The academic paper

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The academic paper refers to a formal writing that follows scholarly principles and skills and it is done particularly in colleges. Oshima, A and Hogue, A (2007) make it clear that Academic writing is different from creative writing and personal writing in which you write stories or write letters or e-mails to your friends and family respectively. Creative writing and personal writing are informal, so you may use slang, abbreviations, and incomplete sentences. In the academic paper, you should take care to use formal language, write complete sentences and to organize them in a certain way. Academic writing is writing done by scholars for other scholars whereby as a scholar, you read about, think about, argue about, and write about great ideas as well as citing scholarly ideas and acknowledging them in in-text citation and referencing. This includes organizing ideas in paragraphs which make up an introduction, main body and conclusion of the work as a whole.
 The topic of my choice will be “STREET BEGGING”.  I will discuss the meaning of begging, and the causes of street begging. My paper will be organized into three parts; an introduction, main body, and conclusion.











STREET BEGGING IN TANZANIA
INTRODUCTION
Begging as a social, psychological and economic global problem has been prevailing and increasing in urban areas for years due to various factors. Mortimer (2005) defines street begging as the practice of asking for money, food, shelter or other things from people beggars encounter by request without an exchange of service in a public place. Street beggars refer to the people who are going around in streets looking for their basic needs such as food shelter and clothes as well as healthcare protection in urban areas to earn their livelihood (Jelili, 2013). According to Namwata et al., (2012) the term “street beggars” are individuals, including children, elderly people, people with disabilities, and patients who normally ask help in streets or public places such as shopping areas, churches, and mosques by asking people for money and food. This paper intends to discuss factors leading to street begging in Tanzania.
MAIN BODY
In Tanzania, street begging is seen in big towns and cities such as in Mwanza, Dodoma, Singida, Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Arusha, Morogoro, and Mbeya. Street begging is caused by a number of factors such as poverty, sickness, orphanage, social influence, civil war, unemployment, lack of education and so forth. The following are causes of street begging in Tanzania.
Poverty as the situation of failing to afford basic needs is one of the causes of street begging in Tanzania. Kongoley (2017) argues that “poverty as a subculture passes from one generation to another and becomes institutionalized in the poor some characteristics which preparing the ground for the phenomenon of begging”. Most of the beggars find themselves in a challenge in life where they are unable to get food, clothes, and shelter forcing them to engage in street begging in order to be helped such needs.
Unemployment is currently a challenge even among university graduates in Tanzania. This situation turns jobless people into beggars even to their parents and relatives. Also, Unemployment among parents may cause them fail to support basic needs to the children forcing the children to be street beggars. Street begging is a social issue normally caused by a situation of joblessness. It is also an economic issue reflecting that society is not inclusive (http://www.faceofmalawi.com/members/admin/)
Climatic change and polluted land which fails to produce enough food lead to hunger forcing the victims into begging. Under the current semi-arid conditions involving climate change and variability, soil infertility results in low crop production that leads to little food and income.  As a result, the absence of other means for obtaining a sustainable livelihood and absolute poverty drive people into begging, either temporarily or permanently (Namwata et al., 2010; 2011).
Disability and diseases force some people to involve in street begging. Jha’s (1979) able-bodied, physically handicapped, diseased are the victims of begging. People with disabilities such as blindness, deaf, crippled, mental disability find it hard to get basic needs. Thus they seek helps in the street through begging. On the other hand, patients who suffer from serious diseases may find it hard to engage in economic activities. Thus, they only opt to seek help from begging
The orphanage, when parents pass away leading to their children becoming orphans. The children may be in dilemma on how to get basic needs forcing them into street begging. That is why some people decide to open orphanage centers in order to help some of the children who manage to access the orphanage centers.

CONCLUSION
By summing up, Street begging is caused by poverty, sickness, orphanage, social influence, civil war, unemployment, lack of education and so forth. Begging has different effects on the beggars, environment and the economy of the family and nation at large. Beggars may be psychologically affected especially children who accompany beggars. Kongoley (2017) agreed to this as he says “begging is a social problem which has a psychological consequence such as the development of inferiority complex in the beggars and beggars’ family members. Hindu (2005) adds that begging is harsh, humiliating, demeaning, degrading and frustrating beggars. Mortimer (2005) asserts that the consequences of begging include sexual harassment of female beggars. Additionally, beggars affect the economy lead to the increase in poverty as they do not produce rather they are dependent.
REFERENCES
Jelili, M.O. (2013) Street Begging in Cities: Cultural, Political and Socio-Economic Questions.                 Global Journal of Human Social Science( Sociology and Culture) Volume 13 Issue 5         Version 1.0 of the Year 2013. ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN:0975-587X
Jha, M.(1979). The beggars of a pilgrim’s city: anthropological, sociological, historical and religious
aspects of beggars and lepers of Puri. Varanasi: Kishor Vidhya Niketan
Kongoley, S, P (2017) International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7,     Issue 7, July 2017 485 ISSN 2250-3153
Mortimer, L. (2005). Developing a strategy for street begging. Portsmouth: Community Safety                   Executive. Retrieved 14th, May 2018 from
              www.portsmonth.gov.uk/media/cs20051005m.pdf
Namwata, B.M.L., M.R. Mgabo & P. Dimoso (2010). Dynamics of Street Beggars and Begging                Life in Urban Areas of Central Zone Tanzania: The Case of Dodoma and Singida             Municipalities. Draft report submitted to Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA), Dar          Es Salaam, Tanzania.

Namwata, B.M.L., M.R. Mgabo & P. Dimoso (2011).Demographic dimensions and their implications on the incidence of street begging in urban areas of Central Tanzania: The case of Dodoma and Singida Municipalities. Global Journal of Human Social Science,      11(4): 53–60.
Namwata, B.M.L., M.R. Mgabo and P. Dimoso (2012). Categories of Street Beggars and Factors            Influencing Street Begging in Central Tanzania. African Study Monographs, 33 (2): 133-           143, June 2012 133
Oshima A & Hogue, A.( 2007). Introduction to Academic Writing: 3rd, Ed. U.S.A.            Pearson Education, Inc.
The Hindu (2005) Indian Beggars, Retrieved from www.hindu.com 14th, May 2018
http://www.faceofmalawi.com/members/admin/


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