Climate change

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Climate change: while we have always had to deal with a variable climate, the majority of studies, analyses and management techniques have been based on the belief that the hydrological series was stationary, i.e. while there may be fluctuations, the mean value would remain roughly the same. There is now mounting evidence of trends in hydrological series. Many areas face a drying and warming climate and thus potentially less water availability;
Increasing vulnerability to severe weather events: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Technical Paper on Climate Change and Water highlights the potential for more frequent and more severe weather events. With increasing populations at risk and the potential for a shift in the risk profile in many areas, safety of life and property will remain high on the agenda;
Growing urban demand: the population of urban centres continues to grow and urban areas continue to spread, thus placing greater pressure on water supply systems as well as reducing the availability of arable land, and, in some cases, placing increased pressure on water supply catchments;
Over-allocation of existing supplies: the water in many supply systems has been allocated on the basis of past availability or existing demand and has not been kept in line with current or future availability; thus, many systems are over-allocated;
Unrestricted extractions: in many areas, there are no management plans or restrictions on water extractions (for example, pumping from rivers and groundwater extractions). These have resulted in less water being available and have in some case led to mining of the resource. The expansion of farm dams in some areas also reduces the supply of water entering river systems;
Land-use change: clear-felling, expanding plantations and the opening of new areas to agriculture all have impacts on the water resource; unintended events, such as bushfires, can lead to a reduction in the availability of water and water-quality problems. Changes to land use, even within agricultural areas, have implications for both water availability and water use;
Environmental requirements: there has been an increasing emphasis on the requirement for environmental flows to maintain ecosystems such as wetland and in-stream environments. Community expectations are that we should see the environment as a rightful and high-priority user of water
.Abbast S.A. (2001): Water resource Projects and their environment impact”. Himalaya
publishing house, New Delhi. Pp 89-92
• Biswas Asit K. (1993): “Water for sustainable development in 21st century – A Global
perspective Oxford publisher, Delhi. Pp 73-75
• Banil P.C. (1993): “Water Management in India”, Anmol Publishing, New Delhi. Pp 32-
37
• Chaturvedi M.C. (1987): “Water resources systems planning and management”, Tata
McGraw Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi. Pp 43-48
• Grigg Nell’s (1985): “Water Resources Planning”, McGraw Hill Book company,
Washington.
• Mathhews Olen, Paul (1987): “Water resources Geography and Law.” Scientific
publisher, Jodhpur. Pp 153-162
• Mishra H.N. & Singh Vijai P. (1998): “Research Methodology in Geography”, Rawat
Publication, Jaipur. Pp 35-39
• Mishra R.P. & A. Ramesh (1984): “Resource Geography”, Heritage Publisher, New
Delhi.
• Rao K.S. (1992): “Fresh Water Ecology”, Anmol Publication, New Delhi. Pp 65-70
• Sen & Das P.K. (1986): “Water utilization of Form level”, National Institute of Rural
development, Hydrabad. Pp 168-173
• Sharma V.K. (1989): “Water Resources & Water management”, Himalaya Publishing
Bombay.
• Singh R.B. (1996): “Research in Geography”, Vol. II, APH Publishing corporation, New
Delhi. Pp 263-265

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