Impacts of Floods in Socio-Economic Development in Mtwara Mikindani
STELLA MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE
(A
Constituent College of St. Augustine University of Tanzania)
FACULTY OF EDUCATION
Impacts
of Floods in Socio-Economic Development in Mtwara Mikindani
A
Research Proposal Submitted to the Faculty Education in Partial Fulfillment
Requirements of the Award of Degree of Bachelor of Arts with Education at
Stella Maris Mtwara University College.
BY
KAPINGA LAZARO G
STE/BAED/163024
SUPERVISOR: MR. MAMBOSHO
November, 2018
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1:1 Background of the study
Flood
is a common natural disaster affecting many people in different parts of the
world (Mbura, 2015). It is usually caused by heavy and frequent rainfall. The
phenomenon is occurring in both developed and developing world nations as a
result the negative impacts occurring in the specific country for the people
and nation as whole for the development. According to Jonkman (2005) floods
killed 100,000 people and affected over 1.4 billion people around the world
between 2000 to 2015. Floods claimed an average of 22,800 lives annually and
caused an estimated damage of US Dollar 136 billion to the Asian economy
(UNESCO, 2003).. Also, globally in developing nations, the losses incurred by
the developing are five times higher per unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
than those of developed countries (UNESCO, 2006). The literature shows that the
government has struggled to address the disaster of floods in many ways for
both developed and developing world, for example in French the misery and
destructions caused by the1910 Great Flood in Paris, that made the government
build a series of reservoirs called Great Lakes which helped to remove pressure
from the Seine during floods during the regular winter flooding (Munger, 2015).
Other government authorities in many nations in the world that encountered by
floods, tend to take the construction of the massive systems of
diversifications, dikes and floodways.
In
Africa, floods are common phenomena that occurring in many countries and seem
to have a diver of outcomes (Bushesha, 2015). For example Namibia in 2013, about 1000 lost their lives
following the heavy rainfall that resulted to the flooding locally known as
Efundja. It resulted to road infrastructure damage, property destruction and
the displacement of people from their homes and at times lost of income to
businesses (Kaapanda, 2018). In east Africa there are experienced devastating
floods are common which resulted in human suffering and deaths as well as
massive damage to infrastructure and properties including crops in rural areas
as well as goods in urban places. In Kenya, floods sparked major emergency
relief as hundreds of people lost their lives and thousands were displaced from
their homes Bushesha, 2015. The people affected mostly in lowlands of Nyanza
and Tana river district, also the Nairobi town dwellers who were erected
informal structures near the rivers were not spared. Also, in Mozambique floods
lost lives of hundreds of people and thousands were left without food and
shelter as well as floods in 2007 Somalia affected more than 1 million people
in the socio-economic context (Bushesha, 2015).
In
Tanzania, floods occur severally in various regions and districts especially
that are found along the Indian Ocean. For example Dar es Salaam, Mtwara,
Pwani, Tanga, and Lindi. Other regions apart from the coastal where floods
occur severally are Kigoma, Morogoro, Rukwa, Mbeya, Arusha, Dodoma, and so many
others (Red Cross, 2011). For example in Dar es Salaam city, in 2011 floods
magnitude was unprecedented and the effects were worst ever, about 14, 000
people were in dire need of humanitarian assistance, also in April, 2014 about
11 people were reported to have lost their lives in Dar es Salaam because of
flooding (Red Cross, 2014). The Tanzanian government have taken several
measures toward floods mitigation in various regions and districts including
Dar es salaam city, the government so far established the Disaster Management
Department under the Prime Minister Office (PMO) with the same aims and objectives,
in Dar es salaam the climate change coupled with such factors as poor
infiltration and outdated unfunctioning storm water drainage system that caused
the flooding and the disaster seem to be always occurring every year in various
places in Tanzania, this describes that, the government strategies and measures
are of temporary and not permanent.
In
Mtwara Mikindani, floods occur almost every year during rainy season. As a
result floods leave people homeless and their properties being destructed and
some people lose their lives. For example in 2016, over 500 households at
Mtwara Mikindani had submerged in water following heavy rainfall in the area
(The Citizen newspaper, 2016). The wards such as Chikongola, Chuno, Likombe,
Majengo, Railway, Shangani, Ufukoni, Vigaeni, Rahaleo, Naliendele, Mitengo,
Mtonya, Magengeni, Kisungure and Jangwani were highly affected. People became
homeless, the District government under the District Commissioner (DC) had set
up a camp for affected families at Mtwara Teachers College; also DC had
directed all ward leaders to help the affected families with providing food and
temporary shelter. In the other side the road infrastructures were extremely
too destructed by the floods, especially rough roads found in Shangani and Chuno
ward were eroded by floods, hence being inaccessible.
Recently,
in December, 2017, there occurred floods following 3 days heavy rainfall. Some
people died and many lost their properties (The Citizen newspaper, 2016). Even though the government, especially under
the District level took some floods mitigation and management measures, floods
occur almost every year during rainy season leaving people in socio-economic troubles.
1:2 Statement of the problem
Mtwara
Mikindani municipality is always affected by floods in almost every rainy
season, as result the of the area get socio-economic troubles as some lost
their lives, properties, food destruction and the destruction of roads
infrastructures. For example in 2016, over 500 households at Mtwara Mikindani
had submerged in water, food stuffs were destructed and all weather road of
Shangani-Chuno eroded hence become not accessible following heavy rainfall in
the area (The Citizen newspaper, 2016). The government under municipal level
through the management and mitigation fund for the disasters, provided measures
and services such as building the underground floodways, constructing dams,
constructing water paths along the roads as well as providing mass education to
the people on the issue of floods and settlements.
However,
the government authority has taken the above measures, the problem is still
affecting the people from year to year, since some of the measures not for
preventing the occurrence of another flood disasters but only for managing the
risks happen after the disasters. Thus, bring back the development of the
people of Mtwara Mikindani.
Therefore,
the current study seeks to investigate the impacts of floods in Socio-economic
development of people in Mtwara Mikindani municipality.
1:3 The objectives of the study
1:3:1 General objective
The
main objective of this study is to investigate the socio-economic impacts of
floods to the people of Mtwara Mikindani.
1:3:2 Specific objectives
i)
To examine the social impacts of floods to the people of Mtwara Mikindani.
ii)
To examine the economic impacts of floods to the people of Mtwara Mikindani.
iii)
To identify the measures to be taken by the local people and the government
toward floods mitigation and management in Mtwara Mikindani.
1:4
Research Questions
i) What are the social impacts of floods
to the people of Mtwara Mikindani?
ii) What are the economic impacts of
floods to the people of Mtwara Mikindani?
iii) To what measures to be taken by the
local people and the government toward floods mitigation and management in
Mtwara Mikindani?
1:5
Significance of the Study
The study will broadens the knowledge to
the people on socio-economic impacts of floods in Mtwara Mikindani, the study
will be essential for the environmentalists on the examining the landscape of
Mtwara Mikindani in relation to the occurrence of floods. Also, this study will
bring the readers into knowing whom responsible for floods mitigation and
management in Mtwara Mikindani. Furthermore, the findings of the study will
bring an opportunity to the local people and the government on the measures to
be taken for the floods mitigation and management in Mtwara Mikindani.
1:6
Definitions of key terms
Flood,
is rising and overflowing of a body of water onto the dry land (Webster, 2018)
Impact,
is action of one object or phenomenon coming forcibly into contact with another
(English Oxford Dictionary, 2014).
Socio-economic
Development, refer to the activities involving both
social and economic factors which result in the growth of economy and societal
progress and is measurable in both economic and social terms (USDA & NAL,
2015).
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.0
Introduction
This chapter will describes the ideas that other
researchers have been said in the previous researches about this subject
matter. The chapter involves the following parts such as the related review,
the conceptual frame work, the theoretical framework and the research gap of
this study.
2.1 Related
review
2.1.1 Floods
in Global contexts
Flooding events
are common around the world. The literature shows that governments have
struggled to address disasters related to flooding in many ways. According to the International Federation of Red Cross
and Red Crescent Societies, between 1993 and 2002 flood disasters “affected
more people in the global 140 million per year on average - than all the other
natural or technological disasters put together”. For example, according to the
World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013, flooding can increase exposure to
toxins and pathogens, may have implications for mental health, and can disrupt
the capacity of healthcare systems to respond to health crises. Furthermore,
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC http://www.ipcc.ch/)
predicts that climate change is likely to intensify flooding hazards in many
areas of the world. Although models cannot definitively determine where, when,
or by how much flood hazards will change, specialists suggest that existing
flood-prone locations and some coastal and river-basin areas will become more
vulnerable to severe flooding. In 2006, Salvador Brice, the director of the
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR http://www.unisdr.org/)
secretariat, called for “more concerted action to better prepare populations
for the negative impact of climate changes. The world is facing a new
responsibility to protect the most vulnerable populations from floods and other
weather-related disasters.” As the Tyndall Centre’s report summarized,
“Flooding risks are shaped as much by social as by natural forces.” Poor
communities may therefore be particularly vulnerable, especially when
concentrated in high-risk and often environmentally degraded areas. The UK
Environment Agency and the UK-based Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research
recognize that floods cause more damage than any other natural disaster with
recent floods in Somalia affecting more than 1 million people. Kenya is heavily
affected by floods.
In the United
States (U.S.), the New Orleans Metropolitan Area 35% of which sits below sea
level is protected by hundreds of miles of levees and flood gates. This system
failed catastrophically in numerous sections during Hurricane Katrina in the
city proper and in eastern sections of the Metro Area, resulting in the
inundation of approximately 50% of the metropolitan area ranging from a few
centimeters to 8.2 meters (a few inches to 27 feet) in coastal communities. In
an act of successful flood prevention, the Federal Government of the United
States offered to buy out flood-prone properties in the United States in order
to prevent repeated disasters after the 1993 flood across the Midwest. Several
communities accepted and the government in
partnership with the state bought 25,000 properties which they converted into
wetlands. These wetlands act as a sponge in storms and in 1995 when the floods
returned the government did not have to expend resources in those areas.
The Saint Petersburg Flood Prevention Facility Complex
was finished by 2008 in Russia in order to protect Saint Petersburg from storm
surges. It also has a main traffic function as it completes a ring road around
Saint Petersburg. Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometers and stand eight meters
above water level.
In Austria, flooding for over 150 years, has been
controlled by various actions of the Vienna Danube regulation, with dredging of
the main Danube during 1870–1875, and creation of the New Danube from
1972–1988. In Northern Ireland flood risk management is provided by Rivers
Agency.
2.1.2 Floods in Africa
Theron
(2007) indicated that at least 21 countries in Africa are affecting by floods.
These
Countries
included Algeria, Berlin, Burkina Faso, Cote d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana,
Guinea, Kenya,
Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Tanzania, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leon,
Sudan, Togo and Uganda. Reports estimated that approximately 300 people in 21
countries had died in floods during a period of two (2) months, noting that the
inaccessibility of the affected areas had made it difficult to accurately
access the death toll. For example in Namibia in 2013, about 1000 people lost
their lives following the heavy rainfall that resulted to the flooding locally
known as Efundja. It resulted to road infrastructure damage, property
destruction and the displacement of people from their homes and at times lost
of income to businesses (Kaapanda, 2018). Floods have severe impact on food and
water security in Africa. Floods related to ENSO have had major human and
economic costs in east and southern Africa. The ENSO floods in 1998 in East
Africa resulted in human suffering and deaths, as well as extensive damage to
infrastructure and crops in Kenya (Magadza, 2000).
Floods in Kenya in
1997-1998 sparked major emergency relief as hundreds of people lost their lives
and thousands were displaced from their homes (Brockett et al., 1999). The cost
in Kenya alone was estimated at US$1 billion because of their combination of
several natural resources, such as fisheries and fertile alluvial soils,
wetlands and floodplains areas such as N’Djamena near Lake Chad and coastal
areas of central where often sites of dense rural settlements as well as urban
settlements. The floods of 1998 and the Mozambique floods in early 2000 and
2001 caused considerable damage to property and infrastructure. The major
infrastructure damage was road and rail networks, hence no transport and
communication (Magadza, 2000).
Factors Contributing to Vulnerability to Floods in
Africa
The following are the factors contributing to
vulnerability to floods in Africa; location of settlements in the flood plains,
cultivation of crops along slopes adjacent to the floodplains causing massive
erosion and destruction of trees in the catchments, lack of awareness of the
flood hazard by the local communities where the capacity of the soil to absorb water
is reduced due to erosion or existence of concrete, and poor building materials
leading to non-resistant structures and foundations that cannot withstand the
running waters and high risk infrastructure(Magadza, 2000).
Measures to Address Floods
According to Kaapanda (2018) the absence of effective adaptation measures, flood
risks are exacerbated. Reports suggest this is particularly the case in
developing countries; however, the devastation brought by Hurricane Katrina in
2005 suggests that even the most developed nations must take further steps to
adequately protect against natural disasters. Experts have for years
recommended that disaster risk reduction must be successfully incorporated into
broader sustainable development goals to foster more resilient communities.
There are signs that governments worldwide, such as Uganda faced with
increasing natural disasters that are begin to take action individually and
regionally, the Ugandan government’s multi-sectoral Department of Disaster
Management and Refugees have created with support from the ISDR as a National
Platform to plan and implement coordinated mitigation and response initiatives
in line with the Millennium development goals.
The ISDR and the United Nations (UN) Framework
Convention on Climate Change have partnered in this initiative to help reduce
future flood losses. Other governments committed to the implementation of the
Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015)
http://www.unisdr.org/eng/hfa/intern-org/ProVention-contribution-HF.pdf are
also adopting measures to reduce the impacts of floods.
In Uganda and some other countries the approaching
rainy season confirmed by meteorological reports and climate change predictions
present a huge challenge to already stretched organizations and communities.
Lessons learned from each crisis must be analyzed and acted upon if the
inevitable future floods are to remain a natural event and not result in human
disaster as in November 2006, government representatives and experts met in
Nairobi to design a five-year disaster reduction programme.
2.1.3 Floods in Mtwara Mikindani and Associated Risks
Mtwara Mikindani is located in shanties low-lying
areas, which are often highly prone to flooding from a variety of mechanisms
especially intense precipitation (Nyandwi, 2001 & Makota et al.,
2004). Areas that are known to be severely affected include the Kiyangu, Chuno,
Railway, Dabwada and Chikongola (Griffiths and Lwiza, 1988; Masalu, 2002). At
the Kiyangu area, the altitude is same of cost area of Indian Ocean located
nearby, hence flooding in residential houses, public services (e.g., the
mosques) and other tourism facilities e.g., hotels, as well as rough
road infrastructures were destroyed and eroded and some tarmac roads were covered
with water. For example Chuno-Shangani road, hence not accessible. Also,
The wastes from various damps are seem to contaminate in many places of the
Mtwara Mikindani municipal, for example in some lowland places such Kiyangu, Bima, and Railway that
the land become polluted and sometimes cause water pollution that resulted to
the eruption of various waterborne diseases and typhoid to the people of the
these localities (Mwaipopo, 2009).
Floods in December, Mtwara Mikindani posed a greater
impact to the livelihood of the people. The fast flowing waters destroyed
people’s homes, washed away their belongings, distracted livelihoods, ruined
crop fields, damaged roads and bridges and forced thousands to abandon their
towns and villages in search of safer grounds. According to the Guardian
Newspaper of December 22, 2011, it was reported that ‘‘At least 5’’ people were
reported dead in floods after unusually heavy rains hit Mtwara Mikindani
municipality.
2.2 Conceptual Framework
A conceptual framework is a representation,
either graphically or in narrative form showing or explaining main variables
and theories presumed relationship to each other (Saunders, 2004). The general
objective of this study was to identify the socio-economic impacts on the
development in Mtwara Mikindani with a focus of examining the measures for
flood management and mitigation. The research conceptual framework is based on
two variables, namely independent and dependent variable.
2.2.1
Independent variable
It is hypothesized that Disaster
Management Department keeps on harmonizing pre-flooding management and
monitoring team through investing in educating Mtwara Mikindani dwellers living
in floods vulnerable areas, the rate of floods turning into disaster will be
reduced and controlled. This can be achieved through giving advocacy to the
people living in flood vulnerable areas, reliabitation of drainage systems and
construction of good infrastructure including proper sewage system and
employing competent staff. This has to be comprehended by improving
coordination between departments dealing with disaster preparedness such as
Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA), Local government and other stakeholders
such as CBOs, NGOS just to mention few.
2.2.2
Dependent Variable
The impacts of floods turning into under
development in socio-economic contexts to the people in Mtwara Mikindani which
are hypothesized as the impacts of floods treated as dependent variable
and is the main focus of the research,
and or towards the measures for management and mitigation to be taken by local
people, stakeholders and the government under the Disaster Management
Department controlled by the Prime Minister's Office (PMO), the department of
climatology and the Mtwara Mikindani Municipal authorities i.e CBOs and NGOs,
hence having Independent variable and Dependent variable.
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Figure
2.1: Conceptual model
2.2.3
Relationship between Variables
The study describes how independent
variable, that is level of coordination between Disaster Management Department
under Prime Minister's Office (PMO), Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA),
Municipal authorities and local leaders in different groups of people such as
NGOs and CBOs facilitate in pre-disaster monitoring, management and mitigation
process thus will control before turning into disaster in Mtwara Mikindani.
2.2.4
Disaster management
1. Level of coordination between
Disaster Management Department and Municipal authorities in disaster
preparedness and management.
2. Drainage system, infrastructural
setting, land planning and setting.
3. Staff experience, competence and
motivation.
4. Implementation of disasters
management policy and bureaucracy.
2.2.5
The socio-economic impacts of floods
According to Garg (2010);
i)Loss
of lives and property
ii)
Mass migration
iii)
Decreased purchasing and production power
iv)
Loss of cattle and livestock
v)
Loss of growing and pre-harvest crops in agricultural fields
vi)
It discourages long-term investments by the government and private sector
alike.
vii)
Destruction of infrastructures i.e. schools, health centers, roads, railways
e.t.c
viii) Eruption of diseases eg. cholera
ix) Loss of land value and fertility
x)
Resulted to the dependent on the vulnerabilities of economic activities and
communities.
xi) Loss of resources, hence high costs of
goods and services
xii)
Psychological impairments to the victims
2.3
Theoretical framework
Apart from the conceptual frame work
also, the study is guided by a number of theories which deeply explain the
impacts of floods to socio-economic development with the focus measures for
Management and mitigation Mtwara Mikindani, Tanzania, Africa as well worldwide.
More thoughts have been put forward by various authors in relation to the
impacts of floods in socio-economic contexts which lead to the risk turning
into disaster persistently in any state. In this case, the selected theories
are; Vulnerability theory, Functionalism theory, and Normative theory.
2.3.1
Vulnerability Theory
During the 1970s and especially the
1980s the relationship between human actions and the effects of disasters, the
socio-economic dimension of vulnerability was increasingly well documented and
argued. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, two important conceptual models were
developed for understanding vulnerability to disasters and for reducing it.
1. Capacities and Vulnerabilities Analysis (Anderson and Woodrow
1989/1998).
2. Pressure and Release/Access models (Blaikie et al. 1994).
Disaster vulnerability
theory seeks to explain susceptibility of individuals, groups, organizations
communities and countries to losses from disaster. The basic idea of Vulnerability
is practical and easily understood. For example, Oliver Smith and Burton, (2005)
defined Vulnerability as a ratio of risk to susceptibility. O’Keefe et,al also
noticed that, disaster of the same magnitude produce dramatically different
consequences, such as the 73,338 lives lost in the 2005 in Pakstan.
Capacities and Vulnerabilities Analysis (CVA)
It was designed to make relief interventions more developmental
but has been used more widely in disaster preparedness and mitigation. It is
above all a practical and diagnostic tool. The basis of the Capacities and
Vulnerability Analysis is for viewing people’s vulnerabilities and capacities
in three broad interrelated areas, physical(material), social(organizational)
and motivational(attitudinal).
Community view on its
ability to create change
Capacities and Vulnerability Analysis makes a distinction between
‘vulnerabilities’ and ‘needs’: vulnerabilities are long-term factors that
affect a community’s ability to respond to events or make it susceptible to
disasters; needs (in a disaster context) are immediate requirements for
survival or recovery after disaster. Physical/material vulnerability and capacity
includes land, climate, environment, health, skills and labor, infrastructure,
housing, finance and technologies. Poor people suffer from crises more often
than people who are richer because they have little or no savings, few income
or production options, and limited resources. Social/
organizational vulnerability and capacity describes how society is organized,
its internal conflicts and how it manages them are just as important as the
physical/material dimension of vulnerability but less visible and less well
understood, this aspect includes formal political structures and the informal
systems through which people get things done. Poor societies that are well
organized and cohesive can withstand or recover from disasters better than
those where there is little or no organization and communities are divided
(e.g. by race, religion, class or caste). To explore this aspect, one has to
ask what the social structure was before the disaster and how well it served
the people when disaster struck, one can also ask what impact disasters have on
social organization.
2.3.2
Functionalist Theory
The idea of functionalist developed by Emile Durkheim 1915, he
argued that ‘the organic unity of society, leads functionalist to speculate
about needs which must be met for social system to exist, as well as the way in
which social institutions satisfy those needs, such as every society will have
a religion, because religious institution have certain functions which
contribute to the survival of the social system as a whole. Social system work
to maintain equilibrium and to return to it after external shocks disturb the
balance among the social institution. ‘Social equilibrium is achieved, most
importantly through socialization of members of the society into the basic
values and norms of that society.
In order to
control flood disaster in vulnerable areas and other party of the National,
deferent parties of the society/community should work together as unit in order
to attain common goals of solving social problem when arise in any community or
society in general. All parties dealing with disaster management should work
together in all phases to reduce the persistence of flooding disaster since
some disasters are natural. According to Calhoun et al.(1994) there must be the
inter dependence among parts of social system just as a human body as made up
of inter related parts of which each part play a role of in maintaining a whole
further argued that social system are composed of inter connected part both
support and depend one another. Each part has some contributions that must make
of the whole system to work well. Functions were the effects that some social
groups or institutions have a system of relationship to other, if one part will
not work accordingly, will affect other part within the system. As the result
it reduces efficiency and development of the society. The dysfunction of the
system in the community in preventing flood disaster can cause different
strategies not to be achieved. Functional theory believes that system is
functionally integrated to the extent that all parts cooperate to each one with
good services and support their need. Also there must be functional
relationship, division of responsibilities, specific functions in terms of how
and working places, so as to ensure they needs of the system as a whole. They
argue that if these parties of the society cannot work properly it will cause
dysfunctions of the society which may cause arise of social problems.
Brinkerhoff, (1988) argue that “functionalist theory addresses the question of
social organization and how it was maintained. The study of the society must
begin with an identification of the parts of the society, and how the community
works together as a team. That society has assumption in stability that any
social patterns whether contributed to the maintenance of the society harmony,
as part these should work together for the good of the whole society.
Community member as one part
of the system should work together with other part of the system like
government and non government organization to prevent flood disaster in the
community, each part has to stand on its position. As the community has the role
on imposing some rules, values, custom to the new generation, and to prevent
the occurrence of floods in their community and society in general. The impacts
of floods in socio-economic development in Mtwara Mikindani are caused by poor
functioning of the organization dealing with flooding disaster.
2.4
Research Gap
From the reviewed literatures and
theories, there is evident that all actors involvement in solving flood
disaster which is very crucial. it is observed that other actors do not play
their role part on flood disaster preparedness, management and mitigation. The
previous study has not identified for what extent are the people impacted in
socio-economic development in Mtwara Mikindani , that is why , this study want
to identify the impacts of floods for socio-economic development in Mtwara
Mikindani
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0
Introduction
This chapter
presents the research approach, area of study and the design the researcher
adopted to enable ascertain the information for this study, it also specify the
research population from which the sample size is taken, the sampling
procedures that were followed during the process of determining the sample
size. The chapter also shows the research instruments used in gathering
information with the data gathering procedures. In the same chapter data
analysis and procedures are shown. Ethical consideration and expected research
limitations are shown as well as the way in which they were dealt with in the
study.
3.1 Research
approach
This research
includes Mixed Methods Approach where by both qualitative and quantitative
methods are combined in a single study (Kroll & Neri 2009). The qualitative
and quantitative principles and procedures in designing, data collection, data
analyzing, sampling techniques and data presentation techniques will be
integrated in this research respectively to the priority.
3.2 Research Design
The study employs
a case study research design. This research design assisted the researcher in
obtaining the perceptions and opinions of respondents relating to the cases
available to make a full description of the whole phenomenon at hand. A case
study will help a researcher to design questionnaires and interviews as the
instruments of data collection, furthermore, a case study design will enable
the researcher in identifying the impacts of floods in social and economic
development in Mtwara Mikindani from the respondents found in the area.
.
3.3 Area of
study
Mtwara Mikindani is a one of the administrative units
of Mtwara region. It lies between longitudes 38' and 40' 30" east of
Greenwich and latitudes 10' 05" and 11' 25" south of the equator
(Malocho, 2015). Municipality has an area of 163 kilometer square or
1.0% of the regional area of which 64 kilometer square is urban proper and
98.75 kilometer square has characteristics of sub – urban. The present
population figures provide a population
density of 726 kilometer squares. The unit
covers18 wards such as Chikongola, Chuno, Likombe, Majengo, Railway, Shangani,
Ufukoni, Vigaeni, Rahaleo, Naliendele, Mitengo, Mtonya, Magengeni, Kisungure
and Jangwani (Malocho, 2015).
The Population is
estimated to be 156,436 persons (2012 Census). The major occupation along the
coastal strip is fishing with an average annual fish production of 385 metric
tons. Industry, trade and commerce are the major economic activities in the
Central Business District (CBD). A number of other trading activities are also
carried out along various streets. About 33% of the population is involved in
urban agriculture. The municipal possess a total of 9,000 hectors of arable
land but only 6,757 hectors has been
utilized (SMEC, 2016).
The
climate of the study area is located in eastern Africa and is predominately
affected by air masses and weather systems from the east and the Indian Ocean.
It has typical tropical climate is influenced by Monsoon winds of Indian Ocean
influence the rainfall in the area. The town has bi-season climate, a hot humid
rainy Season from November to May influenced by dominant North – East winds
humid dry Season from June to October influenced by South-East Winds. Average
annual precipitation is about 800mm -1000mm.The highest and lowest monthly mean
air temperatures are 27ºC and 23.8ºC in December and July respectively.
Relative humidity varies between 87% in March and 79% in October (SMEC, 2016).
The Topography is
slightly undulating as a town is located on the coastal line of Indian Ocean
with predominantly flat and undulating terrain. Elevated areas can be found on
the gentle hills on westerns side of Mikindani. The elevation of
Mtwara-Mikindani is low ranging from 0 to 50ml. Generally, the elevation of
Mtwara-Mikindani has a low landscape ranging from the Sea level up to 50 meters.
Figure 3.1: A map of
Tanzania
Figure 3.2: A map of Mtwara Mikindani showing flood
prone wards
3.4 Sampling
Procedure
Stratified
and purposive sampling techniques will used in selecting suitable respondents
for the study. Stratified random sampling technique enabled the researcher in
obtaining relevant respondents from different sub groups in research
population. As purposive sampling technique will help the researcher in
obtaining suitable data of the record of those disaster incidents in Mtwara
Mikindani Commissioners office that had enough information about the research
objective. Snow ball sampling technique will be used to get almost all people
who were affected by floods in four wards such as Chikongola, Chuno, Shangani
and Vigaeni, thus they will provide valuable and varied data about the research
objective.
3.5 Research
Sample Size
The sample size
comprised of 100 respondents as indicated in table 3.2. The researcher obtained
this sample size by employing Slovene’s formula stated below.
n=
N
1 +N (e) 2
Where
n= sample size, N= Target population and e= level of significance at 0.05
level.
n= 156436 156436 156436 156436
1+156436(0.05) 2 1+156436×0.1 1+15643.6 15644.6
n=
99.99999 or 100
|
NO
|
Category of
respondents
|
Target
population
|
Percentages
|
|||
|
A
|
Respondents
in floods prone areas
|
|
|
|||
|
1
|
Chikongola
|
20
|
19.6
|
|||
|
2
|
Chuno
|
20
|
19.6
|
|||
|
3
|
Shangani
|
20
|
19.6
|
|||
|
4
|
Vigaeni
|
20
|
19.6
|
|||
|
B
|
Disaster
management related personnel
|
|
|
|||
|
1
|
Department of
disaster mitigation
|
9
|
9.85
|
|||
|
2
|
Tanzania meteorological agency
|
9
|
9.85
|
|||
|
3
|
Mtwara
Mikindani municipal commissioners
|
2
|
1.9
|
|||
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
|||
Figure 3.1:
Population size
3.6 Sources of
data
In this study, the sources of data will be
both primary and secondary source where data will be collected direct from the
area of study via questionnaires and interviews, and there will speculation in
various literatures such as previous research reports, books, magazines,
newspapers, journals e.t.c. from various places such as libraries, websites
e.t.c.
3.7 Research
Instruments
The instruments of
data collection in this study will be Questionnaire and Interview.
3.7.1 Questionnaire
An open ended and
closed ended questionnaire with 5 like scale will be employed. The
questionnaires will be self administrated to the selected sample. It will be
adopted for it is easy to analyze, interpret, compare and it is the best tool
used in exploring the perception and feelings of respondents quantified from in
range of 0.5 to 3.0. As a respondent choose strongly agree, the agreement on
the question will be valued from 0.5 to the maximum of 1.00 where as if a
respondent strongly disagree on the question asked the disagreement will be
valued at 2.51 to the maximum of 3.00 and this having the low opinion to
question’s answer.
3.7.2 Interview
Also the
researcher used unstructured interview method of data collection will be used to fill some gaps that were not met by the
questionnaires like where exact information will be required like the number of
those affected and the real effect of the flood.
3.8 Validity
and Reliability of the Instruments
The
content validity will be ensured by subjecting the instrument to experts who
estimated the validity by their experience for example, the Senior lecturers
and professors placed their input to the instrument’s validity. To ensure
reliability of the instrument test-retest method will be adopted. A pilot study
will make repeatedly in helping to check the reliability of the questions in
the instrument as well as necessary corrections were made where the instrument
proved not reliable until it become reliable.
3.9 Data
Analysis Strategies
The
figures and frequencies and percentages will be used in analyzing data about
the respondents profile descriptive mean will be statistically computed using
Special Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and the quality data will be
analyzed by descriptive and explanatory in determining and identifying the
socio-economic impacts of flood in hit areas and disaster management offices in
Mtwara Mikindani municipality. The mean value computed will be interpreted with
the likert scale mentioned below.
|
0.5-1.00
|
Strong agree
|
Very satisfactory
|
|
1.01-1.50
|
Agree
|
Satisfactory
|
|
1.51-2.00
|
Neutral
|
Fairly satisfactory
|
|
2.01-2.50
|
Disagree
|
Low satisfactory
|
|
2.51-3.00
|
Strongly disagree
|
Very low satisfactory
|
3.10 Ethical
Consideration
In
order to ensure confidentiality of the information provided by the respondents
and to ascertain the practice of ethics in this study, the researcher sort
permission to adopt the standardized questionnaire on the victims at flood
prone areas and the disaster management departments. All respondents were coded
instead of reflecting the names. The researcher solicited permission through a
written request to the concerned municipal officials on floods prone areas and
officials of disaster management office in Mtwara Mikindani.
To
test the reliability will be done to produce credible measurement of the
research variables. Furthermore, if there should be a need to use of research
assistants, may brought about inconsistency in the administration of the
questionnaires in terms for terms of time of administration, understanding of
the terms in the questionnaire and explanations given to the respondents. To
minimize these threats, the researcher assistants will be oriented and given
brief knowledge on the procedures to be followed in data collection.
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