Investigation on the productivity of urban livestock keeping on socio-economic development among the local communities
Investigation
on the productivity of urban livestock keeping on socio-economic development
among the local communities
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
This
chapter consists of the back ground of the study, statement of the problem,
research objectives, and research question, significant of the study, scope of
the study and definition of the key terms.
1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Livestock is commonly defined as domesticated
animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce labor and commodities such
as meat, eggs, fur,
leather and wool (FAO 2010). The term is
sometimes used to refer solely to
those that are bred for consumption, while other times it refers only to farmed
ruminants such as cattle and goats. Livestock
as a word was first used between 1650 and 1660, as a compound word combining
the words "live" and "stock". In some periods, "cattle"
and "livestock" have been used interchangeably. Today, the modern
meaning of cattle is domesticated bovines, while livestock has a wider. Livestock
systems occupy about 30 per cent of the planet ice-free terrestrial surface and
are significant global asset with a value of at least 1.4 trillion. ( Steinfeld
et al, 2006).
According to the United Food and Agricultural
Organization FAO (2010), livestock contribute approximately 12.9% of global
calories and 27.9% of global protein consumed. This livestock sector is
increasingly organized in long market chain that employs at least 1.3 billion
people globally and directly supports the livelihood of 600 million poor
smallholder formers in the developing world (Thorntom et al, 2006). Keeping
livestock is an important risk reduction strategy for vulnerable communities
and livestock are important provider of nutrient and traction for growing crops
in smallholder system. Livestock systems have both positive and negative effect
on the natural resource base, public, health, social equity and economic growth
(Word Bank 2009).
According
to Humphrey (1980), Livestock make an important contribution to most economies.
Livestock produce food, provide security, enhance crop production, generate cash
incomes for rural and urban populations, provide fuel and transport, and
produce value added goods which can have multiplier effects and create a need
for services. Furthermore, livestock diversify production and income, provide
year-round employment, and spread risk. Livestock also form a major capital
reserve of farming households. Because of livestock's contribution to
societies, human and economic pressures can direct livestock production in ways
detrimental to the environment. (Humphrey, 1980).
Thornton (2010) said that livestock is highly
dynamic in developing country, it involving in response to rapidly increasingly
demand for livestock product. ( Samuel and Alejandro, 2007),
explain the livestock productivity in the developing country (world) in the
context of growing demand for livestock product and substantial change in the
structure of food demand for commercialization of production growing importance
of international market.(
FAO,
2010 ) Nigeria, said urban livestock keeping in developing cities have an
important role in food security and livelihood but can also passé a significant
threat to the environment and health of urban dwellers. And identify the
different livestock system in Nairobi, their supply chains and their management
and food safety risks.
According
to FAO (2010) Dar es Salaam has been the subject of a great many studies of
urban livestock .In 1984 urban DSM had 1763 crossbred dairy cattle. Some 10
years later at the end of 1993 cattle number in the urban world of the city had
increased to 14,721.This show good productivity of livestock in the area. Generally
the productivity of livestock keeping in Tanzania brings a lot of revenue to
the development of the country. (FAO, 2010)
1.2 STATMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Productivity
of livestock keeping is one among the important aspect in people’s lives due to
the important of product produced by animals. The livestock species play very
important roles for the wellbeing such as food supply, people got employment,
through jobs parents able to take their children to the school, asset saving, livelihoods,
transport, they provide an important source of nourishment for billions of
rural and urban household. (Otte and Chilonda 2000). Agricultural traction,
Agricultural diversification and sustainable agricultural production. Animal
were used as a source of nutrient recycling, a way to increase income and
source of commercial products. It increases the efficiency of the livestock
sector through sustainable solution. Also it increases human population and urbanization
rates. Manures from ruminants system can be a valuable source of nutrients for
smallholder crops. (Moyo et al, 2010).
Despite of all the significances that
livestock keeping have in sustaining peoples livelihoods, yet there are region
in Tanzania that have not capitalized in animal husbandry as means of
generating income. Therefore this study is aimed at investigating on the
productivity of urban livestock keeping on social and economic development
among the local community in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
·
1.3.1
General objective
The
purpose of the study was to investigate on the productivity of urban livestock
keeping on local communities in Mtwara Municipality.
·
1.3.2
Specific objective
a) To
assess categories of livestock raised in the study area.
b) To
identify the social-economic impact of livestock keeping in the study area.
c) To
explore the role of government on livestock keeping in the study area.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
a. What
are the categories of livestock keeping in Mtwara Mikindani municipal
b. What
are the social – economic impact of livestock keeping in Mtwara Mikindani Muncipal
c. What
are the roles of government on livestock keeping in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The
significant of the study categorized into three group such a society,
Government and researchers.
This study helps all
societies to understand the negative and positive impact of the productivity of
urban livestock keeping in local community in Mtwara district and its benefit
toward social and economic development within the Mtwara region. This study helps
the government of Tanzania to establish roles, principles and policies which
helps the societies to undergo changes within their society so as to cope with
the global development. The researchers will broaden an understanding of what
product can offer from livestock keeping and how beneficial they are for
Tanzanian households and community development as well as country development.
Generally, this study will helps to rise the production of livestock keeping in
Mtwara district because those challenges mentioned will be solved by the government.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Scope
refers to the parameter under which the study will be operating. Wiersman
(2000). The study will cover Mtwara Mikindani Municipal and will focus on the
types of livestock keeping, impact of the livestock keeping and role of
government in livestock keeping. The study aim to know and understand the
productivity of urban livestock keeping in urban area and its social economic
development among the local community in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal.
1.7 DIFINITION OF TERMS.
1.7.1 Livestock
Is the farming of domesticated terrestrial
animals to produce food, fibre and labor. According to (Steinfeld, 2006).
1.7.2 Productivity
This
is defined as the efficient use of resources, labor, capital, land, material,
energy, information, in the production of various goods and services. OR Is
commonly define a ratio between the output volume and the volume of input.
Productivity is considered a key source of economic growth and competitiveness and,
as such, is basic statistical information for many international comparison and
country performance assessment.( Krugman,1994).
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This
chapter presents life history theory, types of livestock keeping, importance of
livestock keeping, challenge of livestock keeping, socio-economic impact of
livestock keeping, role of government on livestock keeping, research gap and
conceptual framework
2.2 literature review
2.2.1 Life History Theory
Life
history theory, this theory founded by Charles Darwin when he observed a discrepancy
between the number of eggs of large whites Daris (a sea slug) and the abundance
of the species. He realize that the abundance of the species does not
necessarily depend on the number of offspring produced ( Van Straalen and
Roelofs,2006).Life history theory deals with the question why power of
propagation differ so much between species and with the way organism spread its
production to the environment it lives in.( Brommer, 2000 Van Straalen and
Roelofs, 2006). Therefore Darwin believe that the production and survival of
the species and animal depends on the number of factors such as environmental
impact and intrinsic factor ie, trade-offs among life-history traits and
lineage-specific constrains on the expression of genetic variation( Streamd,
2000).
2.2.2 Types of livestock keeping
According to Jahnke, (1982).The classification covers the
following animal species: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig and chicken. In
geographic terms, systems are grouped according to the following regions:
sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); Asia; Central and South America (CSA); West Asia and
North Africa (WANA); Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) member countries, excluding Turkey, which was included in WANA; eastern
Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS); and other developed
countries (Israel and South Africa.
Livestock production systems are considered to
be a subset of farming systems. A review of the literature (Ruthenberg, 1980;
Jahnke, 1982; FAO, 1980; De Boer, 1992; FAO, 1994) revealed that most farming
systems classifications are not backed by quantitative criteria, which would
enable cases to be clearly allocated to one class. These classifications are
closer to typologies. No attempts at developing a classification of world
livestock systems by using quantitative statistical methodologies (cluster
analysis and related methodologies) could be located in the literature. This
probably relates to the lack of appropriate data sets for such approaches on a
global scale. (FAO, 1999).
Wint.and
Bourn, (1994). explore that the classification criteria were limited to three:
integration with crops, relation to land and agro- ecological zone. In
addition, the landless system group was split into two - landless ruminant and
landless monogastric - bringing the total number of systems to 11.Mtwara Mikindani
Municipal Council has smallest proportional of livestock keeping like goats
(298,013), cattle’s (32,684), sheep(15,274) and donkey(131) in small size. Also
there is a large population of poultry especially indigenous chicken (1,311,495)
and significant number of improved chickens- both broilers and layers (92,044).
According
to Garcia,(2006). Explain classification of livestock keeping depend on
different area ; types of livestock depending on capital investment and labor
as extensive livestock keeping that involve capital investment is limited and productivity is low. Mostly cattle graze
on large pasture in the open air, and intensive livestock keeping that involve
capital investment in feeding, labor force and productivity is higher, Also
depending on food and feeding method, Grazing
livestock that involve animal fed on grass, this is extensive farming and
confined livestock, that involve animal are kept in cow sheds and feed, semi
confined livestock that involve in summer, animal eat grass ad in winter when
there isn’t enough grass, they eat feed. Depending on mobility of livestock
nomadic herding which involve herders and their families are constantly moving
with their animals, transhumance, involve seasonal migration, herders move
their animals several times a year among summer pastures. Sedentary livestock
in this animal don’t have to move around to get food because farmers give them
feed.
2.2.3 Importance of livestock
keeping
According
to (ILRI, 1995) livestock has an important contribution for food supply of
rural and urban area and contributes to the family nutrition, supplying animal
protein. As household income increase, the consumption of protein increase, principally
from animal protein. Beside milk, eggs and meat used as a source of food, other
livestock products are used for domestic consumption and local sale such as
skins, hides and horns. (ILSI, 1995)
Livestock production plays a major importance
of the life of farmer in developing countries. It provides food, income,
employment and many other contributions to rural development. This region is
vast in land, water, and vast amount of livestock and poultry population. With
economies in many Asian countries growing at annual rates greater than 5-6% and
a market potential of 2.8 billion people, the livestock and poultry industry
growing faster than ever. Within the agriculture sector, which include poultry
sector, it has not yet achieved the level needed to provide sufficient meant to
the growing population. (FAO, 1997)
Livestock plays a vital role in economic
development particular as societies evolve from subsistence agriculture into
cash based economies. In the Asian region, livestock provide major additional contribution
to agriculture through draft power, manure, and fuel and as fertilizer, animal
product such as meat, milk egg while poultry provide daily cash income and much
required nutrition to rural population. (Lofgren, Harris,Robson, 2002)
Livestock plays as source of nutrition food
like meat (chicken, beef, pork, and mutton), milk (cow milk, buffalo milk, and
goat milk), and eggs. Provide raw material for food industry like meat (sausage,
ham, bacon, meat balls), milk (ice cram, yoghurt, cheese, butter), egg( baker yitems).
It provides raw materials for apparel industry like wool, feather, hide, hair.
It is source of fertilizer like manure, weed controlling agents like( sheep,
geese, duck), health benefit as Guinea pigs-in laboratory researchers, as they
closely resemble human in their cardiac, dental and even prenatal brain
development. (Iddamalgoba, Hayashi, Sugiyama, Oguri, 2001).
Livestock
generates a considerable amount of income and determine the household economic
and social status in many communities. There are sample investment
opportunities un the livestock sector, including construction of livestock
infrastructure such as dips, veterinary, centers, water points, abattoirs,
dairy farming and the like. (Behnke,Muthami, 2011)
Livestock
play a significant role in rural livelihoods and the economies of developing countries.
They are providers of income and employment for producers and other working in,
sometimes complex, value chains. They are crucial asset and safety net for the
poor, especially for women and pastoralist groups, and they provide an
important source of nourishment for billions of rural and urban households.
Also livestock increasing human population, incomes and urbanization rates. (Kenya
Ministry of Agriculture, 2008)
The
livestock species play very important economic and socio-cultural roles for the
wellbeing of rural household which include food supply, source of income, asset
saving, source of employment, soil fertility, livelihood, transport, agricultural
traction, agricultural diversification and sustainable agricultural production.
(Wheeler 2007)
2.2.4
Challenges of livestock keeping
Livestock impacts land and water in many ways. On
the negative side overgrazing by ruminant livestock lead to nutrient depletion,
soil compaction and ultimately to soil denudation and erosion. Also livestock’s
feed-grain and oil seed requirements lead to the expansion of the arable agriculture
frontier. (Thutlow and Benin, 2008).
Livestock
contribute to soil degradation in the arid areas through overgrazing and soil
compacting. It is estimated that the livestock sectors produces 18% of
anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), and that depending on the estimate about 20
to 70% of the world grassland degraded by overgrazing.( Thulow, 2009) However
there is still strong debate on the degree and reversibility of such livestock
induced land degradation. In addition, livestock related land degradation is
mostly induced in times of draught, when the perennial vegetation of trees and
shrubs is cut for fodder. (Thurlow, 2009).
Livestock
production and consumption can lead to four main types of human health risks;
(1) diseases transmitted from livestock to human, these are diseases from
animal to human via bacteria, parasites, viruses and unconditional agents; (2)
environmental pollution; (3) food borne diseases and risks; and (4)
diet-related chronic diseases. (Thurlow and Benin 2008).
Increasing per capital expenditure on
quality food product and growing demand for livestock and poultry product are
characteristics and this region is full of surprises and business opportunity.
Asia has been in the news for past several years because of dramatic currency
devaluation and stock market decline in the area. Dorosh and Thurlow ( 2009).
2.2.5.
Social-economic impact of livestock keeping
According
to Khan, et al.(2010) livestock rearing in India explain that livestock rearing
not only helps agriculture and production of manure, but also the production of
milk and meat. After the first and second green revolution, the importance of
livestock in India goes beyond the function of food production. In land-scarce
Also livestock provide livelihood
According
Otte and Upton, (2005) said livestock s contribution to livelihoods, particularly
those of the poor in developing country, is also well organized. Livestock
generate income by providing both food and non-food products that the household
can sell in formal or in formal markets. Non-food product such as wool ,hides
and skin are important source of income in some regions; wool production in the
high altitude tropical region of Bolivia, Peru and Nepal, for example .Hides
and skin from home-slaughtered animal are rarely processed, as the return may
not justify the costs involved (Otte and
Upton 2005).
According
Wint and Bourn (1994) said livestock acquisition as a pathway out of poverty in
western Kenya, for example. Livestock provide traction mainly in irrigated,
densely populated area, allow cropping in these places. They provide nutrient
in the form of manure, a key resource particularly for the mixed system of sub
Saharan Africa. Livestock also serve as financial instruments, by providing
household with an alternative for storing saving or accumulated capital, and
they can be sold transformed into cash as needed and so also provide an
instrument of liquidity, consumption smoothing and insurance. ( Wint and Bourn.1994).
According
to FAO (2012) state different economic impact of livestock production as
livestock create Employment generation ; from analysis of the study majority
(37.5%) of the farmer employ between the range of 11-15 employee and also
majority of the farmers have 68.75% have at least secondary education. This
indicates the rate at which livestock farming has created job for some graduate
and secondary school graduate. This justify the finding of jilivan 2014 that
livestock production provided job for 1,821,000 in 2012. Another impacts were
in come generation through taxes, increase saving and investment, foreign
exchange earnings, provide food and raw material for industry. FAO (2012).
According
to Romney et al, (1994) livestock act as security assets influencing access to
informal credit and loans. They are also considered a common means of
demonstrating wealth, cementing relationships through bride price payments and
as social links, important in crises. In many smallholder systems in developing
countries, manure is considered as important as milk, meat or draught power.
Romney et al (1994).
2.2.6 Role of government on
livestock keeping
FAO
(2010) Tanzania policy on livestock is to commercialize agriculture so as to
increase income level. Although the number and nature of guideline that
constitute an agricultural policy is vast and complex, the ultimate goal is the
improvement of the well being of the people whose principal occupation and way
of life is based on agriculture. Most of these people are smallholder and
livestock keeper, who do not produce surplus.
USAD
(2010) the USAD is the primary agency that promotes regulates and enforces
government policy in the America farm and food industries. Its primary mission
is to implement policies approved by congress every five years in what is
commonly known to as” the farm bill”. This registration authorized federal
spending on farm subsidies, food and nutrition programs, farm credit
regulations conservation plans, market support and more. USAD however is not
the only branch of the federal government influencing the agricultural sector.
The U.S. Food and drug Administration (FDA) has jurisdiction over how some food
are handled, prepared and stored. It was created in response to Upton Sinclair’s
book “The jungle” which exposed practice and working condition in Chicago
meatpacking plants at the turns of the 20th century.
Government
should do investment on livestock multiplication with a view to improve the
indigenous herb, improving breeds of cattle and daily farming. Establishment of
commercial ranches facilities coupled cattle fattening, and animal clinic are
feasible project in the region.
According
to Thornton,(2010) government subsidized credit may be an appropriate tool for
supporting early agricultural finance systems, subsidized loans are most
effective when they are part of larger policy packages that improve
agricultures profitability. The government of Nigeria has a major role to play
in the development of Agriculture in the country include provision of land,
establishment of marketing board, formulation and implementation of
agricultural policies.
2.3 Research gap
Different
scholars study about livestock keeping in urban areas as shown below
Herrero
M. (2010) talked about the role of livestock in developing countries by said
that livestock play a significant role in rural livelihoods and the economies
of developing countries. They are providers of income and employment for
producers and other working, sometimes complex, value chains. They are crucial
asset and safety net for the poor especially for women and pastoralist groups.
They provide an important source of nourishment for billions of rural and urban
households. These socio-economic roles and others are increasing in importance
as the sector grows because of increasing human population, income and
urbanization rates.
FAO,(
2002) state that crops and livestock farming complement each other. Half the
world food comes from farms that raise both. Animal pull plough and carts, and
their manure fertilizer crops, which supply post- harvest residue to livestock.
But effort to maximize yield of milk and meat can disrupt finely balanced
system. The guest for intensification in livestock farming has thundered a head
with little regard for sustainability and overall efficiency (the net amount of
food produced in term of inputs such as land and water).with animal protein set
to remain part of the food supply, we must pursue sustainable intensification
and figure out how to keep livestock in ways that work best for individual,
community and the planet. He highlight eight strategies to cut the environment
and economic costs of keeping these quality of the food they produce as feed anima less human
food, raise regionally appropriate animals, adopt smart supplements, eat
quality not quantity, track costs and benefit study best practice.
Nyuki,JM(2001)
Urban livestock keeping in developing cities have an important role in food
security and livelihood but can also pose a significant threat to the
environment and health of urban dwellers. The study was to identify the
difference livestock system in Nairobi, their supply chains and their
management and safety risks. Different groups discuss livestock production in
Nairobi sub- countries were conducted. The result show large variability of
livestock keeping in Nairobi. The majority were small scale with 5 dairy cows,
1-6 dairy goats, 10 small ruminants, 20 pigs, 200-300 broilers. Supply chain
analysis indicates that most dairy farmers sold milk directly to consumer due
to lack of trust of the traders. This show the gap of the study about livestock
keeping in Mtwara municipal council.
2.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
According
to McGaghie et al (2001). Conceptual framework represents the researcher
synthesis of literature on how to explain phenomenon. It maps out the action
required in the course of the study the aim of the two frame work is to make
research findings more meaningful, acceptable. This research is governed by the study done
by Guillaume Martin (2014), who observes that the context of agricultural
production, climate change in particular, increasingly requires adaption to the
structure and management of farming system. As a result farmer needs to develop
their adaptive capacity. He develops two main approaches: hard approaches that
are mainly science- driven and rely on simulation models, and soft approaches
that rely on fully on stakeholder’s knowledge. He apply the conceptual
framework presented by Forage Rummy playing this board game, farmers groups use
their empirical knowledge to select and combine sticks and card representing
forage crop and grassland production and animal feeding, production and
reproduction from range of possibility to design a livestock system. The system
designed is instantaneously evaluated using spreadsheet informing among other
things about matching a forage production and animal feeding requirements. By
supporting collective thinking about adaptation of livestock system to changes
in the production context example climate change, it develops farmer’s adaptive
capacity. Compare to this research, in order to increase productivity in livestock
keeping stake holders must learn and use empirical knowledge to understand
weather, under what conditions did livestock is better to take place and what
type of livestock to produce, to select good way to feed animals, grassland
production and also design livestock system. This may increase productivity of
keeping animal and can provide good and many products also may decrease
challenges that facing the process of keeping animal and bring social economic
development among local community in Mtwara Mikindani Municiple
|
|
|
Types
of live stock
·
Cattles, buffalo, sheep,
·
goat, pig, chicken,
·
poundry
|
|
·
The impacts of livestock
·
Job opportunities
·
Income generation
·
Used in production
·
Reduce poverty
|
|
Negative effect
Ø Soil compaction
Ø Diseases
Ø Increasing
per capital
Expenditure
|
|
Product
|
Social economic
|
|
Ø milk
|
Ø
Soil compaction
|
|
Ø
Meat
|
Ø
Act as security
|
|
Ø
Fat
|
Ø
Provide food
|
|
Ø
eggs
|
Ø
Source of income
|
|
Ø
Less
|
Ø
Proved fraction
|
|
Ø
Blood
|
Ø
Irrigation
|
|
Ø Fresh
|
|
|
Challenge facing
livestock keeper
Ø
Ø
|
|
Role of Government
If improve
indigenous herb
It
support agricultural herb system
To commercial livestock to increase income
|
Source: Adopted and modified from
martin (2014)
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter present research design, targeted
population, sample size and sampling procedures, data collection procedures,
data analysis and presentation.
3.2 Research approach
Research
approach is the way or methods on which data can be collected from the field in
this study mixed approach will be used which comprise both qualitative and
quantitative where by Qualitative
data, is empirical research where the data are not inform of number
(Carr,1994). This is one among the method used to collect data this is done by
different method like interview. The interview can be structured,
semi-structured. In this, interviewees are often identified through debated
topic where by interviewer should ask question interview individually or
collectively example couple interview. Also Observation method can be used to
get information where by researcher become member of such people to gain a
close insight of the practice. Therefore qualitative research is an interactive
process in which the person studied teaches the research about their lives while
Quantitative data this gather data in numerical form which can be put into
category or in rank order or measured in units of measurement. This aim is to
establish general laws of behavior and phenomenon across different setting. In
this can be use observation and questionnaire to get information, this
questionnaire data as these produced either numerical data or data that can be
put into categories (example “yes”, “no” answer). This helps to summarize our
data, describing pattern, relationship and connection. Both qualitative and
quantitative methods used in collection of data.
3.3Area of the study.
Area
of the study is the area where the research is conducted (Kothari, 2004). This
study will be conducted in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality found at Mtwara region
between longitude 40.15
and latitudes -10.32
. (United nation Development
Programmers, 2009)It is located in southern part of Tanzania. The region is
subdivided into five district, namely Mtwara, Masasi, Newala, Nanyumbu and
Tandahimba.These are nine local government authorities which are Mtwara
Mikindani Municipal Council, Masasi District Council, Newala District Council,
Tandahimba District Council,Nanyumbu District Council, Newala Town Council, Masasi
Town Council and Nanyamba Town Council.Mtwara Region has 31 divisions, 191
wards, 189mitaa, 785 villages and 3427 hamlets( vitongoji) (UNDP, 2009) It
consists of wards such as Rahaleo, Chuno, Shangani, Chikongola, Railway,
Ufukoni and Ligula. According to the
national Census statistics in 2012 the population of Mtwara region was
1,270,854 where by males 671,206 (52%) and females 59,9648 (47%). The people of
this area engage in different economic activities such as agriculture
activities, livestock activities. Where by the researcher will use chuno
,sabasaba, kiangu, magomeni, ufukoni streets to collect data from the
field, Mtwara Mikindani municipality is
been selected as the area of study due to the reason that it is the area that
conduct livestock keeping also is among
of area which faced with low productivity in urban area in Tanzania, where so through this study it may expose various
significance and impact on the productivity of livestock keeping in Mtwara
Mikindani municipality area, Mtwara Region,Tanzania
3.4 Research design.
Research design
, is the
arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure .It
constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data
and decisions regarding what, where , when, how much , by what means concerning
an inquiry or a research study (Kothari, 2004)
In this study case study design will be used, case study design allows
data to be collected at a single point in time without repetition from a sample
selected to represent some large population and therefore it will enable using
minimum time and resources allocated.
3.5 Population, sample and sample size.
3.5.1
Targeted Population.
Targeted
Population is a group or set of element that you want to know more information
about. (Gail, 2000). These are portion of the whole universe of people selected
as the objective audience. The targeted populations are among the entire
population in study area. In this researcher will get information from
different people in the study area like agricultural officers, livestock
keeper, vetenaries, customers, livestock product and small agriculturalist.
These people will tell the importance of livestock keeping in the area, how it
is conducted, challenges and impact of livestock keeping in the area.
3.5.2 Sample and sample size
Sample
is a segment of the population selected to represent the population as a whole
(Kothari, 1985). A population sample is a finite part of statistical population
whose properties are studied to gain information about the whole population
(Webster, 1985). A population sample is mostly used as a simple means of taking
information from the larger group of population hence the sample size can be
used as to take information from a small sample to represent the huge group of
population and also in order to reduce time and capital resources, also to
avoid data contradiction during the process of data collection. This study
expects to cover about 45 respondents where by 25 male respondent and 20 female
respondents.
Table 2: categories of respondents
|
Category
|
Number
|
Male
|
Female
|
|
Livestock officers
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
|
Livestock keepers
|
10
|
5
|
5
|
|
Veteranies
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
|
Supplier
|
9
|
5
|
4
|
|
Customers
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
|
Community
|
10
|
5
|
5
|
3.6 Sampling techniques
Sampling is the act, process, or technique of
selecting a suitable sample; specifically,
the act, process, or technique of selecting a representative part of a
population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the
whole population (Hoover
and Kenneth, 1992). This study is going to use the following sample techniques;
3.6.1
Simple random sampling technique
Simple random sampling technique is
a probability sampling technique where by every member of population has a
known and equal chance of being selected (Dawson, 2002). In this study
researcher will use simple random sampling technique to select small
agriculturalist of Mtwara Mikindani Municipality due to the reason that this
technique is very suitable to be used to obtain a sample in a largest group of
population. These people (sample) can be obtained by follow different procedure
as a)define the population, b)choose your sample size, c)list the population n,
d)assign number of the units, e)find random numbers and f) select your sample.
3.6.2
Purposive Sampling technique.
Purposive sampling
is non probability sampling technique that a researcher uses to choose sample
of subject or unit from a population. (Bernard, 2008).This is used depend on
the type and nature of the study. Also this is useful especially when randomization
is impossible like when the population is very large, when the researcher has
limited resource, time and workforce.
Purposive sampling is a sampling
technique in which researcher relies on his or he own judgment when choosing
members of population to participate in the study. This sampling technique will enable the researcher to
select the sample of the respondents according to the intention of researcher,
their status and not randomly, hence through this will enable to get different
information’s from various people according to their carrier and status.
3.7 Data collection techniques
Data collection technique, are approaches and styles used by the
researcher in data collection during the study (Riley et al, 2003). The study will employ both primary and secondary
data sources in collection of data about the productivity of livestock keeping
in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality area where through using this two methods will
enable to get data in depth information about the study.
Primary
data is an original and unique data collected by the researcher from the source
such as observation, survey, questionnaire, case study and interview (Mesly,
2015). The aim of primary data is to solve the problem.
Secondary data is the data already collected
or produced by others (Douglas, 2015). Secondary data obtained through
government publication, websites, books, journal articles, internal records.
This collected by someone else for some other purpose but being utilized by the
investigator for another purpose.
By
using two sources of data can help to make comparison between primary source
and secondary sources of data, also can help in data editing, but not only that
through this it can help to reduces mistake which can happen during data
collection. Hence by using more than one specific method enables a researcher
to cross-validate the information and data collected from a variety of sources.
3.7.1
Questionnaires
A
questionnaire is simply a ‘tool’ for collecting and recording information about
a particular issue of interest, mainly using the set of questions (Riley et al, 2003).The
questionnaire will consist of both open ended questionnaires and closed
questionnaires. It is from these questions the researcher expects to get in
depth information data and accurate data.
Open
ended questionnaire, are freeform of survey question that allow respondent to
answer in open text format such that they can answer based on their complete
knowledge, feeling and understanding (Presser,1979). This mean that response to
this question is not limited to a set of option, while closed questionnaire
refer to any question for a researcher provide research participant with option
from which to choose a response (Howard, 1979). Both open ended and closed questionnaire
can help researcher to get a lot of information from respondent because he or
she is free to explain things. Also researcher can use these questions to
obtain specific answer and good for testing knowledge example the question with
“yes” or: no: answer. And these questions will be answered by different
householders
3.7.2 Interviews
An
interview is a two way systematic conversation between an investigator and informants
initiated for obtaining information relevant to a specific study (Krishna swami
2003). Interview gives a chance to interviewer and also interviewee to make the
conversation and exchange of skills, ideas and knowledge between them. This
method is simple because it can be used even by illiterate people, and it is a
flexible method of data collection in the field. An interview method will be
used to collect the information about the productivity of livestock keeping in
Mtwara Mikindani Municipality from Agricultural officer, also is very compulsory
especially to the local community who some of them are illiterate which make
difficult to collect information through other methods of data collection .
3.7.3 Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
Refers to the way
of data collection where by a number of people are asked to come together in
group to discuss a certain issue and is led by a moderator or facilitator who
introduces the topic, ask specific questions and control discussion (Dawson,
2002). The people that join in the discussion must be 5 to 10. This method
ensures high response to the respondents, as well as enables to get more data
from respondents. Hence researcher will use Focus group discussion to local
people in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality in order to get different information
from different people who join the group concerning with the topic.
3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation
Data analysis is
the process of systematically applying statistical or logical techniques to
describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. Data analysis is an attempt by the
researcher, to present, summarize, collected data in dependable and accurate manner
(Riley et al, 2003). Researcher will use
both thematic and statistical analysis, Thematic is the kind of analysis which
used to the data which are in description of phenomena and are associated to a
specific research questions means used mostly to data which are in words, while
statistical is the kind of analysis which used to data with statistical
operation means data in number form. Two methods will be used to analyse data in the study. Data from
questionnaires will use Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) whereas
interview will be presented in narrations.
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STELLA MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
FACULT OF EDUCATION
QUESTIONARE GUIDE FOR THE CUSTOMERS,
VETERANIES, COMMUNITY IN MTWARA MIKINDANI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL.
My
name is MWAISHA D. RAMADHANI, I am a student’s of the Stella Maris Mtwara University College. The purpose of
this questionnaire is to collect data for the academic purpose. Kindly respond
to the following questionnaire in regard to the productivity of urban livestock
keeping on socio-economic development among local community in Mtwara Mikindani
Municipality. I assure you that the information provides is for research
purpose only. I want to take this opportunity to thank you for availing yourself and there by contributing to this
academic exercise.
Instruction
i
) Put a tick in responsible area
A)
Male [ ] Female [
]
b)
is there livestock keeping activities conducted in this area
Yes
[ ] No[
]
c
) if yes mention them
d
) Is productivity of livestock keeping
in the area good
Yes
[ ]
No[ ]
e
) Is livestock keeping a local activities in Mtwara region
Yes
[ ] No[ ]
f
) livestock brings a lot of products to the livestock keepers
Yes[ ] No[ ]
ii)
Briefly explain the following question
a
)What are the importance of conducting livestock keeping in urban area
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
b)
Mention challenges that facing in conducting livestock keeping activities
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………….
C
) Is there any contribution that government provide in livestock keeping to the
community? If yes.How
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STELLA MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
FACULT OF EDUCATION
INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR THE LIVESTOCK OFFICERS,
LIVESTOCK KEEPERS, IN MTWARA MIKINDANI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
I,
what kind of livestock keeping conducted in
Mtwara Municipal.
2.
What are types of livestock raised in Mtwara Municipal
3.
How people keeps/ manage their animal in the urban area.
4.
How do people benefit from keeping animal in urban
5.
What are the impacts of keeping animal in Mtwara Urban area
6. What are the roles of government towards the
livestock keeping activities in Mtwara Municipal
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