Is a Pidgin or Creole Lingua Franca?

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STELLA MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
(STEMMUCO)
               (A Constituent of Saint Augustine Mtwara University College of Tanzania)
                                                                                   
    DEPARTMENT:                         LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE
  COURSE TITLE:                         SOCIOLINGUISTICS
  COURSE CODE:                          LL 302
  COURSE INSTRUCTOR:            MR. HAULE
  NATURE OF ASIGNMENT:       INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
ATTEMPTED BY:                        ANDREW LUCAS M.
REGISTRATION NO;                   STE/BAED/163044
 DATE OF SUBMISSION:             06 NOVEMBER, 2018
                                                                                              
TASK: Is a  Pidgin or Creole Lingua Franca?

 INTRODUCTION
A Pidgin is the language that arises to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages who are in sustained contact with each other, for example in plantation or trade (Rickford, 1987). Although it is no one's native language, a Pidgin involve the mixture or compromise of languages of its users, also it is restricted in social role and simplified or reduced in linguistic resources.
Creole is simply defined as a language that have been spoken across generations and which have developed native speakers. It starts to introduce more complex grammar, have its own vocabulary which is distinct from its origin languages and fully developed system of grammar (Loftman, 1953).
According to McIntosh (2013) Lingua Franca refers to the language used for communication between groups of people who speak different languages but not been members of the same group. The international business community sees English as a lingua franca. For example a Chinese speaker and a Kiswahili speaker may use English as Lingua Franca when communicating with each other.
PIDGIN OR CREOLE ARE NOT LINGUA FRANCA AS FOLLOWS:
Often Pidgin languages are based on simplified versions of one main language, while borrowing vocabulary and grammar from several additional languages. This is different to lingua franca where by the mere language itself tend to have complex vocabulary and is universally applied, this is to say that Lingua Franca tend to maintain its status as used by its native speakers  even if it is used by non- native speakers to communicate. For example the kind of English used by Chinese and Swahili speakers is likely to have the same grammar rules like that spoken by English native speakers. Thus pidgin is not a lingua franca.
A Creole can become a standard language therefore have the potential of becoming lingua franca while a pidgin may not. This is possible when speech community make a Creole most importance in a given community and it become subjected to expansion which lead to modification of linguistic features and form thus change status to standard language which in turn can be used by international speakers as lingua franca while a pidgin may fail to reach the stage if subjected to death before advancing to the Creole.
Pidgin languages share the main characteristics of lingua franca in that they are used as a means of communication between different communities. But Pidgin differ from lingua franca in that, pidgin has no native speakers. If a pidgin language is used long enough in any one area, children reared in this community acquire it as their native language. When this happens the pidgin becomes the natural language of a segment of the population and is said to be creolized.
In certain countries the lingua franca is also the national language. But a Creole or pidgin  cannot be national language For example in Indonesia, although the Java language  has many native speakers still Indonesian is the sole official language and is spoken throughout the country, also, Persian is both the Lingua Franca and national language in Iran.
Lingua franca accompany - in fact, make possible - culture contact
and acculturation. It is no wonder  that their vocabularies show dramatic changes. This happens when the natural language can no longer compete with other languages, either because it has moved into a different area or because non-native speakers predominate over the native speakers where the language is indigenous. Thus where Pidgin English is spoken one can usually describe an original situation where learners of English were not only of inferior status but also far more numerous than speakers of English.

CONCLUSION
Generally, all of these three (Pidgin, Creole and Lingua franca) forms of communication are designed to bring people from different groups together, pidgin as well as Creole features from lexical, grammatical and phonological subsystems do not derive from a single source language.

REFERENCES
Loftman, B (1953).Creole Languages of the Caribbean Area (Columbus University M.A thesis )
McIntosh, C. (2013). Cambridge Advanced learner's Dictionary: Fourth Edition. Cambridge                                            University Press.
Rickford, J.R. (1987) Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History and analysis of Guyese                                                Creole. Stanford , California: Stanford University Press.

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