Assessment on the Influence of Small Scale Fishing In Household Economic Growth. A Case Study Of Mtwara Mikindani Municipal
STELLA MARIS MTWARA
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
(STEMMUCO)
(A Constituent
College of St. Augustine University of Tanzania)
FACULTY
OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
Assessment on the Influence of
Small Scale Fishing In Household Economic Growth.
A Case Study Of Mtwara Mikindani Municipal
A
Research Proposal Submitted for the Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of
Degree of Bachelor of business administration at Stella Maris Mtwara University College
Kalimang’asi
Charles S.
STE/BBA/123137
2019
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This
chapter included the background of the study, statement of the problem,
research objectives, research question and the significance of the study.
1.1
Background of the Study
From
earliest time, fishing has been a major source of food for human and a provider
of employment and economic benefits to those who are engaging in this activity.
Although, with the increased knowledge and the dynamic development of
fisheries, it has been realized that aquatic living resources, though are
renewable, are not infinite and need to be properly managed, their contribution
to the nutritional, economic and social wellbeing of the growing world's
population is sustained (FAO, 2005)
Many
millions of people around the world find a source of income and livelihood in
the fisheries and aquaculture sector. For the last five decades global fish production
has grown in an increasing of food fish supply at an average of 3.2 percent
annually, outpacing world population growth by 1.6 percent (FAO, 2014).World
Bank, FAO and World Fish Center, reported there is an estimated annual
production of 48 million tons of fish originating from small-scale fisheries
(De Graaf et al., 2011). Basically the world per capita apparent fish
consumption has increased from an average of 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 19.2 kg in
2012. This impressive development has been driven by a combination of
population growth, rising incomes and urbanization, and is facilitated by the
strong expansion of fish production and more efficient distribution of channels
(FAO, 2014).
China
has been responsible for most of the growth in fish availability, owing to the
dramatic expansion in its fish production, particularly from aquaculture. Its
per capita apparent fish consumption also has increased at an average annual
rate of 6.0 percent in 2 the period 1990 -2010 to about 35.1 kg in 2010. Annual
per capita fish supply in the rest of the world was about 15.4 kg in 2010 (11.4
kg in the 1960s and 13.5 kg in the 1990s (FAO, 2014).In Tanzania the average
per capita annual fish and shellfish consumption is estimated to be 5.5
kg(USAID, 2015). By the year 2012about 58.3 million people engaged in the
primary sector of capture fisheries and aquaculture, where 37 percent engaged
in full time, 84 percent of all people employed in the fisheries and
aquaculture sector are in Asia, followed by Africa which has more than 10
percent (FAO, 2014).
Employment
in fisheries sector has grown faster than the world’s population. Overall,
women accounted for more than 15 percent of all people directly engaged in the
fisheries primary sector in 2012. The proportion of women exceeded 20 percent
in inland water fishing and up to 90 percent in secondary activities especially
processing. FAO estimates that, overall, fisheries and aquaculture assure the
livelihoods of 10 to12 percent of the world’s population (FAO, 2014).
World
Bank (2012) found that in Africa, the total employment in the whole fisheries
sector at 25.4 million people, 7.8 million were employed in fishing and 17.6 in
postharvest. MLDF (2010) reported that, in Tanzania more than 4 million people
engaged in fishing and fisheries related activities, while more than 400 000
fisheries operators are directly employed in the sector.
Tanzania
is among of the Country in Africa which is endowed with water resources,
sharing three of the largest inland lakes in Africa, namely Lake Victoria, Lake
Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa, diverse river systems, numerous wetlands, and the
Indian Ocean. The 3 country is reasonably rich in marine and inland fishery
resources making the fisheries sector important in the economy (Sobo, 2012).
Both fish culture and capture fisheries has contributed much in Tanzanian
economy. The contribution of the aquaculture to national food security and
economic development is extrapolated at 1522.80 tones. This is about 0.435
percent of the average annual fish landings which is around 350 000 tones. At
present aquaculture is largely a subsistence activity practiced by poor
households in the coastal and inland areas but the benefits arising from it are
several, it contributes to people's requirements for animal protein,
particularly in the rural areas where there are no capture fisheries, and it
provides employment opportunities and is a source of income (FAO, 2010).
It
is also reported by FAO (2012) that, Tanzania is among of the main producer of
fish for inland fisheries in Africa where mostly fishing in the Lake Victoria
and Lake Tanganyika. The major commercial species in Lake Victoria are Nile
perch (Lates niloticus); Rastrineobola argentea commonly known as “Dagaa” and
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus); while the major commercial species in
Lake Tanganyika are the Centropomidae (Lates stappersii) (commonly known as
“Migebuka”). Tanzania was ranking in the top 10worldwide as a producer of
inland waters capture (FAO, 2014) and was amongst top 10 countries in Africa in
terms of total capture fisheries production (FAO, 2003).
For
marine fisheries, the commercial marine fisheries are mainly concentrated in
the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) targeting the tuna and tuna-like species. The
major tuna and tuna-like species contributing to the catches include Yellow fin
tuna, Skipjack tuna, Big eye tuna, Long tail tuna, and Kawakawa (Anon, 2005).
Small scale fishing however is conducted by artisanal fishers who fish for fin
fish, mollusks and crustaceans within the 4 inshore. Tanzania as the Eastern
Africa Region, among 13 African countries and 57 countries in the world
produced over 200 000 metric tons in 2010 (FAO, 2012). The total annual fish
production in Tanzania was 347,157 metric tons in 2010 (MLFD, 2010) and reported
as the main source of protein to nearly 9 million people living along the
coast, and provides source of employment and livelihood to a substantial number
of people (MLFD, 2010).
The contribution of fishing activities has
remained fairly constant over the last decade ranging between 4.4% and 5.7% per
annum and a period average of 4.6%. Starting from a low 2.9% annual growth in
2000, the sector’s growth rate increased to around 6% between 2002 and 2005,
and has since steadily dropped to 1.5% in 2010. The decrease in growth between
2009 and 2010 has been attributed to illegal fishing, and destruction of
nursery grounds. Currently, the sector accounts for about 10% of the national
exports (Planning Commission, 2012; MLFD, 2014).
Small-scale
or artisanal fisheries is still developing rapidly through export markets and
adopting new technologies like satellite positioning systems which make easier
for fishers to search fish (Hamidu, 2012).In fact, a large number of the people
in Tanzania who are living in coastal zone are surrounded by rich marine
resources. They utilize the resources for subsistence and as a source of income
in the households. Among of the resources, fish being the most important
compared to others, (Jidawwi and Ohman, 2002). Different fishing gears are
being used to capture those marine resources though they are none
sophisticated. At least each household is engaging in fishing activity either
direct or indirect often benefits from such resources. Although fishing has
been conducted for 5 several years, still continues to be an important source
of household income and food as well.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Tanzania
is gifted with water resources, and is sharing with other three countries of
the largest inland lakes in Africa, which are Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika
and Lake Nyasa with diverse river systems, abundant wetlands, and the Indian
Ocean. The country is rationally rich in marine and inland fishery resources
making the fisheries sector important in the economy; thus it cannot be understated
(Sobo 2012). Fisheries provide substantial employment, income, livelihoods,
recreation; foreign earnings and revenue to the country (Sobo, 2012).
Marine
and inland fisheries are very significant in household in terms of food
security and nutrition. Fish provides a significant contribution to animal
protein consumption (FAO, 2008). Fisheries also provide both direct and
indirect employment. Through employment the income earned from both fisheries
and associated activities such as fish processing, fishing agreements, license
fees, and from the activities of distant water fishing fleets which are
serviced at regional ports contribute to government budgets and to the gross
domestic product (FAO, 2008).
According to FAO (2005) majority of
households in developing countries are involved in fishing activities either
fishers or in fishing related activities whether fulltime, temporary or
occasional however there are no clear distinctions between those who are
fishing for subsistence and those for income. Moreover, even where fishing is
the main livelihood activity within the household, it hardly ever accounts for
the entire cash income. Allison and Ellis (2001) also reported that in most
developing countries fisheries have often been 6 described as a last resort
occupation in household. In the fishing communities, fisheries have a direct
link to household incomes. These household incomes explain the levels of income
in these fishing communities which in the end indicate whether a given fishing
household is poor or otherwise. In Lake Victoria, the household engaged in
fishing (fishers) received net income that ranged between $1300 and $2100,while
for gear owner earned $5200 and $8400 per month (Bilame, 2012).It is also
reported that about 40–55% of the income of coastal fishing households in
Tanzania is generated by fishing, (Ninnes, 2004)
Similarly Mafia Island is among of the
District in Tanzania where the dwellers are practicing fishing and the activity
is being supported by the fish processing industry which is located at
Kilindoni village where some of the fish products are being sold. Despite the
fact that fishing seems to be the main economic activity as explained in the
district profile, there is no reliable information that explains the
contribution of fishing to the household income .It is therefore appropriate to
determine its contribution to the household income.
1.3
Objective of the Study
1.3.1 General Objectives
The objective of the study was to assess
the influence of small scale fishing in household economic growth. A case study
of Mtwara Mikindani Municipal
i. To identify the contribution of small scale fishing in household economic growth
ii. To assess the challenges facing small scale fishing in household economic growth
iii.
To analyze the solutions to
the challenges facing small scale fishing in household economic growth
1.4 Research Questions
i)
What are the contributions of small scale fishing in household economic
growth?
ii)
What are the challenges facing small scale fishing
in household economic growth?
i) What are the solutions to the challenges facing small scale fishing in household economic growth?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The
study will provide more information on the importance of fishing and its
related activities within the household for the people living in Mtwara
Mikindani. It will raise awareness on the importance of small -scale fisheries
not only because their livelihoods depend on sustainable natural resources base
but, because fisheries provide vital local nutritious food and a safety net for
many poor household around the community.
Fisheries
are of immense scale and economic importance, which also means they have a
significant environmental impact that must be managed effectively to ensure
sustainability.
The
coastal fishing communities in Tanzania are particularly sensitive to climate change due to their high dependence on
fisheries for food security and livelihoods. Conservation and adaptive
management strategies that foster sustainable fish populations and equitable
distribution of resources are urgently needed to mitigate the negative
consequences caused by challenges. Furthermore, the findings of the study are
useful for future reference to other researchers who are interested to work
further in fisheries studies.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The
study will be conducted in Mtwara Mikindani Municipality. The study will involve
four selected wards of Mikindani, Chuno, Shangani and Msangamkuu that are
located along the Indian Ocean in the Municipal and all matured people who live
in this region permanently or temporarily. This area will enable the
researchers to make in depth assessment about the problem. Research will not be
studied on the other Municipals found in the region because are not areas of
concerns.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
The
study will encounter several limitations particularly during the data
collection exercise. Some households’ will not willing to disclose their income
level information due to the fear that their information would be exposed to
the community in spite of the researcher’s effort to explain the purpose of the
study. The problem will be minimized by changing the questions and the way of
justifying questions. This will make them (households) to disclose their
information unknowingly.
Some
of the respondents will be unable to recall their exact daily income. This will
be thought because of the nature of markets for their product especially the
fish markets which will be Fishing related activities Fish processing, Fish trade,
Vessel making, Casual work, Ice production and Fish market, Fishing
season, Financial support, Fishing gear, Education level Dependent variable
Intermediate variable Independent variable Fishing activity Household
income based on bargaining modalities.
There will be no formal or standard measurement which will be used to measure
fish which will be sold in landing site; some use trey, buckets, etc. Therefore
not only that they will fail to remember monthly income generated from fishing,
but also the amount they sold will be difficult to recall. This will be
minimized by asking the respondents the number of fishing days and the average
income they obtained daily.
General
election Some of the respondents will be not ready to answer some of the
questions presuming that the researcher will be collecting information that
could be used for campaign, but the researcher will assure them that the study
is only for research purposes.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Research as
systematic process of searching information should be trace on what others did
previously to the related problem; hence this chapter deals with reviewing on
the various literatures about the contribution of Indian Ocean towards
socio-economic developments of various parts of the world.
3 Investigating the Importance of
SSF (i)
Employment
Opportunities Estimates of global employment within the SSF sector are varied
and considered biased by the definition of a ‘fisher’3 . Yet, in the developing
world more than one hundred million people are thought to currently depend
directly upon SSF and postharvest activities (fish processing and fish trading)
for at least part of their income (Béné 2006; Béné et al. 2010a). SSF also
employs millions of fishery associated workers including fish processors,
carpenters, transporters and traders of goods critical to the sector (ice,
salt, petrol food; and non-food goods) as well as fish. In contrast, employment
opportunities in the domain of large (industrial) operations are considered
relatively limited due to the advanced technology in use (FAO 2007; FAO 2008).
For example the marine SSF sector is said to employ up to twenty-five times
more workers than its industrial-scale counterpart (Pauly 2006, cited in
Jacquet 2009).
In
West Africa more than 60% of the population are aged thirty or less and are
largely under-employed, with few paid working or educational opportunities
(Cockayne and Williams 2009). For some, SSF is seen to provide a critical
opportunity. Coastal areas on all continents offer resources, variable
extractive opportunities and living spaces that prove attractive (Brugère et
al. 2008). West African population densities along the narrow Atlantic coastal
fringe have soared (both intrinsically and through in-migration) illustrating a
willingness to relocate coast-wards in search of opportunity (Vogt et al. 2010)
Globally the rate at which individuals are entering fishing (and fish farming)
is said to be higher than population growth (World Bank 2008). However, this is
contested by other reports declaring that regional variation does exist. For
example, growth of fisheries is reportedly in decline in Malaysia, stable in
Tanzania and slowing considerably in Bangladesh (Tietze et al. 2000)
Exponential
growth of SSF in West Africa challenges one common belief that all fishers
typically descend from a long-standing history in the activity. More than 90%
of SSF in the region are considered new-arrivals or displaced entrants,
indicating that fishing does present an opportunity (Chauveau et al. 2007).
Mobility into fishing has been linked with widespread regional unemployment;
drought, poor soil and unfavourable farming conditions; conflict, land reforms
and the rising price of fish relative to agricultural produce. However, in
general it is argued that we know very For some, growth of SSF is the most
worrying development, said to be creating an accumulation of effort ultimately
detrimental to fishery resources (Pauly 1997). Others argue that fisheries,
like numerous other small-scale production activities4 , are most often
described as an occupation of last resort or a last-chance effort for
desperate, unskilled, jobless and destitute people; when really the porosity
and accessibility of SSF is a huge advantage, given its prevalence in
developing countries where alternative employment opportunities are rare
(Allison and Ellis 2001; JulLarsen 2002, Jul-Larsen and van Zweiten 2004; Béné
2006; McClanahan et al. 2009; Béné 2010a). This capacity of the SSF sector to
absorb surplus labour (providing a “safety net” or “labour buffer”) creating
alternative sources of food, employment and income; and socially protecting the
unskilled, unemployed and the unfortunate, is seen from a poverty reduction
perspective as the sector's greatest merit (Jul-Larsen et al. 2002; Béné 2006;
Béné et al. 2010a; Béné 2011; Njock and Westlund 2010). This is considered
particularly relevant for those whose “normal” means of income- generation has
been disrupted; in periods of individual or collective turmoil, in the face of
short-term unexpected shocks, forced migrations, displacements and crises; due
to civil wars, natural disasters, political and social upheaval (FAO 2008).
Furthermore, it is argued that the skills exhibited by individuals arriving
into fishing, are largely undocumented; but where they have been captured they
have been proven to be numerous, varied and multi-sectoral (Hannesson 2002).
The processes which have shaped decisions to enter SSF, have been documented
for East African and Asian fisheries in particular (Pollnac et al. 2001; Cinner
et al. 2009; Islam and Herbeck 2013). The West African marine SSF literature
lacks an attention to this detail (Allison and Horemans 2004). This study
therefore aims to disaggregate the largely undifferentiated West African
fishers in this regard, to investigate the variability in entry strategies and
how these shape the dynamics of the resultant commercial SSF sector.
Access
and Conflict In West Africa, the 1982 curtailment of ‘freedom of the seas’5
transferred control of coastal property into the hands of each national state.
Coastal property encompasses territorial waters (demarcated twelve nautical
miles offshore) and EEZ’s restricting exploration activities within 200
nautical miles (Witbooi 2008; Alder and Sumaila 2004). One year later, fishing
authorisation was further centralised within each EEZ, as localised authority
over fishing grounds was smothered by a ‘higher’ State-level responsibility
(Binet 2012). Today, SSF prevails in 136 maritime countries, many of 5 UNCLOS
the UN Convention on the Law Of the Sea The Importance of Small-Scale Fishing
to Rural Coastal Livelihoods 10 which are characterised by confused and poorly
defined property rights, which often result in de facto open access that
operates under a regime of nominal State governance (Andrew et al. 2007; Cheong
2008; Teh and Sumaila 2013). A prevalence of conflict associated with expansion
of the fisheries sector, movements (migrations) of fishers in West Africa and
underlying confusion over access-rights have all been highlighted (Wilson et
al. 1994; Atti-Mama et al. 1999).
Apparent
open-access conditions often result from an overshadowing of localised,
legitimate and often more effective pre-existing tenure regimes. These
pre-existing systems have been documented for various natural resources,
including fisheries, water-stores and forests. One widely-documented comprises
the common property resource (CPR) system in which resources are controlled by
a group who agree to abide by rules regulating membership and use (Ostrom 1990;
Johnson 2004). Despite their relative strengths, CPR systems are by nature
hugely vulnerable to both competition and encroachment, particularly from
larger and more powerful political and economic systems (Smith and Wishnie
2000). Erosion of CPR systems has occurred to such an extent that they are now
considered as endangered as the resources which they evolved to defend.
Examples of CPR systems, where they do persist have become a focus for
investigating collective management. There have also been widespread efforts to
use their organisational structure as a model, through which to establish
management systems de novo as ‘community based’ initiatives. CPR systems are
defined as critical institutions which can mediate the relationship between a
population and the environment. They are considered particularly useful when a
population changes in size or composition (Curran and Agardy 2002). The
Importance of Small-Scale Fishing to Rural Coastal Livelihoods 11 However,
despite a growing body of practical support for the recently emerging community-based
management ideals (many of which attempt to re-create CPR systems) numerous
shortfalls have been identified
Through
these constraints, the co-management agenda emerges as a silver-bullet, widely
discussed yet believed by very few to harbour any potential for conservation
goals, good governance of natural resources or improved rural livelihoods
(Nielson and Lund 2012). Instead, the ‘community’ it is argued, which forms the
foundation of natural resource management re-form, is at best dynamic and at worst,
a ‘myth’, emerging from the multiple social relations that people create
(Cleaver 2002; Blaikie 2006). The issue of elite capture is raised, which
Jentoft (2005) cautions, develops when collaborative management empowers the
elite; entrenching inequalities which already exist. Béné et al (2011) concur,
explaining that in the majority of cases involving fisheries, attempts to
improve governance have simply modified the statusquo by altering power
distributions among stakeholders. Instead, an ‘elite’ or privileged group have
been frequently observed to hijack management reforms, in order to serve their
own interests (Njaya et al. 2012). Due to the tendency for SSF to work closer
to shore where smaller stocks are often targeted, collisions of interest with weakly
supported customary governance systems overlooked by central State authority
are a particular problem (Berkes 2003). Where these localised systems are
over-ridden by larger management agendas, confusion often emerges as different
groups variably interpret access, use and harvesting rights. Out of this
confusion, the ‘dilemma’ of open-access emerges, a first-come first
2.4 Research Gap
There
are various researches that have been conducted in Mtwara municipal concerning
with the Indian Ocean on the municipal. Most of these researches have based on
the negative influence of human on the resources available on the Indian Ocean
such as pollution, degradation and loss of biodiversities.
Akwilapo
2011), Emeritus et al (2012) in their
studies conducted on coastal region of Mtwara, the findings of those studies
revealed the bad practices done by the indigenous of Mtwara Mikindani Municipal
in destructing the resources in the Indian Ocean. There were no any other
studies to assess on how Indian Ocean was contributing to socio-economic
development of Mtwara Mikindani. Their studies involved two districts of Mtwara
urban and Mtwara rural specifically from the wards and villages located along
the Indian Ocean. Therefore, were differ from the sample size and design
because of being wider in scope. Moreover, their findings revealed the
contribution of Oceanic resources but they failed to assess on how those
resources contribute to socio0economic development of Mtwara Mikindani
Municipal.
Therefore, this study was aiming to assess the
contribution of Indian Ocean in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal so as to assess the
expected development of Mtwara Mikindani from Indian Ocean, on why is not
similar to the other areas that are located along the Indian Ocean such as Dar
es Salaam and Tanga, where its development were highly contributed by the
Indian Ocean. The findings of this study intended to show the contributions of
Indian Ocean towards socio-economic development of Mtwara Mikindani Municipal and looking the
challenges that might cause low contribution of Ocean in the Municipal.
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter focused on the research methodology, which will be used in
the study. The research will use; research design, area of the study, targeted
population, population sampling and method of collecting data.
3.1 Research
Design
The researcher
used a conceptual structure with which the study were conducted, the study
engaged on both descriptive and quantitative designs so as to admit full qualitative
and quantitative presentation of data of
the facts collected to the selected study areas.
3.2 Area of the
Study
The study was
conducted in Mtwara urban District
where by a researcher will select ten wards. Mtwara region laid between
longitudes 380 and 40030" East of Greenwich. It is
also situated between latitudes 100 05" and 110
25" South of the equator. It borders Lindi region to the north, the Indian
Ocean to the east and separated by the Ruvuma River from Mozambique in the
south. To the west it borders Ruvuma region. According to general report of
2012 census Mtwara – District is
population of comprised of 3.9 households who depend much in trade and fishing,
the main tribe in the region is Makonde while Makua, Yao and Mwera form the
minority but not underestimated.
Source;
STEMMUCO Geography lab (2017)
3.3 Targeted Population
Population
refers to the totality of any group units which have one or more traits in
common that are of interest to the research. According to census report of
(2012), Mtwara Mikindani contained about 336,302 of population.
The study was
conducted in Mtwara Mikindani Municipal with viewed to the selected wards of
Mikindani, Chuno, Shangani andMsangamkuuthe local communities in these areas
may have clear information on contribution of Indian Ocean towards
socio-economic development because they are located near to the Indian Ocean
and whereby the offices are found to get various in formations to accomplish
this study.
3.4 Sample and
Sampling Techniques
Beck and Polit
(2004) defines sample as the subset of population selected to participate in
the study. The sample size was obtained basing on the rule of thumb proposed by
John (1984), the rule directed that; for (0-100) population should be used for
data collection. Guided to this rule, the study the study used 650 as a
targeted population from the general population of 336,302 as according to the
rule of thumb by John (1984). Under which from 65 respondents included; fishing
officer, tourism officer, and port, port officers,fisheries, traders and local
community from wards of Shangani, Chuno, Mikindani and Msangamkuu.
Table 3.1
Showing Sampling Sizes
|
Category
of respondents |
Frequency |
Total |
|
|
Male |
Female |
||
|
Port officers |
1 |
1 |
2 |
|
Fishing officers |
3 |
- |
3 |
|
Tourism officer |
1 |
- |
1 |
|
Community development officer |
- |
1 |
1 |
|
Fisheries |
15 |
- |
15 |
|
Traders /local traders |
10 |
10 |
20 |
|
Local community |
14 |
9 |
23 |
|
Total |
35 |
30 |
65 |
Source: Field
Data (2017)
3.5 Data Collection Techniques
The researcher
applied the following methods in data collection; Observation, Interview,
Questionnaires and Documentation
3.5.1 Observation
According to
Kothari (2004), observation is the common method of data collection in field
research. The researcher will use method especially area observation in order to
get the first hand comprehensive information so as to understand the studied
problem. During the study, the researcher used personal observation to observe
various socio-economic activities that rely on Indian Ocean that can contribute
something towards socio-economic development of Mtwara Mikindani municipal.
3.5.2 Interview
Kothari (2004)
defines interview as, a method used to collect data by asking oral and written
questions. The researcher used interview so as to give room to the respondents,
since this was the most effective way of conversation that gives everyone to
express his/her knowledge over the problems. Also, the researcher used
interview because it gives the chance to get more information about the problem
through asking questions.
3.5.3 Questionnaires
The researcher used questionnaires as a tool of gathering
relevant data and information from the people who concern with the use of
Indian Ocean and its resources direct or indirect. Both close question and open
ended questions were used by the researcher. The researcher intended to use
indigenous people, fishing officers, tourism officers, port officers and other
people of concern.
3.5.4 Documentary Analysis
This involves get information by critical
analysis and written material of an origination such text books, newspaper
articles, speech and magazines, where these helped a researcher to meet with
the research goals.
3.6 Data Analysis
Data
analysis is the process of bringing order, structure and meaning to collected
information (Mugenda et al. (1999).
In analysis of data qualitative methods will be applied, which implied editing,
coding, classification, graphics, presentation as well as collection of
tabulated data, Qualitative data were described using words. In analyzing data,
a researcher used Microsoft excels to obtain charts and graphs for easily
interpretation.
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