Discuss the barriers and motivating factors related to community participation with examples from Tanzania.

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INTRODUCTION
Community participation can be loosely defined as the involvement of people in a commu-
nity in projects to solve their own problems. People cannot be forced to ‘participate’ in
projects which affect their lives but should be given the opportunity where possible. This is
held to be a basic human right and a fundamental principle of democracy. Community
participation is especially important in emergency sanitation programmes where people may
be unaccustomed to their surroundings and new sanitation facilities.

MAIN BODY
The following are the barriers related to community participation:-
Lack of training has also been reported to have an effect on the performance of community members. In this regard, the community members claimed that after their appointment as members of the committees they never received any capacity building training concerning roles, responsibilities, and management in general. For that reason, they lack financial and management skills to perform their duties in the development and implementation of community as narrated by one of the respondents.
lack of a specific budget in the Community Plan for financing activities. This study found that lack of financial resources to support the implementation of community activities in the society not only hinders the participation in developing and implementing but also hinders the effective functioning of these committees, including lack of timetables for conducting meetings as required in the guidelines. Some participants showed concern that lack of financial resources for paying allowances to community members when they perform their duties has led them to become dormant or ineffective in participating in the implementation of various activities. They underscored that allowances act as catalysts and motivators for members to work hard. Lack of budget negatively affects the implementation of community activities.
The approaches of community development mostly target on rural areas in this case we don't expect many officers to work in urban areas. This is challenges to most of the youth would wish to stay in town.
Availability of the retired personal at villages who instead of helping the community development officer for participation some of them to discourage the development activities.
The following are motivation factors related to community participation:-
Sanitation provision is not always a prioritised demand among disaster-affected communi-
ties. Other issues such as food, water and health care may present more obvious needs. This
is often due to a lack of understanding of the links between sanitation and health. The
importance of hygiene promotion in helping to raise levels of awareness and sensitivity can
be a key aspect of engaging and mobilising communities.
It is important to remember that no community is completely homogeneous but is likely to be
made up of people with a wide range of backgrounds and characteristics. Therefore what
motivates one group of people within a community may not motivate others. Raising
awareness about the public health aspects of sanitation may motivate some people to
participate, whilst the opportunity to raise one’s status or position in society may be a much
stronger motivating force for other community members.  Motivation sources may not always be immediately obvious. Male Congolese refugees in
Kigoma became much keener to construct family latrines once they were made aware that
their female family members might be in danger of being sexually assaulted or raped when
practicing open defecation.

CONCLUSION
Properly understood, community engagement represents a paradigm shift in the way that governments and services do business. By engaging communities in full partnerships and sharing decision-making with them, governments and services are making a significant shift from traditional ways of determining policies and services. While not easy to achieve, such a change in practice has the capacity to improve the responsiveness and effectiveness of professional services. Community engagement is both an end in itself and a means to an end. It is an end in itself in that families value a service system that understands and is responsive to their needs, and meaningful participation (such as through joint decision-making) has positive benefits for people's health and wellbeing. Community engagement is also a means to an end, in that it enables the development and delivery of services that are more attuned to community concerns and needs, and that ultimately lead to positive changes in parenting and family functioning. Community engagement is thus the medium through which a service system delivers more effective and responsive services, and communities are actively involved in designing services and social supports to meet their needs more effectively. As such, community engagement is a key strategy for improving outcomes for Tanzania  children and their families.



REFERENCE
Gosling, Louisa and Edwards, Mike (1995) Toolkits: A practical guide to assessment.
            monitoring, review and evaluation. Save the Children: London.
Goyet, Claude d.V.d. (1999) Stop Propagating Disaster Myths. Pan American Health
             Organisation: Washington. (http://www.paho.org)
GTZ (1988) ZOPP in Brief: Objectives-oriented project planning. Deutsche Gesellshaft
            fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ): Eschborn.
Phiri, Samuel (2001) (Hygiene Promotion Co-ordinator, Médecins Sans Frontières,            
            Zambia)Personal communication (Interview).
Rietbergen-McCracken, J. and Narayan, D. (compiled by) (1998) Participation and    
              SocialAssessment: Tools and techniques. The International Bank for  
              Reconstruction and Devel-opment / The World Bank: Washington D.C.
Smout, Ian; Samson, Kevin; Coates, Sue & Snel, Marielle (2000) Community and  
             Manage-ment: A postgraduate distance learning module. WEDC,
                Loughborough University: UK.
Svendsen, Dian Seslar; Foster, Pam & Sartorius, Rolf (1998) Facilitation Skills: An
              introduc- tory guide. Project Concern/Social Impact: USA.
UNCHS (1986) Community Participation in Low-cost Sanitation. United Nations Centre
               for Human Settlements (Habitat): Nairobi.

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