Kwa mujibu wa wanaisimu wa kiswahili Masamba

-

UTANGULIZI
Masamba (2001) akimnukuu Lyons (1978) Anasema kuwa kishazi ni kundi la maneno lenye kiima na kiarifu hasa likiwa ndani ya sentensi .Au  Vishazi   ni tungo yenye kitenzi ambacho chaweza kujitosheleza na kukamilisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa na mzungumzaji au kuwa na kitenzi kisichoweza kujitegemea chenyewe . Kuna aina mbili za vishazi yaani viishazi tegemezi na vishazi huru. masamba na wenzie  (2001)  anasema kuwa sentensi ni kipashio kikubwa chenye maana kamili. Sentensi imeanishwa kwa kuzingitia umuundo na kimaana. Kwenye muundo Kuna aina tatu za sentensi yaani ni sentensi sahili, sentensi changamano, sentensi ambatano. Na upande wa kimaana Kuna sita za sentensi yaani sentensi taarifa, sentensi ulizi, sentesi shurutia, sentensi mshangao, sentensi yakinishi na sentensi kanushi.
 Kwa mujibu wa wanaisimu  wa kiswahili Masamba  (2001),    Nkwera (2013),  Matinde (2012) ,  Kapinga (1983),  Masebo (2012) ,waanathitisha kuwa ni kweri kwamba kishazi ni sentensi lakini sentensi sio kishazi kwa kuonesha utofauti uliopo baina ya sentensi na kiashazi kwa hoja zifuatazo;
Masamba  ( 2001) .Anasema kuwa kishazi na sentesi utofautiana katika maana zake,  yaani kishazi ni tungo yenye kitenzi ambacho chaweza kujitosheleza na kukamisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa na mzungumzaji au kuwa na kitenzi kisichoweza kujitegemea chenyewe.     
            Kwa  mfano I) Mzee analima.
                                II)Mzee aliyekuja Jana.          
tofauti za vishazi( I) na( II) hapo juu ni kwamba kishazi( I) kina kitenzi kinachojitosheleza chenyewe kwani kina kamilisha ujumbe. Kwakuwa sentensi (II) hakijajitosheza kimaana kwa sababu kina utegemezi wa vipashio vingine ili kuleta maana. Wakati sentensi ni kifungu Cha maneno kuanzia neno moja na kuendelea chenye muundo wa kiima na kiarifu na kinacholeta maaana kamili.
Matinde (2012).   Anasema kuwa tofauti nyingine ipo katika aina zake ,kwa maana kuwa kiashazi kina aina mbili yani kishazi huru hii no aina ya vishazi ambavyo vimeunganishwa katika sentensi na viunganishi hasa viunganishi huru kama vile  na / lakini na kishazi tegemezibni aina ya vishazi ambavyo vikidondoshwa katika muktadha was sentensi kuu having kusimama peke ake Kama sentensi vinavyo jitegemea. Wakati sentensi Kuna aina tatu za sentensi kimuundo  yaani sentesi sahili, sentensi changamano, na sentensi ambatano.
Nkwera  (2013).  Sentensi sharti ilete maana kamili kwa maana kuwa iwe inaonyesha lengo lililokusudiwa .
                      Kwa mfano; juma anasoma kitabu Cha hadithi.
                                            Mama na baba wanalima.
Hivyo inaonesha tendo linalofanywa ,lililofanywa au litakalofanyika. Lakini  kishazi sio lazma kuleta maaana kamili kwa sababu kuna kishazi tegemezi na sifa kuu ya kishazi tegemezi kuwa hakitoi maana iliyo kamili.
                       Kwa mfano; mbuzi aliyepotea jana......
                                            Japokuwa anasinzia ovyo.......
Hivyo kishazi tegemezi ili kiweze kutoa maana lazima kiunganishwe na vipashio vingine ili kukamilisha maana.
Masamba na wenzake (1999).   Sentensi huonesha hali na kauli mbalimbali. lakini si kila kishazi kuonesha hali na kauli. Kwa mfano tunapozungumzia kauli  ina maana kuwa ni ule uhusiano uliopo baina ya, ama kitenzi na kiima au kitenzi kiima na yambwa.katika sentensi kuna kauli mbalimbali Kama vile  kauli ya kutenda, kutendwa, kutendeka, kutendana ,kutendea na  kujirejerea.
Masebo ( 2012).  Anasema kuwa Sentensi ina kiima na kiarifu. Yaani kiima nisehemu ya sentensi ambayo imetawaliwa na nomino na kiarifu ni sehemu ya sentensi ambayo imetawaliwa na kitenzi.  
                           Kwan mfano; Juma /anapika ugali.
                                                      K                  A
                                                     Baba na mama/ wanasoma kitabu.
                                                             K                                       A
lakini  kishazi si lazma kiwe na muundo wa kiima na kiarifu .
                                    Kwa mfano; Angekuja jana angeondoka leo.
                                                          Kama atakuja atakukuta hapa .

Kapinga , M. C . (1983).  Amethibitisha kuwa utofauti upo katika muundo , sentensi kuwa na muundo wa kitenzi peke ake ambao umebeba viambishi vinavyo wakilisha vipashio vingine kama vile kiwakilishi Cha kirai nomino au kiima. Mahususi miundo kama hi nikwamba haioneshi virai nomino hasa katika nafasi ya kiima.
Kwa mfano
Kiswahili          kingereza
           Anakuja          He/she is coming.
Tunakula        we are eating.
 kishazi inamuundo unaojikita katika viambishi, vishazi hivi kujidhihirisha kuwepo kwa viambishi ndani ya muundo wake.
                     Kwa mfano; Angelala mapema angeliwahi kuamka.
Masamba (2001).    Sentensi kuweza kuwa na upatanisho wa kisarufi, lakini kishazi  hakiwezi kuwa na upatanisho wa kisarufi
                     Kwa mfano; kijiko kidogo kimepotea.(umoja)
                                            Vijiko vidogo kimepotea.(uwingi)
                                             mtoto amepotea. (umoja)         
                                              watoto wamepotea.(uwingi)


HITIMISHO
Hivyo basi ukweli kwamba kishazi ni  sentensi lakini sentensi sio kishazi kwa maana kuwa kishazi ni sehemu ya sentensi kuu, hii in maana kuwa bila ya kuwepo kwa miktadha ya sentensi kuu iliyokibeba kishazi huwa no sentensi inayojitegemea.





MAREJEREO
Kaipinga, M. C. (1983).Sarufi Maumbo ya Kiswahili Sanifu (SAMAKISA). Dar es Salam:TUKI.
Masamba,D.T. Kihora,M. Y. & Hokororo (1999). Sarufi Miundo ya Kiswahili (SAMIKIRA).
                         Dar es   Salam ; TUKI.
Massamba na wenzake ,( 2012). Sarufi ya Kiswahili Sanifu  Sekondari na Vyuo. Dar es Salam.
Matinde, S. R.(2012) Dafina ya lugha Isimu na Nadharia. Mwanza: Serengeti Educational                                     publishers (T) LTD.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TYPES OF DICTIONARIES

-
INTRODUCTION A dictionary is a reference book about words and as such it describes the functioning of individual words (sometimes called lexical items). It does so by listing these words in alphabetical order in the form of headwords, the words listed as entries in the dictionary. A book or electronic resource that lists the words of a language (typically in alphabetical order) and gives their meaning or gives the equivalent words in a different language often also providing information about pronunciation, origin, and usage. According Cambridge advanced Learners Dictionary and Thesaurus @ Cambridge University Press THE FOLLOWING ARE THE TYPES OF DICTIONARIES   Firstly, a dictionary that deals only with one language is called a monolingual dictionary. For example, English monolingual dictionaries like the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) or the Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (CCALD) has English headwords, English definitions, and all e...
Read more

Demonstrate how Mariama Ba’s SO LONG A LETTER is a cry against patriarchy.

-
Patriarchy is a social system in which the role of male as the primary authority is central. It refers to a system where men have authority over women, children and property. As an institution of male rule and privilege, patriarchy is dependent on female subordination. In most of patriarchal societies men are given priority in many spheres like in cultural aspects, religion, political issues, economic access and the like. For instance in culture men are given special point of appreciation hence women have to respect them regardless their age. In some communities women are even not considered in property inheritance as well as forced to be married with ones who are not their choice.           Mariama Ba’s So Long a Letter Published in 1980, recounts the stories of two women and their husbands, lifelong friends living in Senegal during the post-colonial period of national reformulation. The novella is written in the form of a lengthy epistl...
Read more

KATIBA YA KIKUNDI

-
KATIBA YA VACK GROUP SEHEME YA 1. UTANGULIZI 1 JINA LA KIKUNDI VACK GROUP IBARA YA PILI: 2: TAFSIRI YA MANENO MBALIMBALI  2.1 Kikundi kina mkusanyikon wa watu 2.2 Wanachama wa kikundi wana mtazamo moja  2.3 Wanadhamira moja katika kujenga taifa IBARA YA 3. UTANGULIZI Wanachama wa kikundi cha VACK GROUP tumejipanga kufanya kazi kwa ushirikiano ili kufikia malengo yetu IBARA YA 4. KATIBA Katiba ni kanuni ya nchi au taasisi iliyopangwa kwa makubaliano maalumu yanayosimamia sheria kufuata miongozo yake bila kwenda kinyume.Kwenda kinyume cha hapo ni kosa. IBARA YA 5. JINA LA KIKUNDI Kikundi kinaitwa VACK GROUP  IBARA YA 6. LUGHA RASMI YA KIKUNDI Lugha rasmi ya kikundi ni Kiswahili na kingereza. IBARA YA 7. OFISI KUU Makao makuu ya kikundi yatakua ndani ya Mbinga mjini. IBARA YA 8. ENEO LA UTENDAJI WA KAZI  Itakuwa ndani ya wilaya ya mbinga IBARA YA 9. KANUNI ZA KIMAADILI  9.1 Kuheshimiana wenyewe kwa weny...
Read more