
·
Lack of awareness on benefit to the Ruhila
wildlife reserved
·
Poor control of wildlife areas against
local people
·
Insufficiency wildlife policy to the local
community
|
|
Threats
·
Poaching
·
Unfavorable climatic condition
·
Demographic factor
·
Urban expansion
·
Habitant destruction
·
pollution
|
1.7 definitions of key terms
Wildlife; wild animals collectively; the native fauna (and
sometimes flora) of a region.
Environment; the surrounding or conditions in which a
person, animal or plant lives or operates
Government; the governing body of a nation, state or
community
Tourism; the commercial organization and operation of
vacations and visits to place of interest.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This
chapter entailed a critical review of literature on the assessment on
Contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on local community in Mshangano
and Msamala wards in Songea municipality. The chapter also analytically looked
at the theoretical framework, gaps to be filled, conceptual framework and the
summary of the literature review. The sources of information gathered include text
books, dictionary, journals, periodicals, magazines and websites.
2.1 Wild life reserve in global context
According
to United States (2013), United
States of America is all the animals living in the Continental United States
and its surrounding seas and islands, the Hawaiian Archipelago, Alaska in the
Arctic, and several island-territories in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. The
U.S. has many distinctive indigenous species found nowhere else on Earth. With
most of the North American continent, the U.S. lies in the Nearctic faunistic
realm, a region containing an assemblage of species similar to northern parts
of Africa and Eurasia .An estimated 432 species of mammals characterize the
fauna of the continental U.S There are more than 800 species of bird and more
than 100,000 known species of insects There are 311 known reptiles, 295
amphibians and 1154 known fish species in the U.S Known animals that exist in
all of the lower 48 states include white-tailed deer, bobcat, raccoon, muskrat,
striped skunk, barn owl, American mink, American beaver, North American river
otter and red fox. The red-tailed hawk is one of the most widely distributed
hawks not only in the U.S., but in the Americas.
Huge
parts of the country with the most distinctive indigenous wildlife are
protected as national parks. In 2013, the U.S. had more than 6770 national
parks or protected areas, all together more than 1,006,619 sq. miles (2,607,131
km2).The first national park was Yellowstone National Park in the state of
Wyoming, established in 1872. Yellowstone National Park is widely considered to
be the finest mega fauna wildlife habitat in the U.S. There are 67 species of
mammals in the park, including the gray wolf, the threatened lynx, and the
grizzly bear.
2.1.1 Wild life reserve in Africa
South Africa
South
Africa is one of the world's natural gems; a treasure nestled at the southern
tip of the abundant African continent. Visitors from all around the world
descend on the country to take advantage of the stunning climate,
accommodation, hotels, game reserves, natural attractions, and, of course, the
huge variety of wildlife. The landscapes of South Africa offer the full
spectrum of habitat types (from dense green forests to arid deserts, and
everything in-between), making them ideal for thousands of species. These
include exciting predators, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and a huge
variety of fascinating insects. These different species are found in plentiful
abundance in the game reserves and national parks of the country, as well as in
the wild and natural countryside, where they live free.
The
Big 5 is one of the main attractions to South Africa in terms of its wildlife.
This group includes the African Elephant, Cape Buffalo, Lion, Black Rhino, and
Leopard. This combination of predator and mighty terrestrial mammals makes for
a once-in-a-lifetime sighting of some of the world’s most impressive species. There
are about 230 mammal species to be found in South Africa, which include a
collection of impressive predators. These make for fabulous sightings on any
game drive or safari. Of these hundreds of species, there are two that are
critically endangered (De Winton's Golden Mole and the Riverine Rabbit) and 11
that are endangered (including the African Wild Dog, the Mountain Zebra, Sei
Whale and Blue Whale). These numbers are in line with the IUCN statistics.
Endemic mammals include the Cape Elephant Shrew, Cape Mole-rat, Cape Grysbok,
Bontebok, Cape Kudu, Springbok and the Cape Horseshoe Bat. Marine mammals are a
major draw-card to South Africa, thanks to its extensive shoreline. Dolphins
can frequently be seen frolicking along the coast, swimming in schools of up to
200 or 300 individuals. Whales (such as the Humpback and Southern Right whales)
appear along the local coast between July and December, and promise fabulous
performances for those on the shore or on formal whale-watching tours.
South
Africa is home to approximately 175 endemic bird species, as well as hundreds
more species. Notable endemic varieties include the Black Oystercatcher, Blue
Crane, Cape Parrot, Cape Vulture, Forest Canary, Ground Woodpecker, Jackal
Buzzard, Knysna Turaco, Namaqua Sandgrouse, Protea Seedeater, Southern Bald
Ibis, Southern Pale Chanting Goshawk, White backed Moosebirds, and the
Yellow-breasted Pipit. Avian enthusiasts are well-rewarded when they visit this
country, and are reminded to bring their binoculars and identification aids.
The
wild side of Africa is intriguing and wondrous, presenting fascinating species.
Some look prehistoric, others frightening, but all are important contributors
to the local biodiversity. The reptiles that are endemic to this country
include the Geometric Tortoise, Speckled Pad loper, Southern Adder, Giant
Girdled Lizard, and the Cape Legless Skink. Amphibians that can only be found
in South Africa include the Table Mountain Ghost Frog, Knysna Spiny Reed Frog,
and Mistbelt Chirping Frog
In Sudan
As
late as 1970, Sudan boasted some of the most unspoilt and isolated wilderness
in east Africa, and its wildlife populations were world-renowned. While the
past few decades have witnessed a major assault on both wildlife and their
habitats, what remains is both internationally significant and an important resource
opportunity for Sudan. Ecosystems, issues, and the institutional structures to
manage wildlife and protected areas differ markedly between north and south in
Sudan. In the north, the greatest damage has been inflicted by habitat degradation,
while in the south, it is uncontrolled hunting that has decimated wildlife populations.
Many of the issues in the following sections are hence addressed separately for
the two areas of the country. It should be noted that the most important
remaining wildlife and protected areas in northern Sudan are on the coastline
or in the Red Sea.
The
arid and semi-arid habitats of northern Sudan have always had limited wildlife
populations. In the north, protected areas are mainly linked to the Nile and
its tributaries, and to the Red Sea coast, where there are larger
concentrations of wildlife. In contrast, the savannah woodlands and flooded
grasslands of Southern Sudan have historically been home to vast populations of
mammals and birds, especially migratory waterfowl. This abundance of wildlife
has led to the creation of numerous national parks and game reserves by both
British colonial and independent Sudanese authorities. There is a large volume
of literature on the wildlife of Sudan as recorded by casual observers who
travelled through or lived in Sudan during the 19th and first half of the 20th
centuries. A 1940s account, for instance, describes large populations of
elephant, giraffe, giant eland, and both white and black rhino across a wide
belt of Southern Sudan. Because of the civil war, however, few scientific
studies of Sudan’s wildlife have been conducted, and coverage of the south has
always been very limited. As a result of this lack of
technical fieldwork, virtually all up to date evidence of wildlife distribution
in Southern Sudan outside of a few protected areas is anecdotal and cannot be easily
substantiated. Nonetheless, this type of information is considered to warrant
reporting in order to assess priorities for more substantive assessments. Key
information from 2005 and 2006 includes the sightings of elephants in the
northern part of the Sudd wetlands, and the sighting of very large herds of
tiang and white-eared kob in Jonglei state. It is of note that both of these
sightings took place outside of legally protected areas. The only other recent
data available on Southern Sudan is from ground surveys of Nimule, Boma and
Southern National Park, carried out by the New Sudan Wildlife Conservation
Organization (NSWCO) in 2001. The results of these surveys and other
information provided to UNEP by the Boma Wildlife Training Centre indicate that
many protected areas, in Southern Sudan at least, have remnant populations of
most species.
Tanzania is one of the largest
countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Spanning a total area of 945,166 Km2 it is
almost four times the size of United Kingdom. It is the 31st largest country in
the world. Over 30% of the country’s land surface is devoted to wildlife conservation
under different protected Areas categories like National Parks, Ngorongoro Conservation
Area and Game Reserves: (MLHUD1995; MNRT 1998).Tanzania’s commitment to
conservation is inspired by the fact that wildlife sector is the basis of
Tanzania’s billion dollar tourism industry providing over 40% of the nation’s
foreign exchange earnings. These earnings are realized through hunting
concessions and trophy licenses, export of live animals and from
non-consumptive tourism conducted in the country’s spectacular game parks and
reserves. Tourist hunting generates approximately US$27 million gross and earns
the Wildlife Division some US$10 per annum (TDPG 2006). An estimated 644,144
tourists who visited the country in 2006 earned the country Some US$ 862
million, up over 230% on 1995 (MNRT 2006). Backing the economic motive of
wildlife sector, Julius K Nyerere, the first President of Tanzania viewed
tourism as insurance against economic uncertainty. Despite the economic
importance of wildlife nationally, the local communities have barely derived
benefits sufficient enough to offset the wildlife-induced costs. This has
greatly diminished incentive for local people to support conservation efforts.
The traditional rights over access
and use of wildlife resource by rural Tanzanians were terminated following
transfer of proprietorship and user-rights of resources from the natives to the
State. The German rule enacted the first wildlife law prohibiting hunting
in1891 (URT 1998), in which hunting by Africans was classified as poaching and
militaristic strategy was used to enforce the law against hunting. Prohibitive
mechanisms were set to lock the natives from using the wildlife resource. These
mechanisms entailed introduction of licensing system and banning the use of
indigenous weapons in hunting. The expensive license fees, the mandatory
condition set for natives to secure governor’s consent before issuance of the
license and the law prohibiting the natives from owning rifles barred them from
hunting important species like antelopes, buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and hippo (Hippopotamus
amphibious). The only species they could hunt without a license were those considered
to be vermin by European settlers. These included bush pigs (Potamochoerus spp.),
warthogs (Phacochoerus aethiopicus), porcupines (Hystrix spp.), and monkeys (Cercopithecidae
spp.). The 1900 convention also encouraged killing of predators like lions (Panthera
leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) and spotted hyena (Crocuta
crocuta) on similar grounds. While campaigns were being intensified to end
‘cruel, wasteful and barbarous African hunting’ in order to evade a risk of
game depletion, Tanzania’s wildlife areas such as Serengeti and Selous were
increasingly becoming Europeans’ favorite hunting grounds for the big game. The
first European hunters included J.A. Hunter, S.E. White and R.J. Cuninghame.
White and Cuninghame reported huge concentration of wildlife populations in
Serengeti ‘especially lions although they saw no elephants’ (Amin et al
1984:130). Crusade of native rights over wildlife was passed over to the
British Administration that succeeded Germans in 1920 following their defeat in
the World War I. The British administration viewed wildlife as a source of
economic revenues or direct benefits through use of resources: recreation,
resident hunting and game viewing.
The British Administration enacted the first
comprehensive wildlife conservation legislation, the Game Preservation
Ordinance of 1921. Pursuant to the provision of this ordinance, a number of
Game Reserves were gazette. These imposed more opportunity costs to natives
through loss of access to resources such as firewood, wild fruits, medicinal
plants, arable and grazing lands and spiritual sites. Natives knew these
reserves pejoratively as ‘Shamba la Bibi (Queen’s farm) since all wildlife was
symbolically and legally declared the property of the Queen of England. The
London-based Society for Preservation of Flora and Fauna of the Empire (SPFFE) spearheaded
the idea of more restrictive category of protected areas i.e. National Park. In
1930 SPFFE sent Major Richard Hingston to the Eastern and Southern Africa
colonies to investigate the potential for developing a nature protection
programme (Adams & McShane 1996; Bonner 1993). Hingston’s report
recommended that man and animals should be placed in two permanently separate
compartments in order to achieve a dual objective of preserving nature while
not inconveniencing man (Bonner 1993). Basically, this recommendation was
advocating eviction rather than safeguarding the interests of the natives since
there was no idle land for the National Parks. Nine parks were proposed in the
five colonies including Tanzania’s Serengeti, Kilimanjaro and Selous (Adams
& McShane 1996). Hingston’s report accorded the highest priority to the
interests of the Europeans. The suitability of an area as a national park was
justified by its unsuitability for alternative uses by the Europeans. For
example, Serengeti was found an ideal place for a national park because its
insignificant mineral deposits, infestation with tsetse flies and scant
rainfall made it unattractive to European miners and farmers (Bonner 1993).
Relocations of the natives in favor of the protected areas were justified on
the grounds of ‘saving the interests of the Empire.’ No consultation was sought
from the natives who had to bear the social and economic costs of the process. At
independence Tanzania inherited the colonial conservation policies uncritically
and more vigilance was observed in pursuing these policies. The economic
potential of wildlife sector justified continuation of colonial conservation
policies. No radical changes were adopted to address the customary rights which
the local people lost during the colonial regime (Neumann 1996; Levine 2002).
Essentially, the wildlife-related benefits targeted the entire nation and
foreign interests, and not communities living with wildlife and paying exorbitantly
(through different costs associated with conservation) to upkeep this resource.
Over half of the wildlife populations roam outside the protected areas where
through interaction with human interests they threaten lives and livelihoods.
The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania (URT 1998) acknowledges the marginalization of
rural communities regardless of the costs they incur from wildlife.
2.2
Values of wildlife
The
value of wildlife has been widely ignored or under-rated in the past by the
international community. At most, wildlife was considered from the limited
aesthetic and touristic aspects. This situation has changed somewhat. In the
majority of the veterinary profession, which is largely livestock-oriented,
wildlife is increasingly considered in terms of wild animal production and
occupies just as relevant a position as domestic animal production. Some
economists are now trying to quantify the informal nature of a large portion of
the wildlife sector. The importance of wildlife to local communities is now
globally recognized in community-based or participatory natural resources
management programs. The authors highlight not only the economic importance of
wildlife (which amounts to billions of United States dollars world-wide),
through consumptive and non-consumptive uses, but also the present and potential nutritional value, the ecological role as well as the socio
Culturalsignificance of wildlife for human societies of both the developed and
the developing worlds. Also addressed in this chapter is a discussion on one of
the main threats to wildlife conservation which consists of the reduction or
even retrieval of the different values wildlife can offer. The values of
wildlife can thus be classified as direct and indirect. Direct values are
considered thus:
2.2.1 Economic values
Some
wildlife and wildlife products do enter the market place. These include the
pelts of fur-bearing mammals, the skins and meat of commercially raised game birds, commercially
harvested alligators and several kinds of fishes, crayfish and frogs collected
by commercial fishing. Since these items are marketable, it is relatively easy
to assign some dollar value to them. However, it’s noted that the money earned
each year by harvesting part of a wildlife population is not the true value of
the resource. Because wildlife resources are renewable, they produce income
year after year. It is necessary, therefore, to calculate the capital worth of
each resource based on its ability to yield income(Barnes and de
Jager,1995). This sounds complicated, but it really isn’t. Estimating the
economic value of these wildlife uses is a matter of piecing a jigsaw together.
Some pieces are missing or roughly hewn, but there is sufficient evidence to
indicate that the economic benefits of wildlife on commercial land have grown
rapidly in the last twenty years; that economic and local benefits on
communal land have potential to multiply; and that the protected areas, by
anchoring the tourism industry, are maintaining one of the most important
sectors of the economy. Wildlife also contributes economically to
the wellbeing of a nation through the following: Sales of some of the
wildlife products like the timber, paper, gum, honey, leather, tusks and ivory,
Sales of the harvested herbal medicine, Employment opportunities to the locals
hence improvement of economic status, Tourism industry that generates a
considerable amount of revenue to the government(Ashley, 1995).Barter trade
which enhances the economic development.
2.2.2 Socio-cultural values
As
residents get more involved in tourism, social benefits such as increased
skills and institutional development are also likely. Social benefits,
such as development of skills and institutions, may be gained from tourism
enterprises in other ways, apart from through control of money (Ashley,
1995). In particular, enterprise skills are more likely to develop in community
enterprises and joint ventures, and a sense of empowerment is more likely from
enterprises controlled by communities. However, social costs also need to be
taken into account. Joint ventures in particular require enormous time and
effort (transaction costs).This analysis has implications for the type of
wildlife use promoted in communal areas, as it suggests that the “value” of
community controlled income from bed night levies, hunting or tourism
concessions, or community enterprises is higher than reflected in dollar terms
(in economic terms it implies a weighting for these locally controlled
earnings) and that other development benefits and costs need to be taken into
account in any cost-benefit analysis. It is also important to look for a
combination of enterprises and increase the up-stream and downstream linkages
of any development. For religious purpose, many wildlife species have
spiritual significance in different cultures around the world, and they and
their products may be used as sacred objects in religious rituals. For example,
eagles, hawks and their feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to
Native Americans as religious objects. For food, clothing or shelter, anthropologists
believe that the Stone Age peoples and hunter-gatherers relied on wildlife,
both plant and animal, for their food. An example is the bush meat. Wildlife
also has a great impact in terms of providing shrines to various
communities like the Kikuyu community in Kenya. Some of the wildlife species
like the wildebeests have been used to mark the beginning of certain seasons in
the calendar due to their migratory nature. Some of the Kenyan communities have
involved the use of wildlife in their rites of passage. An example is the
Maasai community who believe in killing of the lions to mark a certain age,
that is, adulthood.
2.2.3 Ecological Functions
It
has long been recognized that the ecological roles of vertebrate species
influence ecosystems. Only recently, however, has this been integrated into
theory and practice. Examples of some ecological functions of vertebrate
species include how: Browsing or grazing by ungulates can change plant
communities, Animals can act as environmental engineers and influence
geomorphology and ecosystem processes, Frugivores can support viable
fruit-bearing plants, Pollinators can support plant diversity, Seed dispersers
and Frugivores can influence forest succession and regeneration, Carrion
feeding can support the tropic structure of a community, Carnivore predation
can influence populations of ungulate prey species, Rodents can serve to
disseminate beneficial mycorrhizal fungi in the forests. Reptilian primary
burrow excavators can provide for avian secondary burrow users. Tropical
forests also owe their existence to animals, because most of their trees rely
on animals to distribute their pollen and seeds. Soil is partly the result of
animal activity, because earthworms and other invertebrates help to break
down dead remains and recycle the nutrients that they
contain. Without its animal life, the soil would soon become
compacted and infertile. By preying on each other, animals also help to keep
their own numbers in check. This prevents abrupt population peaks and crashes
and helps to give living systems a built-in stability. Animals also influence
some of the nutrient cycles on which almost all life depends. They distribute
essential mineral elements in their waste, and they help to replenish the
atmosphere’s carbon dioxide when they breathe. This carbon dioxide is then used
by plants as they grow. Trees as wildlife have played a vital role in carbon
sinking. This has in turn helped in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere hence global warming reduced.
2.2.4 Aesthetic values
By
their unique way of existence, wild creatures exaggerate the natural beauty of
the earth. This also in turn promotes tourism as part of the economic pillars
of the country.
2.2.5 Education values
By
studying wildlife, scientists have gained valuable knowledge about various life
processes and discovered important medical products. Another important
contribution of wild life for human progress is availability of large gene
pool for the scientists to carry breeding programs in agriculture, animal
husbandry and fishery.
2.3 Problems facing the wildlife preservation
Wildlife
is one of the best tourist attractions in the country and it is good if the
government took the initiative of ensuring that it caters and solves the
various problems facing the wildlife industry in the country before making it
become less productive. The following are some of the major challenges facing
wildlife in the country and it is good if the government took the initiative of
solving them
2.3.1 Poaching
Illegal
hunting of animals is taking place in a number of game parks found in the
country. Many poachers are invading the parks and end up killing a lot of
animals that could have attracted tourist in the country and make them be
reliable for quite a certain duration of time. Poachers are killing a lot of
animals and the government needs to get better ways of reducing the habit
before /it becomes more persistent and common among many people.
2.3.2 Fires
Huge
fires can invade the parks making them destroy a lot of natural resources such
as trees and also cause animals to attack the neighboring communities. It is
good for the public to take into consideration the various ways that can be
used to control natural fires to help reduce the high risks of them consuming the
places. Tourists should also be discouraged from visiting the parks while
smoking cigarettes.
2.3.3 Poor Disposal of waste
Many
people entering the various national parks of the country eventually end up
throwing a lot of dust materials in places that are not suitable and are often
not good for the place. Poor disposal of litter makes the parks to appear very
unclean and should be immediately discouraged.
2.3.4 Prolonged Drought
The
problem is one of the worst when they tend to take place in the national parks
of the country. They continually act as destruction to the water levels and
many animals will eventually die as they depend on water for survival and
further get food from plants that need water.
2.3.5 Wildlife - human conflict
These conflicts are common in places where people live near
the game reserves. Animals such as elephants, buffaloes and baboons invade
people's farms and destruction their crops and others like lions and leopards
destroy kills their livestock. Compensation by the government is usually slow
and inadequate. This makes the people resent the presence of wildlife animals
in their vicinity thus killing them whenever they are spotted.
2.4 Role of government in addressing closely problem
2.4.1 Ensure economic incentives for legal uses of wildlife
An obvious factor in determining relative poaching pressures on
particular species of wildlife is the economic benefit awarded to the illegal
hunter. The sliding scale extends from the least commercially profitable
species, such as duiker or grysbok, to the most profitable, elephant and rhino.
While effective law enforcement programmed involving local residents may reduce
illegal hunting pressures, an important complementary approach is to maximize
the legally obtainable commercial values of the more “profitable” species, and
to ensure that a portion of these revenues is channeled to local areas. This
will increase cooperation with the law while sustaining the management costs of
the area. This approach has a greater chance of local acceptance than community
support of illegal uses for the simple reason that a larger economic return for
the local community can be sustained from legal uses, for example, local
village leaders identified various ways of improving the management of their wildlife
resources to increase the revenue potential. Village headmen volunteered their
services as vigilantes to inform village scouts when illegal hunters entered
their area. On another occasion village leaders raised their concern that
safari hunters, who contribute the largest share of legally sustainable
wildlife revenues, were hunting only male lions. Concerned that the trophy
males were being overhunted, they urged that fewer males should be hunted, if
necessary replaced with females. From a management perspective, this was the
appropriate decision; it underlines the potential for improved management with
local acceptance as the appreciation for the sustainability of revenue earnings
from wildlife increases among the indigenous residents.
Another example serves to demonstrate how quickly a management
problem can be solved through sustainable economic incentives. Local
traditional leaders were advised that late season bush fires were lowering the
forage capacity to sustain wildlife. To maintain hunting quotas that would
generate local income and meat benefits, village leaders agreed to advise
residents of the dangers of starting fires after forage conditions became too
dry.
2.4.2 Employment opportunities
The
growing need for income opportunities in rural societies is becoming acute ´
throughout Africa as the availability and accessibility of natural resources
diminish. Given the external market forces related to wildlife, principally
meat and trophies (skins, horns, teeth, etc.), when the for income is great
enough, local residents engage themselves in paid services, legal or otherwise.
Because of limited educational opportunities, local people often do not know
the real market value of wildlife commodities sought by outside commercial
interests and therefore exchange or sell them at prices far below their actual
value (Ashley and O'Connell ,1995).
While
employment opportunities and availability of non-wildlife protein sources may
vary between areas, it is relatively simple to determine what their respective levels
are. With such information predictions about poaching levels can be mad
2.4.3 Government acceptance of traditional leadership on
wildlife issues
Chiefs
and/or headmen are the cornerstones of African rural societies and the
traditional customs that bind and regulate village communities. Land tenure and
access to natural resources were formerly determined by these chiefs in the
common interest. Interference with or abolition of these powers during and
after colonial administration has led to a situation where central governments
are unable to sustain the needs of adequate law enforcement to protect wildlife
resources. The continued misuse of these resources leads to the imposition of
ineffective punitive measures which tend to further erode the influence of
traditional rulers. The chiefs
achieved greater respect from their people for using their traditional powers
of authority to bring improved benefits to the community from wildlife. Revenue
benefits were shared, as promised by the National Parks and Wildlife Service,
and local residents were made village scouts to manage and protect the wildlife
in their own chiefdoms while earning a livelihood. Because a significant
reduction in poaching was achieved well in advance of the establishment of the
village scout programme, the decline in illegal hunting was attributed to the
influence of traditional leaders (personal communication with Peter Mwanza,
Unit Leader of the Chikwa-Luelo area).
2.4.4 Employ predictive management in reducing illegal
hunting
Given
that the various determinants of illegal hunting are quantifiable,
identification of those variables contributing to the problem, and the changes
required to reduce it, provide a set of appropriate management treatments. This
approach is a predictive management tool provides a basis for evaluating the
variables discussed in this article in order to determine an appropriate
management approach.
2.4.5 Allow time and flexibility in introducing new
programmed
It
is unreasonable to expect immediate and universal acceptance of locally based
wildlife management programmes. Initially, wildlife extension officers may face
the handicap of being associated with past mistakes of the government
department responsible for enforcing wildlife laws (Lewis, 1989). This can
result in strong initial resistance, despite the potential benefits a program
may represent for the community. To facilitate the acceptance of whatever
program is being introduced, the wildlife extension officer must be sensitive
to the needs and aspirations of the local residents, and be knowledgeable of
past experiences and of local tribal customs. Persistence and patience are required
simultaneously. Programs that are forced into implementation too quickly
without full acceptance and understanding of how they can serve local needs
will lack the necessary foundation of local involvement and commitment.
2.4.6 Capitalize on the buffer effect of local participation
A
successful program of local involvement in wildlife management in areas
adjoining protected or park areas may significantly reduce law enforcement
costs within the protected areas. As wildlife conservationist views evolve and
grow the probability of illegal hunters entering the protected area with the
support or acceptance of local residents diminishes (Lewis, Kaweche and Mwenya,
1989; ADMADE, 1988).
2.4.7 Arrange for protection of uninhabited lands
Resource
requirements for human habitation may differ from those of wildlife resources.
In many cases, therefore, an area endowed with important wildlife resources may
be totally void of human habitation. Protection of these areas can be achieved
through maintaining or developing a sense of association or ownership by the
nearest communities: this can offer the needed work-force for the area's
management. This also helps to ensure the full potential revenues earned from
the area, on a sustained-yield basis, thus providing community benefits and
easing management costs.
2.4.8 Avoid over conserving wildlife at the expense of the
indigenous conservationists
It
is recognized and appreciated that some wildlife enthusiasts in Africa often
volunteer their services as non-professionals to aid in managing wildlife. The
terms of reference for such non-government cooperation with the appointed legal
wildlife management authorities, however, are often vague. This can foster a
dangerous trend if well-funded, but uncoordinated non-government organizations
assume roles that cause conflicts with government authorities. This may lead to
divisive maneuverings between government and non-government authorities and a
subsequent loss in cost-effectiveness for the use of funds available to
wildlife conservation. Such conflicts may result in injudicious funding
distribution by outside donor agencies.
An
even more serious potential negative effect of these conflicts, however, is the
erosion of confidence and morale among the professionally trained indigenous
conservationists serving as civil servants for the official wildlife management
department. This can have profound influences on poaching rates. Symptoms may
include slow responses to poaching problems, inadequate coordination with other
government agencies, and failure to discipline junior staff effectively. As a
result confusion reigns and more wildlife is poached. The irony, of course, is
that such problems arise from conservation efforts themselves.
2.5 The Research Gap
From the literature
review and the theories, there was evident that there were few investigation
conducted on the wild life conservations particular wild life conservation and
it’s important to the local community level, Therefore due that gap that is why
this study was focused to asses on the
Contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on local community in Mshangano
and Msamala wards in Songea municipality.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction
This
chapter was presented the research approach, research design, area of the
study, targeted population, sample and sampling procedure, data collection
methods data analysis and presentation.
3.1 Research approach
This research
included Mixed Methods Approach where by both qualitative and quantitative
methods are combined in a single study (Kroll & Neri 2009). The qualitative
and quantitative principles and procedures in designing, data collection, data
analyzing, sampling techniques and data presentation techniques were integrated
in this research respectively to the priority.
3.2 Research design
A good research design considers the paradigm that best fits the
problems being investigated and the types of needs required (Lokong', 2006).
Survey research involves collecting data to test hypotheses or to answer
questions about people's opinions on some topic (Gay, 2009). This study used
the cross-sectional survey research design. This approach is appropriate
because it enabled the researcher to use questionnaires and interview guide to
obtained information from wildlife officer in Luhira wildlife in Songea
municipality.
3.3 Area of the study
The studying area was in Songea municipality
where geographically Songea
town isthe
capital city of Ruvuma Region in southern Tanzania (John, ND 2006).it is
located along the A19 road, It is located 10° 40' 45'' South
latitude and 35° 39' 7'' East longitude and it is situated at elevation 1113
meters above sea level (Google map). The city has a population of approximately 2012 census 203,309
(John,ND 2006),and it is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Songea.
Between 1905 and 1907 the city was a center of African resistance the Majimaji
Rebellion in German East Africa. The city is poised to experience significant
economic growth in the near future as the Mtwara Corridor opens up in a few
years.
There are 27 wards in Songea municipality includes Mfaranyaki, Mwengemshindo
,Majengo, Matarawe, Mateka, Makambi,
Madizini, Pachanne, Ruhuwiko, Bombambili, Msamala, Mletele, Mahenge, Mkuzo,
Mshangano,Mjimwema,Luwawasi, Songea boys, Seed farm, Ruvuma, Ndilimalitembo,
Shule ya Tanga, Lizaboni, Matogoro, Misufini
and Songea Mjini (Songea Urban District Homepage for the ,2002).
The
climate of the study area is located in eastern Africa and is predominately
affected by air masses and weather systems from the east and the Indian Ocean.
It has typical tropical climate is influenced by Monsoon winds of Indian Ocean
influence the rainfall in the area. The climatic in Songea is warm and
temperate. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Songea than in summer. The
Kӧppen-Geiger climate classification is Cwa. The average temperature in Songea
is 21.0ºC. Precipitation here average 1264mm.November is the warmest month of
the year .the temperature in November average 23.6 ºC July the lowest average
temperature of the year. It is 17.3 ºC
Is located in Ruvuma Region in the rural south
of Tanzania, reached by 14-hour bus ride from Dar es Salaam. It has an area of
750,000 km and is characterized by hilly topography with altitude raging
between 980-1100 meters above sea level.
Agriculture is the main economic activity.
Food crops include maize, cassava, paddy, legume, sweet potatoes and sorghum.
The livestock industry is not well developed, with an average of 1 goat per
three households and 1 cow for every person.
Map of Songea municipality showing
the local communities with some its neighbor districts Ruvuma region.
3.4 Sampling procedure
A sample is a finite part of statistical
population whose properties are studied to gain information about the
population(Bluman,2008).The best techniques was used in this study was
stratified sampling technique and purpose sampling technique
3.5 Sample size
The main factors
consider in determining the sample size is the need to keep it manageable,
Mugenda (1999).On the population the sample size were comprises of 100
respondent where by The researcher obtained this sample size using Slovene’s
formula stated below.
1 +N (e) 2
Where
n= sample size, N= Target population and e= level of significance at 0.05
level.
1+ 203309 (0.05) 2 1+203309 ×0.1 1+20330.9 20331.9
n=
99.99999 or 100
Table 1: summary of the sample size
|
RESPONDENT
|
SAMPLE
SIZE
|
|
|
LOCAL
PEOPLE
|
MSAMALA
|
MSHANGANO
|
|
48
|
48
|
|
|
CHAIR
PERSONS
|
1
|
1
|
|
WILDLIFE
OFFICERS
|
2
|
|
|
TOTAL
|
100
|
|
3.6 Data Collection Techniques.
3.6.1 Primary data
These refers to the
kind of information obtained direct from the field of the study thus means the
researcher visit the targeted area and collect data by using his or her sense
organs. In this study the primary data on the
wildlife preservation in Luhira obtained by questionnaires and interview.
3.6.2 Secondary data
Are kind of data obtained from the documents
of the past findings which have been collected by another person.
This may either be published or unpublished data. Secondary data were obtained from the library, internet, official
documents, including reports, newspapers related to the study itself.
3.6.3 Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a series of questions, each
providing a number of alternative answers from which respondents
can choose (Adam 2008) .The
study therefore use both open and closed ended questionnaires to collect the
data. The structured questionnaires (closed- ended) with contingency questions employed
in order to obtain uniform responses from respondents Wilson J, (2010). The
structured questionnaires are accompanied by a list of all possible
alternatives from which respondent’s selected suitable answers that best
described the situation at hand by simply ticking (Mugenda, and Mugenda (2003).
A few open-ended questions are included in order to allow the respondents to
give their personal views concerning the questions being asked. The data
collection instruments are administered through personal visits on appointment
by both the researcher and research assistants
3.6.4 Interview guide
Interview
guide is a method of collecting data that involves presentation of oral verbal
responses, Oson and Onen (2005). The semi structured interview was employed.
This method of data collection enabled the researcher to get more information
and in greater depth. This technique is to supplement the questionnaire
technique since it enabled the researcher to collect information that could be
directly observed and difficult to put in writing. Where the specific information were
from the wildlife officer.
3.6.5 Observation
The observation method is the classic method
of scientific enquiry, it is a deliberate study through the eye, may be used as
one of the method for scrutinizing collective behavior and complex social
institution, as well as the separate units composing of totality, Rwegoshora (2006).The
observation is will through participatory observation on looking all activities which
are done by all respondents
who are found in area of the study.
REFERENCES
Ashley,
C. (1995). Tourism, communities, and the
potential impact on local incomes and conservation. Research Discussion
Paper No. 10, Directorate of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Environment and
Tourism.
Ashley,
C. and O'Connell, C. (1995). Can the
financial benefits of wildlife outweigh the costs for Caprivi Households in
Namibia's Environmental Journal, Ministry of Environment and Tourism
Barnes,
J.I. and de Jager, J.H.V. (1995). Economic
and financial incentives for wildlife use on private land in Namibia and the
implications for policy Research Discussion Directorate of Environmental
Affairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism,
Bluman, A.G.(2008): Confidence
Intervals and Sample Size.”Elementary
Statistics: A Brief
Version. Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Higher Education.
Version. Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Higher Education.
Gamassa, D.M. (1997). Natural
resource management inLake Manyara basin.
Gamassa, D.M. (1998). Stakeholder analysis for the conservation
and management of critical
wildlife corridors in northern Tanzania. Technical Report submitted to UNDP. 17p.
MNRT. (1998). the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
(MNRT). Government Printers, Dar-es-Salaam. 35 p.
wildlife corridors in northern Tanzania. Technical Report submitted to UNDP. 17p.
MNRT. (1998). the Wildlife Policy of Tanzania. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
(MNRT). Government Printers, Dar-es-Salaam. 35 p.
Mugenda, O and Mugenda, A. (2003).Research Methods: A
quantitative Approach, Nairobi: African Centre of Technology Studies. Acts
Press, Nairobi.
Silkiluwasha, F. (1998). Biodiversity Conservation in Lake
Manyara biosphere reserves. A
paper presented at the 4th Braaf Workshop: 30th March - 2nd April 1998. Arusha, Tanzania.
paper presented at the 4th Braaf Workshop: 30th March - 2nd April 1998. Arusha, Tanzania.
UNEP. (1995) Global
biodiversity assessment: Summary for policy-makers. V.H. Heywood
(Exec. Editor). Published for the United Nations Environmental Programme. Cambridge
University Press. 46 p.
(Exec. Editor). Published for the United Nations Environmental Programme. Cambridge
University Press. 46 p.
World Resources
Institute. (1995) World Resources Report 1994-95. A Guide to the Global
Environment: People and the Environment.
Environment: People and the Environment.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This chapter involves presentation, interpretation and discussion
of findings. In this chapter of the research report, the researcher presented
the data from the field and the data analysis procedures employed, the research
objectives that guided the study were.
i)
To assess the economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area.
ii)
To assess the impacts to the environment.
iii) To assess the
effectiveness of the projects
4.1 Demographic information
4.1.1 Gender
The
research was targeted to 100 respondents, but data were obtained from 75
respondents due to 25 0f respondent and were discarded and therefore 75 were
used for Data analysis; the distribution was 96 local people from both two
wards where Msamala 48 and Mshangano 48, together with 2 chairpersons from both
two ward one per each ward and 2 wildlife officer. The study considered sex in
the process of data collection so as to understand various role played by both
female and male sexes in society in different occasion at different time.
Through this fact the study managed well to show various contributions of the
sexes in obtained data and information.
The
Table 4.1 showing demographic response by gender
|
Gender
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
|
Local
people
|
38
|
33
|
71
|
|
Chairpersons
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
|
Wildlife
officers
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
TOTAL 75
|
|||
Sources;
Field data, 2019
The
table 4.1 indicates the gender of respondent from the field in which local
people from both wards total were 71 in which male were 38, female were 33, and
the chairpersons were 2 male, but also the wildlife officers were 1 male and 1
female.
4.1.2 Age bracket of respondents
The study found it necessary to analyze the age brackets of
respondents. The age of respondent were dived into three categories which were
Below 20 years, 21-40years, 41-50 years and 51 above Table 4.2: Age bracket
of respondents
|
Age
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Below 20 years
|
19
|
25
|
|
21-40years
|
21
|
28
|
|
41-50 years
|
15
|
20
|
|
51 above
|
20
|
27
|
|
Total
|
75
|
100
|
Sources;
Field data, 2019
Table 4.2 indicates that 19 (25%) of the respondents were in the
age group of below 20 years while 21(28%) of the respondents were 21 – 40 years
of age. Another 15 (20%) of the respondents were 41-50 years of age and 20(27%)
for age 51 above.
Figure
1; Age of respondent Sources; Field data, 2019
4.1.3 Respondents’ level of education
The
research found that it is important to analyze the education level of the
respondent as stated in the table below
|
No.
|
Level
of education
|
Frequency
|
Percentages
(%)
|
|
1.
|
Primary
level
|
15
|
20
|
|
2.
|
Secondary
level (o-level)
|
29
|
39
|
|
3.
|
Diploma
level
|
12
|
16
|
|
4.
|
First
Degree
|
10
|
13
|
|
5.
|
Non-educated
|
09
|
12
|
|
6.
|
TOTAL
|
75
|
100
|
Sources;
Field data, 2019
The
table above shown the level of education attained by the respondents; 15(20%) primary
level, 29(39%) were secondary level, 12(16%) respondent’s attained diploma,
10(13%) attained first Degree, and lastly 09 (12%) were non-educated.
Sources;
Field data, 2019
Figure
2; Education level of respondent
4.3.4 Marital status of motorcycle drivers
The
study also found it is necessary to analyze the marital status of the
respondent within the field are and the description of marital status were as
the following below field are and the description of marital status were as the
following below
Table 4.4: Marital Status of
motorcycle drivers
|
Marital
Status
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Married
|
40
|
54
|
|
Single
|
22
|
29
|
|
divorce
|
13
|
17
|
|
Total
|
75
|
100
|
Sources;
Field data, 2019
The
data in Table 4.4 show that 40(54%) were married, 22(29%) single, while 13(17%)
divorced. These results show that majority of the respondents were married and
therefore they were responsibility to the family together with their meet
Figure
3; Marital Status
of respondent Sources; Field data, 2019
4.2 The economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area
The
impact of Luhira wildlife reserved area to the local community was the among of
the researcher objective were by intended to investigate on the impact of
Luhira wildlife reserved area to the local
community, under this objective the following issues were obtained from
respondents;
Table 4.5: The economic impacts of
Luhira wildlife reserved area
|
The
economic impacts
|
frequency
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Provide
employment opportunities
|
23
|
31
|
|
It
rise individual and community income
|
15
|
20
|
|
Development
of Tourism industry
|
16
|
21
|
|
Facilitate
Barter trade and trade relation
|
11
|
15
|
|
Increase
economic entrepreneur skills
|
10
|
13
|
|
TOTAL
|
75
|
100
|
Sources;
Field data, 2019
The
table above indicate the economic impact of wildlife reserved area and the
found were 31% of respondent said it Provide employment opportunities,20% said
It rise individual and community income,21% Development of tourism industry
while 15 % said it facilitate Barter trade and trade relation and the last
group 13% said it increase economic entrepreneur skills.
4.2.1 Provide employment opportunities
About
23(31%) of the respondents agreed the issue of employment opportunities and
reserved are provide employment opportunities to the people around reserve
especially to those who are employed to work on the reserve in different sector
such as in security there are people who working in protecting reserve, and
other work on the cleaning within the reserve in passing way.
4.2.2 It rise individual and community income
The study
found that 15 (20% ) out of 75 of respondent said wild life reserve rose the
individual income and community in particularly through involving in business
people got money and community especially those who work on it and also through
sold the product from the wild life reserved include the pelts of fur Bearing mammals, the skins and meat of
commercially raised game birds, commercially harvested alligators and several kinds of
fishes, crayfish and frogs collected by commercial fishing. Since these items
are marketable, it is relatively easy to assign some dollar value to them.
4.2.3 Development of Tourism industry
The
study found 16(21%) of respondent out of 75 said the reserved area develop
tourist industry that generates a considerable amount of revenue to the
government which in turned led to economic wellbeing of the community and
therefore through tourism the community could got money which used in the
development of other economic sectors like agriculture and provision of better
and well qualified social services in the local community of Mshangano and
Msamala.
4.2.4 Facilitate Barter trade and trade relation
The
study found 11(15%) of respondent mention this the reserved area promote barter
trade within them and trade exchange, means the existence of Luhira wild life
in Msamala and Mshangano ward influence much the issue of trade means the local
people who found in these area have been used the products from the reserve are
to exchange with themselves and even if it allowed they used it to sold in
exchange of money like honey exchange with fishing product which enhances the
economic development.
4.2.5 Increase economic entrepreneur skills
About
10 (13%) of respondent from the field said and get skill due to existence of
Luhira wild life reserved area, in which the
enterprise skills are more likely to develop in community enterprises
and joint ventures, and a sense of empowerment is more likely from enterprises
controlled by communities. As residents get more involved in tourism, social
benefits such as increased skills and institutional development are
also likely. Social benefits, such as development of skills
and institutions, may be gained from tourism enterprises in other ways,
apart from through control of money.
Sources;
Field data, 2019
Figure
4; the economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area
4.3 The impacts to the environment Table 4.6: The impacts to the
environment
|
The
impacts to the environment
|
frequency
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
Environmental Protection
|
37
|
49
|
|
Maintain
ecosystem
|
23
|
31
|
|
Protect
land from erosions
|
15
|
20
|
|
TOTAL
|
75
|
100
|
Sources;
Field data, 2019
The
tables 4.6 indicate the impact of Luhira wild life to the environment and the
result shown that 49% of respondent said it essential on Environmental
Protection 31% said it Maintain ecosystem, and the last 20% said it Protect
land from erosions
4.3.1 Environmental Protection
The
research showed that 37 which was equal to 49% out of 75 respondents said
reserved are helpfully in environment protection, Luhira wildlife reserved area
protecting environment from being destruction by people around the reserve by
ensuring people are aware on protecting the game reserve such as avoiding
cutting trees within the reserved, many of respondents agreed that the game
reserve are helping to protect environment which can help in future generation.
4.3.2 Maintain ecosystem
From
study area research observed that 23(31%) respondents out of the total
respondents said that Luhira wildlife reserved area was essential Maintain
ecosystem, the wild life area maintains the ecosystem, this prevents abrupt
population peaks and crashes and helps to give living systems a built-in
stability. Animals also influence some of the nutrient cycles on which almost
all life depends. They distribute essential mineral elements in their waste,
and they help to replenish the atmosphere’s carbon dioxide when they breathe.
This carbon dioxide is then used by plants as they grow.
4.3.3 Protect land from erosions
The
study found 15 (20 %) of respondent said it protect land from erosion, Means
that it is very easily for erosion to occur and happen in area with bare land
therefore the existence of reserved area protect much the natural land from
erosion simple due to trees and grasses available it is difficult for agent of
erosions such as running water and wind to erode the land and therefore was
essential for protected the natural land from erosion.
Sources;
Field data, 2019
Figure
5; the impacts to the environment
4.4 The effectiveness of the projects
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the summary of research findings,
conclusions, and recommendations based on the findings of the study and areas
suggested for further study. Based on the data and other
information obtained and analyzed to answer the research questions of the study,
a number of research findings were presented in chapter four. The findings are
summarized in this section
5.1 Summary of Research Findings
5.1.1 General information of respondent
The
study showed that male were 38, female were 33, and the chairpersons were 2
male, but also the wildlife officers were 1 male and 1 female. On age that that 19 (25%) of the respondents were in the age group
of below 20 years while 21(28%) of the respondents were 21 – 40 years of age.
Another 15 (20%) of the respondents were 41-50 years of age and 20(27%) for age
51 above. On education shown that 29(39%) primary level, 15(20%) were
secondary level, 12(16%) respondent’s attained diploma, 10(13%) attained first
Degree, and lastly 09 (12%) were non-educated. Marital status shown that
40(54%) were married, 22(29%) single, while 13(17%) divorced.
5.1.2 The economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area
The
researcher found it is necessary to analyze the economic impact of wildlife
reserved area as the one among of the objective of the study and the found were
it Provide employment opportunities to the local people, It rise individual and
community income, Development of tourism industry, it facilitate Barter trade
and trade relation and the last it increase economic entrepreneur skills.
5.1.3 The impacts to the environment
The
study found number of impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area to the
environment and the result were the existence of Luhira wildlife reserved area
it essential on Environmental Protection , it Maintain ecosystem, and it
Protect land from erosions.
5.1.4 The effectiveness of the projects
5.2 Conclusion
This
study was based on the contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on local
communities of Mshangano and Msamala wards in Songea municipality. The data
presentation and analysis of the study considered the needs of the study
objectives the study focused firstly on the assess the economic impacts of
Luhira wildlife reserved area, secondly to assess the impacts to the
environment and finally to assess the effectiveness of the projects. The study
found the number of impact both on economic and environment including it
provide employment opportunities to the local people, It rise individual and
community income, Development of tourism industry, it facilitate Barter trade
and trade relation, it increase economic entrepreneur skills, it essential on
Environmental Protection, it Maintain ecosystem, and it Protect land from
erosions. Furthermore the effectiveness of the project include
5.4 Recommendations
5.4.1 To the community
Community
should be aware on the importance of wildlife and therefore to make sure that
there is huge security to protect it for sustainability without disturbing it
either for cutting tree and poaching illegally.
5.4.2 To the Government
Government
should ensure establish law and regulation so as to make sure that wildlife are
protected from intruder and human intervention such as illegal poaching cutting
of tree in reserved area because this wildlife very essential for community and
nation economic development through tourism country and community got money
which is essential for development.
Also government should advised local
community on how can protect the
reserved area, through providing of
environment education so as can be able to protect by showing the important of
protecting the environment also they have to be advised to stop on illegal killing of animals. And
established community participation in protecting, managing, and monitoring wildlife
reserved area.
5.4 Area for Further Studies
Although
this study focused on the contribution of Luhira wildlife reserved area on
local communities of Mshangano and Msamala wards in Songea municipality.
Therefore the researcher found that it is good chance for another research come
and conduct study on the effectiveness of community participations in
management and protection of wildlife reserved area. 6.0 Research budget table
|
Research items
|
Cost Tshs.
|
Total
|
|
Research
expenditure(i)Transport system
(ii)Meals
and accommodation
|
Tshs
50000.00
Tshs
80000.00
|
1300,00.
|
|
Stationery
(i)
Three reams of ruled paper
(ii) Flash disc 8GB
|
Tshs
45000.00
Tshs
40,000.00
|
85,000.
|
|
Secretarial
services
(i)Typing
and printing
(ii)Binding
|
Tshs
40000.00
Tshs
10000.00
|
50,000.
|
|
People
who will be assisting during report process
|
Tshs 50000.00
|
50,000.
|
|
TOTAL
|
TSHS
|
570,000.
|
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE
My
name is Kapanga Cristopher. I am currently a
student of Stella Maris Mtwara University College pursuing a bachelor of
art with Education and am doing a study on the contribution of Luhira wildlife
reserved area on local communities of Mshangano and Msamala wards in Songea
municipality.
The informations that will be provided
in this questionnaire are confidential and will be used for just academic
purposes.
Please put tick (√) to the correct
answer.
Section
A.Background Information
1.
Gender, i) Male [ ] ii) Female [ ]
2.
What is your Age in bracket? i) Below 20 years [ ] ii) 21-40 years [ ] iii) 41-50years
iv)
Above 51
3.
What Level of education do you attempt?
i) Primary level [ ]
iii) Secondary level (o-level) [
]
iv) Diploma level [ ]
v) University First Degree
[ ] vi) Non-educated [ ]
4.
Marital status i) single [ ]
ii) married [ ] iii) divorce [ ]
Section B:
5. what are the economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Section C:
6. what are impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area to the environment?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Section D:
7. what is the effectiveness of the projects? (Of Luhira wildlife reserved
area)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
APPENDIX II:
INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR WILDLIFE
OFFICERS IN LUHIRA
My
name is Christopher Kapanga. I am currently a
student of Stella Maris Mtwara University College pursuing a bachelor of
art with Education and am doing a study on the contribution of Luhira wildlife
reserved area on local communities of Mshangano and Msamala wards in Songea
municipality.
Section B: 5. what are the
economic impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Section C:
6. what are impacts of Luhira wildlife reserved area to the environment?
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Section D:
7. what is the effectiveness of the projects? (Of Luhira wildlife reserved
area)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
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