Sampling

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Sampling is process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined  number of observations are taken from the larger population.
The methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on the type of analysis being random sampling or systematic sampling.
Probability ; is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability for a participant to be consider as probability sample, helshe must be selected using a random selection. The most important requirement of probability sampling is that everyone in your population has a known and an equal chance to be of getting selected. For example if you have a population of 100 people every person would have odds of 1 in 100 for getting selected. Probability sampling gives you the best chance to create a sample that is truly representative of the population.
Probability sampling uses statistical theory to select randomly, a small group of people (sample) from an existing large population and then predict that their responses together will match the overall population.
Types of probability sampling.
Simple random sampling
As the name suggest is a completely random method of selecting the subjects. These can include assigning numbers to all subjects and then using a random numbers generator to choose random numbers.
Stratified random sampling
Involves splitting subjects into mutually exclusive groups and then using random sampling to choose members from random.  
Systematic sampling
Means that you choose every participant from a complete list. For example you could choose every 100th  person listed.
Cluster random sampling.
Is a way to randomly select participants from a list that is too large for simple random? For example, if you wanted to choose 1000 participants from the entire population of U. S. A. it is likely impossible to get a complete list of everyone. Instead, the researcher randomly selects areas.
Non- probability sampling.
Is a sampling technique where the odds of any member being selected for a sample cannot be calculated?  It is the opposite of probability sampling where you can calculate the odds.
Types of non sampling
Convenience sampling
 As the name suggest, this involves collecting a sample from somewhere convenient to you; the mall, you local school your church. Sometimes called accidental sampling opportunity sampling or grab sampling
Haphazard sampling
Where a researcher chooses items haphazardly, trying to simulate randomness. However, the result may not be random at all and is often tainted by selection bias.
Purposive sampling
Where the researcher chooses a sample based on their knowledge about the population and the study itself. The study participants are chosen based on the study’s purpose.
Expert sampling
In this method, the researcher draws the sample from a list of experts in the field.
Quota sampling
Where the groups (men and women)in the sample are proportional to the groups in the population .
Snowball sampling
Where researcher participants recruit other members for the study. This method is particularly useful when participants might be hard to find. For example a study on working prostitutes or current heroin users.
Difference
Probability sampling involves random selection while non probability sampling does not relies on the subjective judgment of the researcher
Techniques the individual or subject has equal chance of selection during data collection while the individual or subject has chance to be selected or might not.
The result generated by probability sampling are free from bias while non probability sampling the result of generated non probability sampling are more or less biased.
Probability sampling are more expensive and time consuming has higher while non probability  has less expensive
Probability has higher population while non population has less population






REFFERENCE
Suresh, sharman (2014). Nursing research and statistics. Elsevier health science.p. 224
Marshall, martin n (1996)sampling for qualitative research  family practice 13.
Strauss, A and corbin J. (1999) “basic of qualitative research . London; sage publications.  


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