SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN TANZANIA SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMISION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (COSTECH)

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INTRODUCTION
According to Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895), Science is simply common sense at its best that is, rigidly accurate in observation, and merciless to fallacy in logic.
According to Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Science is the knowledge of consequences, and dependence of one fact upon another.
According to Barak (2005) quoted from Encyclopaedia Britannica (2005), technology is the “Application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulating the human environment. Technology includes the use of materials, tools, techniques, and sources of power to make life easier or more pleasant and work more productive.”
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According to Wonacott (2001) Industrialization in its broad sense includes manufacturing, mining, construction and utilities such as electricity, water and gas among others. But further, the definition of industrialization during the latter years of the 20th century expanded to refer to a process of development that is balanced and sustained as far as the economic as well as socio-political realms of any society are concerned.
BACKGROUNG OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN TANZANIA SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMISION FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (COSTECH)
Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) was established by an Act
of Parliament No. 7 of 1986 as a successor to the Tanzania National Scientific Research Council (UTAFITI). COSTECH is a government parastatal organization under the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST). It is charged with coordinating and promoting science and technology development activities in the country. Since 1986, COSTECH has been the principal advisory organ to the government on all matters relating to
scientific research, innovation, technology development and transfer, and recommends its implementation. In terms of improving youths in science and technology so they can become self-employed and thus address the problem of unemployment, COSTECH has two programmes: Buni Hub is an innovation hub (space) which focuses on innovation and technology entrepreneurship. Buni aims at building capacity and developing skills of Tanzanian youths through activities and programmes as follows: Internship Programme, Mini Fabrication Lab, Mentoring, Pre-Incubation Programme, and Community Outreach activities.
Since November 2011 Buni Hub has worked with over 10,000 Tanzanian youths, over 60 percent of them being college students and fresh university graduates. Through Buni Hub, COSTECH has transferred emerging technologies such as 3D printing and unmanned aerial vehicles (AUV) for mapping Songwe region, Morogoro municipality, and Zanzibar a International Airports. COSTECH supervises incubation activities carried out through the Dar Teknohama Business Incubator (DTBi). The objective of establishing the DTBi is to guide, mentor and grow ICT emerging entrepreneurial ventures to become successful businesses. Currently, the DTBi operates 25 start-up companies whereby 14 are incubated at COSTECH and 11 are virtual. These start-up companies have a focus in the areas of software development, mobile payment systems, microfinance, back-up & recovery, revenue and license collection system, information system, filing systems, availability of relevant sectoral Information, security issues, land conflicts and business knowledge. They have provided employment to 450 Tanzanians directly and indirect employment of up to 15,000 youths. COSTECH has been holding workshops to sensitize leaders in local government authorities (LGAs) and local universities on the importance of establishing incubation and innovation centres. With technical assistance from COSTECH, at least Mwanza City Council has established an ICT incubator.
The next phase will cover Arusha, Mbeya and Tanga cities. Also the innovation hub module has been developed and delivered to seven universities, namely Iringa University, University of Dodoma, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, SUZA, Maryan University, Mkwawa College of Education, Mbeya University of Science and Technology
COSTECH is implementing the Strategic Plan (2016/17-2020/21) that was prepared between 2014/2015 and 2015/16. After one year of its implementation, i.e. 2016/17, COSTECH, through its board of commissioners, conducted a self-assessment on the plan and found that there was a need to include more targets/elements related to industrialization so as to complement and reflect on the national development agenda of the 5th government on the matter. The review and adjustment were particularly done on strategic objectives 2 and 3 which focus on industrialization through wider application of technologies, strategic research with national impact. In COSTECH’s current framework, industrialization is specifically stipulated in the roles of the Centre for Development and Transfer of Technology (CDTT) whereby research results are taken up for development and commercialization as well as in the roles of the Industry and Energy R&D Advisory Committee where all matters and resources related to industrial research are discussed and decided. Moreover, strategic objective number two of the COSTECH Strategic Plan, which aims at promoting industrialization through wider application of technologies, was revisited whereby targets relating to transfer, adaptation and development of technology to directly contribute to industrialization were introduced. Such targets aim at ensuring that there is immense contribution of manufacturing industries to industrialization; effective utilization of innovation intermediaries for socio-economic development; increased technology uptakes, jobs creation from start-ups/SMEs, spin-off companies and revenues; building technology capacity and capability in agro-processing, pharmaceutical, energy, construction, iron and steel. Others are improving start-up companies and transfer of technology, and creation of a conducive environment for FDIs. As for the transfer of technology, this will include diffusion and effective utilization of high promising technologies such as biotechnologies, material sciences/nanotechnology; mobile technologies; big data (BD), ICT systems; digital technology, manufacturing and energy technologies through industrialization. Since early 2016 to date, COSTECH has contributed the following towards industrialization: Promoted the development and transfer of emerging technologies of 3D printing and unmanned aerial vehicles (drones); established the status of technology capacity on the unpacking technologies from the FYDP 2016 – 2020 national flagship projects on an integrated Liganga V-Ti magnetite ore and Mchuchuma coal project; partnered with Festo Didactic GmbH and Co (Germany Company) and Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT) to transfer industrial skills (Mechatronics) to DIT students and industry workers..
The Commission has managed to accomplish the following activities in respect to the function of advising the government on policy formulation on the development of science, technology and innovation: Review of bio safety regulations. In facilitating technology adoption for improved agricultural productivity the Commission initiated dialogues between stakeholders. It also organized seeing-is-believing tours for government officials, policy makers and stakeholders who convinced the government through the Prime Minister’s Office to revise clauses which limited research in the Bio safety Regulations 2009 that govern the safe use of biotechnology in genetic engineering. The specific clauses amended were 3, 5, 56 and 60 that define confined use, strict liability and indemnity. The minister responsible for Environment approved and issued the amended regulations in the government gazette early in 2015. The Commission continues to educate the public and provide awareness about the importance of this technology. Facilitation for formulation of Drone Regulations The Commission advised the Ministry of Communication, Transport and Works together with the Ministry of Defence and National Service to formulate the regulations pertaining to the flying of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) after realizing the potentials available from this technology when used for civil works in the sectors of agriculture, health, urban planning, environment and wildlife.
However, during the 4th regime under President Jakaya Kikwete, in 2013 COSTECH was among research institutions that formulated the National Science Agenda whereby the position of a science
Adviser was one of the issues that were recommended. In 2014, Prof. Peter Msola was appointed Science Adviser who reported to the Vice-President.
THE FOLLOWING POINTS SHOW THAT HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCE INDUSTRIALIZATION
Science and technology play great role to the industrialization because through advance of science and technology push existence of raw materials and these raw materials act as the engineer industrialization because industries cannot perform without presence of raw materials, so science and technology push development of agriculture sector and this sector play great role to the development of industrialization
Science and technology influence improvement of infrastructure like roads and railways, these means of transport influence much industrialization to existence smoothly, so movements of labour, materials and administrators existence  smoothly and finally industrialization appear easy
Also existence of science and technology influence existence of engineering activities and these activities play great role the existence of industrialization. Several innovations take place through the programmes of Tanzania Commission of Science and Technology (COSTECH), this commission own Buni Hub for the aims at building capacity and developing skills of Tanzanian youths through activities and programmes as follows: Internship Programme, Mini Fabrication Lab, Mentoring, Pre-Incubation Programme, and Community Outreach activities. Since November 2011 Buni Hub has worked with over 10,000 Tanzanian youths, over 60 per cent of them being college students and fresh university graduates
CONCLUSION
Generally Science and Technology influence much development of industrialization because science and technology contribute other potential sectors that facilitate existence of industrialization



REFERENCES
Wonacott, Michael E. Technological Literacy Clearinghouse on Adult, Career, and   Vocational Education ERIC Dıgest No: 233. 2001
Barak, Moshe. Engineering and Excellence: 2005.An Old-New Agenda for Technology Education in Israeli High Schools. PATT -15 Technology Educations and Research: Twenty Years In Retrospect.Haarlem

Prev(/en/business/train-budding-entrepreneurs-abroad-industrialization-call)Next (/en/business/customer-deposits-boost-local-bank%E2%80%99s-assets-sh16-trillioness/train Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895), English biologist. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), English philosopher, author


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