MODULE 4: COUNSELLING METHODS

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•      MODULE 4: COUNSELLING METHODS
•      4.1 The counselor-centered method
•      With this method the counselor uses acquired professional training and experiences to prescribe remedies for the client’s problem.
He direct the clients to do what is felt can remedy their problems.
•      The counselor who employ this method do not believe that clients have necessary means to solve their problems effectively and therefore proceeds to give
the clients the necessary tools for solving the problems, taking the risk of interpreting the problems for them.
•      This means that the counselor takes the responsibility on behalf of the clients/students for the consequences of their actions.
•      The counselor using this method goes through six stages, which are:
1. Analysis: The collection from a variety of sources the data needed for an adequate understanding of the problem the client /student is facing.
2. Synthesis:      Summarizing and organizing the data so that they reveal the client’s weaknesses and strengths.
3. Diagnosis: Formulating conclusions regarding the nature and the cause of the problems of the client.
4. Prognosis: Predicting the future development of the client’s problem.
•      In stage 2-4 the counselor works without the involvement of the client. The client comes after the prediction stage. 
5. Counseling: The counselor taking steps with the client to bring about adjustment and readjustment to normal.
 6. Follow up: This is to determine the effectiveness of the counseling given.

•      4.2. The counselee-centered method
With this method the client is the focus of the counseling process and takes an active role in the process.
•      The client owns the problem and talks freely and thoroughly about all that troubles him/her.
•      As the client takes an active role, he/she gains some insight with the help of the counselor. The client makes decisions concerning the actions to be taken.
The counselor applies as many counseling skills as possible to help the client understand the problem in order to find and discuss solutions to the problems , with the counselor asking questions on the merits and weaknesses of each option.

•      4.3 The eclectic methods
The method which combines both directive and non-directive methods of counseling.
Counselor employ this method believe that there are strengths and weaknesses in each of the techniques.
•      This method gives the counselor flexibility to counsel effectively by choosing the best tenets of several methods available depending on the problem at hand.
•      MODULE 3: APPROACHES TO COUNSELLING
  1. The directive/authoritarian approach
-          This is largely associated with the work of Sigmund Freud.
-          Here the client is ignorant and unaware of the reasons for his difficulties or suffering which are deeply embedded in the unconscious.
-          The client is therefore, helpless and it is counselor who has to play the role of interpreting the material for him/her. The psychological difficulties are strictly psychologically determined.
-          The client has a passive role. The counselor is at the center of the stage. It is he who directs the course of the therapy, interprets the client’s communications and terminates the sessions.
•      2.Non directive/ humanistic approach
•      This is largely associated with the work of Carl Rogers.
•      Rogers believed that at the basic level human beings are good and trustworthy and believes that human nature is positive, constructive and cooperative. He stresses the importance of feelings in counseling.
•      Clients with a humanistic approach provide them with an opportunity to explore creativity, personal growth and self- development, as well as acknowledging a variety of choices.
•      The foundations of the humanistic approach provide the client with a deeper understanding of who they are, what they feel and the opportunity to explore the possibility of creating personal choices.
•      It encourages self-awareness and self-realization.
•      However the process is not done in a way make a person feel superior to the one he helps. The counselor does not direct the course of therapy nor does he offer interpretations. The client is always encouraged to rely on himself.
•      According to Rogers, in any kind or type of psychotherapy the underlying basic theme is helping relationship. This relationship is none in which the counselor seeks to bring about a better appreciation and a clearer expression of the client’s latent inner resources.
•      Thus the helping relationship is intended to facilitate the growth of the person receiving help. Such a growth in individuals is aimed at improving their functioning and/or accelerating their maturity.
•      This is usually called psychological growth or psychological maturity. Counseling aims at bringing about psychological growth or maturity in the client.


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