Technology

 INTRODUCTION

     Technology ; refer to the science or knowledge that is put into practical and uses to solve different problems , or invention of different usefully material and tools for practical uses. Technology also created the faster development of different countries in the world but was mostly in Europe continent which later led to the rise of different working class to struggle for their right. The rise of working class in Europe was due to the shortage and lack of works in different places while others caused by presence of works but due to lack of working management also was its impact of technology to working class in Europe example of factor  which facilities technology advance was geographical location example in Britain where was the are which is full rounded with ocean and other raw material and natural source of energy such as presence of coal which were used to generate different machines and also round of water in Britain facilitated the development of agriculture through establishment of irrigation system of cultivation which facilitated the easy collection of food and raw material for industrial use. There were current perspective in abroad one discussed that there are six type of technology which are recognized which are:- teaching technology, technology of productivity, instructional technology, assistive technology, medical technology and information technology, this was proposed by ( Black Hurst & Edyburn, 2000 ). This explained some of how technology are using in human in Europe after being advanced which created the different simplification of physical work to been done through machines and robot as result of technology and also created the faster development of life and makes the high and long life expectancy due to the simple working even physical works because they we're using machines and created robot to simplification in Europe and hence created the increase of dependency ratio in the world. Two technology also after being advanced caused the different classes in social political and economic in the world generally due to the modernization of different tools and equipment for human and animal realing .

This question is  divided and explained in three parts, the first part explained the introduction of technology in general and its causes for it's rise in Europe which created the working class in Europe. The second parts explained in this question is main body which explain the of technology to working class in Europe and next part explained the conclusion of the question and the last section is reference of what is written and where the works is cited from.

MAIN BODY

     Income in equalty; the first and second industrial revolution spurred strong in income levels the frontier economies including the united States and Western Europe relatively to rest of the world. This contributed to the consistent widening of global in equality from the 1820s up to the 1990s ( Bourguignon and Morrison, 2002 ).as show in figure 3,7 miranovic ( 2016 ) noted that global in equality levels saw Sam stabilization in the 1980s and began a shape decline in 2003. In equality within countries has exhibited heterogeneous trends across regions and time periods. Milanovic (2016), defined global inequality as summation of two components. The first is weighted sum of the differences in mean incomes among nations, or the " location " components. The second is the weighed sum of inequities of personal incomes within nations or the "class" component.

     Technology and globalization; globalization is massive increase in cross border trade and financial flows as well as too much lesser extent in migration is often seen as main driver of trends across n labour markets and inequality in both developed and developing countries. The global of shift manufacturing towards developing economies in Asia has also been a factory for the emergence of the middle class in many Asian and developing countries as it allowed for the movement of of workers from agriculture to better paying jobs in manufacturing. Technological change and globalization are not independent for each other and are indeed closely related .

     Technology and the organization of work; the current technological changes do not only impact the number of jobs and tasks workers will need to be able to perform, but also the overall organization of work. Particularly in developed countries, becomes less firm centric. Emerging large technology firms increasingly resemble platform, which employed only the few workers themselves . instead work tasks are performed by individual contractors who may work for a variety of firms at the same time. Cooperation and competition among firms has become a dominant work arrangement especially among smaller high-tech firms. On one hand the shift away from traditional work arrangement to contingent work can increase flexibility and create gainful employment opportunities for people ( often women ) for whom standard full time employment conflicts with family work education.however many non standard work arrangement lead to precariously work relations, with workers having to bear employment and income risk by themselves. In turn precarious work is negatively related to occupational health and safety ( Quinlan et all.2001 from NASEM et al.2017,p.85 ).

     Long term implications for employment and inequality; essentially all president data is fully consistent with the view that ' this time is not different '. Despite uncertainty on timing and details, the current time can be characterized by rapid technological progress that is disruptive as it leads to job creation and destruction but also ensures steady, though unbalanced, progress in productivity, wages, and employment. Nevertheless, alternative scenarios should not necessarily be dismissed. One view characterizes the current prospects by a lack of true technological. While Gordon ( 2012 ) and others acknowledge the introduction and others are of the view that new technologies mean faster and better measurement, faster business experimentation, more efficient spreading of ideas and easier scaling-up of successful innovations. As this effects multiply each other, they can accelerate the productivity gains one organizational setups adapted. The consequences of technology- driven productivity acceleration could indeed be different than what we observed in the past.

     National policies and need for global cooperation; as previously discussed, technological innovations is the main engine of productivity growth, but can also be a major force of disruption. How the new waves of technologies will shape labour markets and income distribution, ultimately depends on the institutions and policies that are in a place at the national and global level. In devising policies and sharping institutions , Government need to take into account that they operates with significantly uncertainty, and this would support a trial and error approach than can be adopted according to new experiences and developments. Overall governments play a active role in promoting the development and use of new breakthrough technologies. At the same time, they are often restricted to foreign firms and few large domestic firms. However, as industrial development typically requires both local capabilities and foreign investments, governments are called to promote national capacity to innovates, including among small forms.

     International cooperation; whereas most of the policy areas discussed in the previous sections are domestic by nature international cooperation play a crucial role in ensuring that new technologies can indeed be developed and employed in a way that moves the world closer sustainable development. In this context, international cooperation includes at least three different dimensions: addressing the cross border aspects of new technologies, sharing of and learning from national experiences, and support for disadvantage countries. From a global perspective, there is a remarkable divided between studies focusing on developed countries and those on developing countries. While there are numerous empirical studies on the opportunities and challenges associated with the new technologies for the united States and Europe, very little work has been done regarding their consequences for low-income countries. Hence there is clear need to bridge this divide by encouraging research on impact of technological revolution on labour markets and income inequality in developing countries particular LDCs .In all countries such research on the link between technology and labour markets needs to address not only job destruction but also job creating process and how public polices can effectively shape the process. For example, policies need to take into account how firms adopt new and advanced technologies to replace or compliment their work force, and what are the consequence of this decisions for the demands for labour at various skill levels.

CONCLUSION

     The widespread adoption of current technological breakthroughs, often labeled the fourth industrial revolution, will impact not only labour markets and income inequality, but will also lead to broader societal change. The nature of these impacts and challenges, however, will remain unknown. Reducing the uncertainty of local , national and global impacts by further research and debate at the united nations would contributes to better prepare to face this new challenges. Such research could also explore the linkages bet the technology revolution and other key global trends, including demographic changes such as ageing and migration climate change, and the overall need for transforming economies and societies to achieve sustainable development.