Irregularities,

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INTRODUCTION
 Irregularities, is a frequent expressed complaint about English orthography is that it does not establish of one-to-one relationship between symbols and sounds. Orthography is the set of convention for representing language in written form. English spelling employs an alphabetic system of writing in which symbols are used to represent individual consonants and vowels rather than syllable on words. (O’Grady,1976). According to Nordquist (2019), orthography is the study of letters and how they are used to express sounds and form words.  Practice of cored spelling according to establish usage.
          English orthography is the system of writing convention used to represent spoken English in written form that allows readers to connect spelling to sound to meaning. Like the orthography of most world languages, English language has a broad degree of standardization. However, unlike with most languages, there are multiple ways to spell nearly every phoneme (sound), and most letters also have multiple. Pronunciations depending on their position in a word and the context.
             We can observe the irregularities of English orthography or spelling through the relationship between symbols and phonological segment as shown bellow;-
1.      Some segment do not represent any single segment / any sound in a particular word.
Example; doubt /daʊt/ - [b] has no any segment
                sign /saɪn/ - [g] has no any segment
                give /gɪv/ - [e] have no any segment
2.      Two or more letters represent a single segment.
Example; think, sheep, bread.
               think /Ɵɪŋk /
                bread /bred/
3.      A single letter can represent a cluster of two or more segments.
Example; exile /eksaɪl/ [ks]
                Example /ɪg’zɑ:mp(ə)l/ [gz]
                saxophone /’saksəfəʊn/ [ks]
4.      The same letter can represent different pronunciation of segments.
Example; done [dʌn]
                one [wʌn]
                bone [bəʊn/]
5.      The same segment pronunciation can be represented by different letters.
Example; phrase /freɪz/
               food /fu:d/
               rough /rʌ:f/

6.      Some segments or sounds are not represented by any letter.
Example; cute /kju:t/
                yune /tju:n/
            There are a number of reasons for the irregularities in English spelling. For most among these is the fact that much of our orthography was in place of nineteenth century before sound changes such as the great vowel shift were complete. Because only some instance of the sound each letter changed. The relationship between spelling duplicated. This has led to the use of the letter i to represent [I] (hid). The letter a to represent both [ey] (opaque)
             Another complicating factor stems from the fact from other languages were often written in according conventions of the source language. Many of the scribes establishment of original orthographic convention of the French, Latin and Greek spelling of borrowed and they maintained rather than substitute a morpheme to represent the final segment of a root in word such as junction.
            Other convention arose as guides to pronunciation of some words was introduced in the fifteens century preceding syllable containing a long vowel. Today there are diphthongs as in pine, irate, flute and note.
                                    Obstacles to Reform irregularities
            Several attempts have been made to reform the English alphabet and orthography. Three particular cases stand out (spolsky 2004, 34) one was an attempt made in the 19th and 20th century to simplify the spelling system and modify the shape of the letters. The other was a slight more successful to develop a distinct and simplified spelling which was made in the US; many innovations were proposed by Noah Webster who published the American dictionary of the English language in 1828.a third attempt to simplify English spelling was made based on the principle of one letter for each sound in 1960’s but failed to win popular support (Doiz, Lasagabaster & Sierra, 2013).
                                
                                   CONCLUSION
            English is unique among the world’s most popular language in that it does not have an academy to say how the language should develop. Lack of an official academy is also one reason why English spelling is complicated.





REFERENCES
Doiz, A., Lasagabaster, D., & Sierra, J.M. (2013). Enlish-Medium Instruction  at
                              .Universities: Global Challenges. Bristol: British Library Cataloguing
                               Publication Data.
Nordquist, R. (2019). From Horobin, S. (2013). Does Spelling Matter?. UK: Oxford university
                                           Press.
O’Grady, W. (1976). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. New Yory: Martin’s Press.                                                    Inc.
Yigezu, M. (2010), Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in
                               Ethiopia: The Case of Harari Region. Ethiopia: Organization for
                               Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa (OSSREA).

 

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