Orthography;

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               INTRODUCTION
                         Orthography; is the practice of proper spelling or way of spelling a word. Or a study of spelling. For example of orthography is when we spelling the word "definite" as "d-e-f-i-n-i-t-y" (Your dictionary definition: new edition).
                     Also orthography can be defined as the specific patterns of correspondence between the graphics and phonological forms of language. Hence each language has it's own unique orthography. One of the fundamental aspects of orthography is to understand how printed text relate to spoken language (Perffetti 2003). For example when we spell the word "cat" we have to know that grapheme "c" make / k/ sound and " a" makes / æ/ and t before combining them into /kæt/.
                      English orthography; is the system of writing conventions used to represent spoken English in written forms that allows reader to connect sounds to meaning. However inconsistence and irregularity in English pronunciation and spelling have gradually increased in number through the history of the English language but there are some of contributing factors for those irregularities.
                      The following are some of the reasons for irregularities on English orthography;
                        Great vowel shift; this was a series of changes in the pronunciation of English language, took place primarily between 1400 and1700 beginning in southern England and today having influence effectively in all dialect of English language . Through this vowel shift The pronunciation of all middle English long vowel was changed as well, particularly those that becomes silent, also other changed from pure vowel to diphthong for example many pronunciation of "ough" like in rough, through, trough etc ( Jespersen  1860).  So that has led to irregularities in English.
                    Existence of loan word (borrowed word) in English.; This are words adopted from one language and incorporated into English language without being translated. So many borrowed words have their own way of being spelled. Hence irregularities occur. For example" Hindu" used to be spelled as  "hindoo" and the name " Maria" used to be spelled like the name marital. but was changed to conform to this English system (Richard L 1967).
                     Commercial advertisers have also an effect on English orthography. Because they are uses to introduce new spelling or more simplified spelling like " lite" instead of  "light" , " Smokey " instead of  "smoky" .so by so doing cause English orthography to be irregular.
                The spelling of personal name have also been a source of spelling innovation and cause inconsistence to English orthography system,. For example diminutive versions of woman’s names have also been spelled differently. Like, Nikki and Nikky, Toni and Tony this led pronunciation of someone to spell differently but have the Sam meaning ( Venek, 1967).
                Sometimes everyday speakers of English language changes counterintuitive pronunciation; simply because it is counterintuitive changes like this are not usually seen as standard but can become standard if used enough.  An example is the word miniscule which still compete with its original spelling of minuscule though this might also because of analogy with the word mini.
                       Romanization of English language; such as Chinese using alphabet delivered from the Latin alphabet has further complicated this problem. For example when pronouncing Chinese proper names of people or place while speaking English. This has also contributing to irregularities of English orthography ( Jarden, 2015).
                          Conclusively; Orthography irregularity can be directly related and affected by the language writing system. Hence there are three main types of writing system in language which are Alphabetic, syllabic and morph graphic system. So English is an alphabetic system and within each system variation exist in the specific details about the correspondence between graphics symbol and language.



REFERENCES
"English translation " . online Oxford dictionary;4th edition.
Jesperson O, & Danish (1860-1943). English orthography: it's graphical structure and it's                                      relation to sound. (Volume 12, no 03).
Perffeti c, & Chales A. (2003). "Orthography to phonology and meaning". Department of                                                 psychology; University of Pittsburgh: USA.
Venezk, V & Richard, L (1967). English Orthography, Its Structure and its Relation to Sound




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