The general objectives of this study was to investigate challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District a case study of three wards Tandahimba, Kitama and Miuta

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists background of the study, significance of the study, statement of the problem, general objectives of the study, research question and definition of key terms

1.1 Back ground of the study

Agricultural extension services and advisory systems are essential in moving toward the broader goal of increasing farm income and improving rural livelihoods through disseminating improved technologies and practices. Technology transfer is extension model which was prevalent during colonial times and re-emerged with intensity during the 1970s and 1980s during the training and visit (T&V) system. The stimulus for these investments was to speed up the dissemination of green revolution technologies to farmers, mainly in Asian and African countries (Benor and Harrison, 1977). Recently, facilitation extension approach has evolved over time from participatory extension methods and now extension focuses on getting farmers with common interests to work more closely together to achieve both individual and common objectives.

Agricultural extension, or agricultural advisory services, comprises the entire set of organizations that support people engaged in agricultural production and facilitate their efforts to solve problems; link to markets and other players in the agricultural value chain; and obtain information, skills, and technologies to improve their livelihoods (Birner et al., 2009). The agricultural extension approach in Tanzania is currently demand driven, involving farmers’ groups in the planning and implementation process. The system is also integrating different extension providers. “The extension services use a combination of dissemination pathways such as demonstration plots/Farmer Field Schools (FFS), farmer field days and exchange visits/study tours” (Mvuna, 2013).

Tanzanian cashew production and exports shrank steadily under centralized marketing policies, but have recovered under the liberalized policies. During the 1970s, farmers were forced to abandon cashew groves as they were being resettled under the Ujamaa villagisation scheme. They were located too far from their farms to effectively attend to them and intercrop the young plantations. Combined with the emergence of the powdery mildew disease (PMD), production continued to decline. Since 1990, the Government of Tanzania has since made serious efforts to reinvigorate the cashew sector with external support from the World Bank, the then Overseas Development Agency (ODA) and other bilateral sources. These efforts contributed to the recovery of the cashew sector, permitting it to realize real growth driven by the liberalization of the sector in 1992. From a meager output of 17,000 mt in 1987/88, output doubled every 3-4 years through the 1990’s, eventually reaching over 130,000mt in the 2000/01 season. Prior to liberalization, farmers obtained only 40 percent of the export value of the crop; since liberalization the farmers now obtain about 60 percent of the export value of the crop. The increase in producer prices and on time payment of farmers has led to increases in cashew production (Birner et al., 2009).

In the 1970s, the majority of the global cashew nut production (68 percent of total) took place in African countries, particular Mozambique and Tanzania. Over the following thirty years, production trends shifted, with Asian countries emerging as the world leaders in cashew production. Today, India commands about 40 percent of the international market in cashew production. Other Asian countries, particularly Vietnam and Indonesia, are beginning to expand. In Tanzania Regions known for cashew nut growing include Mtwara, Lindi coast, Ruvuma and Dar es salaam, Export crops are handled through reasonably concentrated marketing system and production even by smallholders relies on the use of some purchases inputs (such as improved seeds, inorganic fertilizers and crop protection chemical). Their domestic price is closely linked to world market price (mediated through domestic exchange). Cashew nut has become one of the major agricultural export crops in Tanzania and was the largest foreign exchange earner in the year 2000 (Dr Alli F. Mandali, 2001).

In the period between World War II and the early 1970s, Tanzania developed one of the largest cashew nut industries in the world, with an initial export of 7,000 tones to India (Schachinger, 2001). Today the Tanzanian industry accounts for at least 8 percent of the total 1.8 million met world production and it ranks among the largest exporters of raw nuts. Cashew nut trade was started by private traders, but they became marginalized by the government when it introduced a single marketing system in the 1960s. The key players in the primary marketing system were local primary societies, regional cooperative unions and a national marketing board. This central system created marketing inefficiencies which led to low producer prices for farmers which to a large extent contributed to the decline in the sector which was registered in the 1980s.During the 1973/74 season, an all-time high output of 145,000mt was attained but it dropped significantly to an all-time low of only 17,000mt in the late 1980s (Afouda et al, 2006).

The industry almost collapsed in the 1980s. Annual production had dropped as low as 20,000 tons in 1986. This was largely due to various government interventions in the harvest and marketing processes. The Ujamaa program saw a shift in agriculture from cash crops to alternative crops. Furthermore, mass relocation of people and the collectivization of villages during the 1980s resulted in many farmers abandoning large estates and areas of the crop. The nationalization of cashew nut processing factories also contributed to the serious problems of the industry as these governmental institutions were poorly run and managed.

Cashew nuts are consumed as food as well as marketed for export. The crop prefers deep, well drained, light textured soils which facilitate extensive lateral root extension (Martin et al., 1997; Mitchel, 2004).

Tanzania is suffering from low agricultural productivity due to a number of factors including inadequate extension services leading to ineffective dissemination of technologies, poor market linkages, weak links between research and extension, inadequate government support and disease (Ministry of Agriculture Food Security and Cooperatives, 2007; Wambura et al., 2012; Churi et al., 2012). Helping farmers to improve their productivity and products standards would raise the contribution of agriculture to the national GDP and household livelihoods. However, this can be achieved through improved disseminated agricultural technologies.

Unfortunately, combination of challenges led to the near collapse of the industry in the late 1980s in Tanzanian. A key challenge was the increasing financial difficulties of the cooperative unions and the Tanzania Cashew Marketing Board, which resulted in large quantities of unsold nuts at the farm or villages level at the end of the buying season. The producer’s share of export price fell to 25 percent in the 1986/87 season and 1990 (Jaffee 1995).  

Delivery of quality agricultural extension services and improved technologies in Tanzania has been a Centre of attention for a long time. Given the fact that the majority of Tanzanians (more than two thirds) live in rural areas and depend on small-scale agriculture for their livelihood and employment (URT, 2006), the Government’s efforts have been geared towards improving production and productivity so as to attain food security and sufficiency at household and national levels. These efforts are in line with the targets of the National Development Vision 2025 which envisages achieving a high quality livelihood through, among other things, food self-sufficiency and food security. (MAFC, 1996)

Research and extension systems in Tanzania, have already worked out the necessary practices to successfully produce and market the new crops and/or products including cashew-nut which would increase profits for the farming communities by expanding their supply of high value products to larger urban markets. Cashew-nuts represent a small proportion of agricultural production in the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), with about 300 000 hectare cultivated (2 percent of total area) producing approximately 100 000 tonnes per year (Nkonya and Hurle, 2013). The main producing regions in the country include Mtwara, Lindi, Coast, Ruvuma and Tanga. 3 According to the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (URT) (2012), the production volume of cashew nuts in Mkinga District was about 887 Metric Tons for the season 2007/08 and ranked first among the districts in Tanga Region. Productivity and quality in cashew-nut production depends on disseminated technologies and farm management like ploughing, intercropping, pruning, the application of pesticides and use of improved planting materials as well as the knowledge with which these are applied (URT, 2012).

1.2 Statement of the problem

 The challenge facing farmers of cash nuts production is a big problem which hinder cashew nuts production and many farmers in different areas which at the end result into poor production. Peasants are claiming on ware housing system that is not intend to develop cashew nut growers in Tandahimba district for evidence in early 2000’s when warehousing was introduced strikers and demonstrations rose, where by cashew nut producers reacted over cooperative society lenders that they failed to pay back their money, while the situation was caused by warehousing system, many efforts has been made to overcome the challenges facing cashew nut production in the area, including giving education to peasant on how to prepare farms to achieve good harvest. A part from the efforts made yet there still challenges; This study investigates on the challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba district in order to solve the challenges that does not other researcher get the solution and failure to achieve the goal to improve cashew nut production in Tandahimba district.

1.3 Objectives of the study

The main objective of this study is to examines the challenges facing cashew nut production farmers in Tandahimba district in three wards and suggests possible solutions for the solving challenges.

1.3.1 General objectives of the study

The general objectives of this study was to investigate challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District a case study of three wards Tandahimba, Kitama and Miuta.

1.3.1 Specific objectives

i)                    To examine economic challenges facing cashew nut in Tandahimba District

ii)                  To evaluate the environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District

iii)                To examine the contribution of Agricultural Marketing Cooperative society (AMCOSs) and Tandahimba Newala Cooperative Union (TANECU) to the development of cashew nut production.

1.3 Research Questions

i.        What are economic challenges facing growing cashew nut in Tandahimba District?

ii.      What are the environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District?

iii.    What are the contribution of Agricultural Marketing Cooperative society (AMCOSs) and Tandahimba Newala Cooperative Union (TANECU) to the development of cashew nut production?

1.4 Significance of the study

The study helps the other researcher to use this study as a literature review for those who make the research on the similar study

The study helps local community of Tandahimba district to be able to know the challenges that facing cashew nut production in their area

Also this study helps the government identify the role of government in helping the farmers to eradicate the challenges of cashew nut.

1.6 Scope of the study

The study took place in Tandahimba District; Tandahimba is one of the 6 districts of the Mtwara Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the East by the Mtwara Rural District, to the South by Mozambique, to the West by Newala District, and to the North by the Lindi Region. Tandahimba District is located at latitude-10.45’00’’ and longitude 39.80’00’’. According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Tandahimba District was 204,648. The Tandahimba District is administratively divided into 22 wards. Under this study only three wards which are Kitama, Tandahimba and Miuta was taken as a sample. The reason behind for choosing that wards is to have rationally data which are easy for researcher to handle it. Also that wards are the ward that produce much cashew nut in Tandahimba and they consist many farmers that produce in large scale quantity.

1.7 Limitation of the study

The limitations are those characteristics that limit the scope and define the boundaries of the study. The following were the delimitation of this study;

Poor transport, because during that time was rain season that’s way it was hard time to researcher to pass to reach to area of study where peasant and other respondents were there (found).

Awareness among the respondents, some peasants they did not understand and fear when interviewing, they were thinking research is going to solve directly their challenges and other they did not understand what is research because it seems in the area no more research has been done.

Another limitation of this study was insufficient fund for conducting research. This research was expensive because it needed money for transport from one place to another to reach the respondents during the collection of data, typing, printing and binding, buying pens, and papers.

1.8 Definition of the key terms

Peasant according to advanced learner’s dictionary is similar farmer who cultivate within small piece of land with either local or modern technology

Agriculture is the process of cultivating crops and animal keeping

Longitude is the imaginary lines drawn on the map to divide the earth into two parts from east to west.

Latitude is the imaginary lines drawn on the map to divide the earth into two parts south to north

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This section review various literature that provide information about the challenge facing growing or production of cashew nut in Tandahimba district, the general orientation of the section was to site and critique the previous work in the relevant area reference and particularly quotations and findings was obtained sources.

2.1 Reviewed literatures

Rweyemamu D.C (2000) The Contextual Analysis of Cashew Nut Industry in Southern Tanzania industry in particularly at farm level, is contained by several factors. These included: inefficient and untimely supply of inputs, over-reliance of farmers on loans for the procurement of inputs, frequent changes influenced by political decisions, lack of technical package, lack of storage facilities, transport problems and consumption with other crops such as maize for resources. Liberalization aimed at providing competition and promoting efficiency. Stakeholders are expressing divergent views as to how the cashew markets for both inputs and outputs have performed since liberalization. Research on the industry performance is timely and of paramount importance so as to provide an in-depth understanding of the changes for much more sound formulation of marketing policies.

Mkali acting chairman of CBT in 2011 said “farmer cannot longer export all their nuts forcing them to sale at low prices through value addition Tanzania will be able to reduce the amount of raw cashew nuts exported and also fetch higher prices”

Cashew nut in Tanzania facing different challenges from model of growing such as pests and disease, lack of experts to monitor production effectively, market for selling cashew nuts, policy, and support of government even if crop contribute largely income to the government (htt://www.newafrica.com/agriculture/ Tanzania/cashew/policy.asp)

Nayar, (1995). One major factors that affects the consumption of cashew nut in world markets is competition from other tree nuts. The major importers in developed countries contract their requirement for the whole year based on the sales from previous years. If prices of a commodity fluctuate over a wide range, they will not want to trade in that item for fear of incurring heavy losses. Since cashew nut cultivation is not organized on o plantation scale in most producing countries, year to year variation in yield is a regular features resulting in wide price fluctuation for cashew kernels. On the other hand, almonds and pistachios are grown in very large plantation in the United State and thus their prices are steady year after year.

Sterpherd and Falolfi, (1999) Development of smallholder export crop production has the potential to bring direct benefits to a larger number of farm households within a given district or region. Even households that do not benefit directly may reap indirect benefits through increased demand for hired labor (often a valuable source of income for the poorest). ‘Economic and Social Research Foundation, Tanzania. Export crops are defined as those cash crops, which are often traded on international commodity market and/or are grown primarily for export markets.

Martin et al (1997) Pests and diseases play an important role in determining nut quality since they can cause premature nut fall, incomplete nut and damage to the nut. Now that marketing has been liberalized, buyers can be more selective about the nuts they purchase and this is reflected in the higher price they are prepared to pay for clean nuts and for those from their land parts of Tanzania which are reputed to have higher percentage out-turn and lower moisture content.

Sijaona et al (1987) Devastating effects of Powdery Mildew Disease is a major constraint in cashew nut production in the country. The disease may cause a yield loss ranging between 70 to 100% depending upon phytosanitary measures taken other diseases, which appears to be a great threat to the industry, includes Anthracnose (Colletrotrichum ssp), Dieback (Phamopsis spp) and wilt problem.

Waller et al (1992) without controlling powdery mildew disease there will be a crop loss of more than 70% and the remaining production will be of poor quality.

Mansfield (2001) there are also a number of other pests, such as Helopeltis bugs, coconut bugs and mealy bugs which attacks young succulent shoots causing no flowering and hence low cashew nut production if not controlled. It is therefore necessary to undertake pest and disease control measures to cashew plantations. Incorrect use of pesticide whether overdose or under dose, causes severe effects. For example, applying lower rates than recommended ones make the pathogen to build resistance against that fungicide.

Sijaona (1984). On the other hand, excessive use of inorganic pesticides can lead to high levels of the chemical above authorized limits in the kernels, unnecessary environmental pollution and unnecessary additional cost to the farmer. Sulfur in form of dust and wet table was the first fungicide to be recommended for the control powdery mildew disease.

Topper et al (1998). The supply of improved seeds and seedlings is undertaken by government through Cashew Nut Development Centers and research substation and trial sites under Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute. There are a total of 10 such centers. In 1990s a Cashew Improvement Program was initiated by the government with the aim of addressing factors which were behind the decline in cashew production. These were technical factors affecting tree yields (mainly lack of planting materials and powdery mildew disease), institutional factors affecting production support to growers and market related factors affecting farmer’s incentives.

Masawe (2007). However other factors related to market factors (low producer prices), no market show up, inefficient farmer organization, low local processing capacity, poor extension services (little use of farming technology), ineffective use of farm inputs, poor farmer training cannot be ignored.

Ellias (1980). The factories were owned by the cashew nut Authority of Tanzania. All factories were large scale mechanized types using either Italian or Japanese technology. In the coming year cashew production declined due to various reasons and was not able to feed the capacities of the factories. The decline in production was partly due to farmer’s abandoning their farms in response to being moved to communal villages.

Ashimogo et al. (2006). During the time some buying agents have been reported to conduct unethical marketing practices such as: buying outside designated centers, buying using a single price (which is often low) for mixture of standard grade and under-grade; and lack of regard to grading.

Cavalcant (2007). To make cashew more environmentally friendly there is need to look into aspects of reducing usage of industrial pesticides by developing appropriate organic pesticides (other botanicals) or developing varieties resistant to pests and diseases by using both conventional and biotechnology approaches.

Mneney and Mantel (2002). The research on product development such as from cashew nuts and apples to various product and training in cashew processing is provided for stakeholders on demand and at recovery of direct operational costs. The Centre, in the past has contributed to increasing quality and quantity of cashew nuts (new varieties), increasing productivity (develop knowledge and technologies), However there is still much need to research and investigate more efficient methods of production such as multiplication by tissue culture to address the demand for quality cashew seedlings and to sustain the growing industry capacity.

Akinwale and Ayodele (1999). Identified the following constraints of cashew in Nigeria; Land acquisition (about 60% of Nigeria cashew nut production is attributed to small-scale farmers who manage between 2-4ha of cashew), unavailability of labor, lack of technology, high cost of production, unstable market system, high interest rate, low funding, inadequate infrastructural facilities such as rural roads, electricity water supply and poor exit services. Inadequate availability of good planting material, Prevalence of Powdery Mildew Disease, is a major cashew production constraint Plant damage from sucking pests and mealy-bugs affect both yield and quality of cashew, inefficient extension network and inadequate farmer training, low nut quality and low farmer profitability and lack of by-product usage.

Ezeagu (2001). Reported that prices of cashew nuts in Nigeria both at local and international markets impact significantly or its productivity, good market prices are strong incentive for farmers, but when prices are low and even more when they remain depressed for two years and beyond, cashew farmers are frustrated and sometimes destroyed their trees. This does not encourage production and it difficult for farmers to feel secure in their livelihood. It also makes growers wary of investing in any inputs for cashew growing, since they cannot judge what returns they might expect to receive for the crop at the end of the growing season.

Ezeagu (2002). Asserted that the perishable nature of cashew is also a limitation to the development of processing option for cashew fruits and consequent difficulties in transportation from rowing areas to distant processing plants, when exporters of raw nuts resulting in higher prices of nuts for processors and the non-respect of obligations by buying agents.

Akinwale and Ayodele (1999). Observed that inadequate access to natural resources including land, capital in terms of bottlenecks, composite from policy of the government, inefficient system are problems faced by Nigerian farmers, sufficient cashew nuts for processing.

Abubakar, (1984). Cashew farming requires labor, which is also gender sensitive. Shows that most (84.5%) of the cashew farmers are male while 15.5% are female. The male domination of cashew farming activities as observed in the study area could be attributed to the fact that women are given opportunity to cultivate arable crops on their husband’s plots while access to permanent crop is usually restricted to men.

Sijaona, (1984). Sulfur in form of dust and wet table was the first fungicide tobe recommended for the control of powdery mildew disease thereafter organic fungicides including, Bayfidam, Topas, Anvil, Beayleton and of recent many others generics fungicides have also been recommended for control of the disease. Attempts were also made by some input suppliers to have a contact of supplying pesticides to individual farmers on credit but it was found to be not sustainable; credit recovery was slow and many farmers defaulted. Pesticides and spraying machines (manual or motorized) under subsidy are mostly supplied by private companies directly to the primary cooperative societies in bulk who then distribute these to their member farmers. The input subsidy is limited to a choice of inputs (fungicides, insecticides and motorized blowers) through farmers also need to machinery such as chainsaws and other equipment for the rehabilitation of farms.

2.2CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK

 

Back ground

Independent variable

Dependent variable

 

 


Challenge facing cashew nut production

·         Price fluctuation

·         Pests and disease

·         Poor income to peasants

·         Marketing system

·         Higher cost of production

·         Poor provision subsidy

·         An adequate rainfall

·         Soil factors

·         Climatic change

Impacts of challenges facing cashew nut production

·         Poor yield

·         Poverty

·         Conflicts

·         Loss of revenue to government

 

 

·         Age

·         Gender

·         Occupation

·         Education level

 

 

 

 

 

2.3 Research Gap

Most of scholar who have done their research on cashew nut production have tried to explain on challenges facing cashew nut industry in southern Tanzania as Dennis C.R(2000) in his study on analysis of cashew industry after-market liberation explain such as market, disease, lack of agricultural education to peasants but most of their work has not specifically dealt in Tandahimba District, so in this research we are going to investigate challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District where most of the farmers and peasants there.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOOGY

3.0 Introduction

This chapter consists of research approach, research design, study area, targeted population, sampling procedures and sample size, data collection techniques and data analysis strategies.

 

3.1. Research approach

The research was used both quantitative and qualitative methods. These two approaches need each other in completing research (Banjade, 2017). Qualitative method has been enable the research to get in-depth data (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003) more often the data is informing words and these words are often grouped into categories research includes design, techniques and measure that produce discrete numerical or quantifiable data. 

3.2. Research design

This research employ case study research design.  Burns and Grove (2003) define a research design as blueprint for conducting a study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with the validity of the findings. It is as plan that describes how, when and where data to be collected and analyzed (Parahoo, 1997)

Case study research design is a method of collecting information by interviewing or administering a questionnaire to a sample of individual (Orodho, 2003). This design aims to study existing relationship, prevailing practical, beliefs and attitudes held, processes and effect of developing trends. It can be used when collecting information about people attitudes opinions, habits or any of the variety of education or social issues (Orodho & Kombo,2002)

This study aimed at collecting information from farmers and agricultural officers in Tandahimba District of Mtwara region.  

3.3 Area of the study

The study was taking place in Tandahimba District of Mtwara region; Tandahimba District is located at latitude-10.45’00’’ and longitude 39.80’00’’. Tandahiba Distrct 90% is comprised with Makonde and 10% other tribes such as Makua and Yao. Tandahimba district consists 22 wards. The dominant ethnic group in Tandahimba District is Makonde. Tandahimba District farmer apart from engaging in cashew nut cultivation and production also they cultivate other crops such as cassava, ground nut, cowpeas, millet, and some people keep chicken cows, goats, and ducks.The reason of choosing this study is that, I am familiar with this area. The study was conducted in three wards tandahimba, kitama, and miuta.

 

 

3.4 Target population

Targeted population is the population as whole group of people, animal or thing that is to be studied or on which a researcher is based (Kothari, 2004). This study intended to use 400 respondents including peasants, cashew nut association leaders of Kitama AMCOS, Tandahimba AMCOS, Miuta AMCOS, TANECU leader and Agricultural officers

 

3.5 Sample size and sampling procedures  

3.5.0 Sampling procedures

According to Kothari (2004), sampling procedure refers to the technique or procedure that researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. This study employed non-probability sampling. In non-probability sampling, the purposive sampling used, while probability sampling simple random techniques used in order to enable equal participation of the respondents in the targeted population.

 

3.5.1 Simple random sampling

The study employed simple random sampling technique in order to provide equal chance for each individual from the population to participate in the study. This technique used in selectingpeasants, cashew nut association leaders of Kitama AMCOS, Tandahimba AMCOS, Miuta AMCOS, TANECU leader and Agricultural officers to be used as respondent (Kothari, 2004). The researcher counted all respondents then the respondents who counted even number were selected to represents the others.

 

3.5.2 Purposive sampling

 This is the type of sampling in which items for sample is selected deliberately by a researcher (Omari, 2011).The researcher selected the sample base on him/her knowledge and experience and these people are believed to fulfil the requirement of the researcher considering the focus of the study: challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District case study of three wards Tandahimba, Kitama, and Miuta that selected to give the adequate and valuable information needed by the researcher because are among of the area that produce cashew nut in Tanzania.

3.5.3 Sample size

According to Kothari (2004), defined a sample size as the number of item to be selected from the universe to constitute a sample. The study involved 40 respondents, as curry (1984) insisting on the use of thumb rule in selecting sample size, whereby the sample was obtained from the total population as he suggested in the table 3.1 below.

Population size

Sampling percent

0-100

100%

101-1000

10%

1001-5000

5%

5001-10000

3%

10000+

1%

Source; Curry (1984)

Therefore, the total targeted population of this study was 400 from population, so according to thumb rule the sample size of this study was in ten percent (10%) because it is ranging between 101 to 1000 targeted population. Whereby the total population of 40 respondents taken as 10% of the population, whereeight (8) agricultural officers, ten (10) AMCOS leaders which has been select from three wards of Tandahimba district, four (4) TANECU officers found in Tandahimba district and eighteen (18) farmers who are able to select from three wards of the study namely Tandahimba, Kitama, and Miuta. The researcher employed 50 respondents because the sample size was efficiency, reliable and flexible on time and cost consideration. The sample size is calculated as follows 10/100 x 400=40. Therefore, the sample size of this study was 40.

 

 

3.6 Data collection Techniques

In collecting relevant and appropriate data four methods employed such as; interview, questionnaire and observation and documentary review. All these techniques were expected to provide good and accurate information about the topic under investigation.

 

3.6.1 Interview

According to Kothari (2004), the interview is a method used for collecting data by involving presentation of oral verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral verbal responses. There searcher employed personal interview which is face to face conversation. The method used to gather information from peasants, AMCOS leaders, TANECU leaders and agricultural officers, because the method enables the researcher to get data very easily.

 

3.6.2 Questionnaire

According to Kothari (2004), questionnaire is the series of questions in a definite order on a form of paper. This method was used to give respondents with freedom of expression that conveyed the real experience pertaining of the research questions. The questions distributed to peasants, AMCOS leaders, TANECU leaders and agricultural officers from the selected wards whereby they have limited time to be in interview session and respond to the questions. Also the method made them from bias and respondents to have enough time to think about answers on the challenges facing cashew nut production. The study employed questionnaire to collect data from 18 peasants, 10 AMCOS leader, 4 TANECU leaders and 8 agricultural from the selected wards.

3.6.3 Observation

According to Kothari (2004), observation is the use of all senses to perceive and understand the experience of interest to the researcher or is an information sought the way of investigators own direct observation without asking from respondents. Under this method the researcher visited to observe the difficult life that experience cashew nut producers such as poor market, diseases in selected wards. The purpose of using observation as the method or instrument of data collection is to allow the researcher to view what people actually do rather than what they say.

 

3.6.4 Documentary review

Document analysis is a form of qualitative research in which documents are interpreted by the researchers to give voice and meaning around an assessment topic (Bowen, 2009). Analyzing documents incorporates coding content into themes similar to how questionnaire or interview transcripts are analyzed (Bowen, 2009). These studying corporate documented materials as secondary sources of information. These corroborated the findings across data sets can reduce the impact of potential bias by examining information collected through different methods such as questionnaires and interviews.

 

3.7 Data Analysis

Kothari (2004:122) defines the term analysis as computation of a certain measures along with searching for patterns of relationship that exist data group. The data was going to analyze by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) through descriptive statistics so as to make data more accurate and consistence for presentation.   The analysis of data was going present in form of table, graphs, and texts. The rationally of choosing these methods is because they are simple and easy to be understood by the reader

CHAPTER FOUR

 

DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

4.0       Introduction

This chapter presents the analysis, presentation of the data from the field and research findings on the challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District a case study of Kitama ward, Tandahimba ward and Miuta ward. The analysis and presentations was done basing on the objectives which reflects and provide answers for the research questions developed by the researcher in chapter one.

        i.            To examine economic challenges facing cashew nut in Tandahimba District

      ii.            To evaluate the environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District

    iii.            To examine the contribution of Agricultural Marketing Cooperative society (AMCOSs) and      Tandahimba Newala Cooperative Union (TANECU) to the development of cashew nut production.

4.1 Demographic Information of Respondents

The demographic information of respondents was based on age, gender, level of education, marital status as well as occupation of the respondents in the District.

4.1.1Sex of the Respondents

From the findings, the genders of the respondents were described as follow;

 

 

Table 4.1Sex of the Respondents

Sex of the respondents

Frequency

Percentage (%)

Male

22

55

Female

18

45

Total

40

100

Source: Field Data (2019)

From the study male, were 22 respondents that were equal to 55% while female were 18 respondents, which were equal to 45%.

Table 4.2Age of the Respondents

Age

Frequency

Percentage (%)

25-34

8

20

35-44

15

37.5

45-54

5

12.5

55+

12

30

TOTAL

40

            100

Source: Field Data (2019)                                                                                                 

The data from the field revealed that 12.5% of the respondents are from the age 45-54, 20% were ranging from the age between 25-34 years. Also 37.5% of the respondents were ranging from the age between 35- 44years, while 30% of the respondents were ranging from the age of 55 and above years.

 

 

Figure 4.1graph show age of respondents

4.1.3    Level of Education of Respondents

The levels of education of respondents were described in the table below as follow;

Table 4.3Level of Education of Respondents

Level of education

Frequency

Percentage (%)

Primary

10

25

Secondary

12

30

College

10

25

University

8

20

Masters

0

0

PhD

0

0

TOTAL

40

100

Source: Field Data (2019)

The study revealed that 0%, 0% of the respondents have masters level of education, 20% have attained university level of education, 25% of the respondents have attained college level of education, 30% have attained secondary education and also 25% have attained primary education.

4.1.4    Marital Status of the Respondents

Table 4.4Marital status of the respondents

Marital status

Frequency

Percentage (%)

Married

28

70

Single

12

30

Total

40

100

Source: Field Data (2019)

The data from the study shows that 70% of the respondents were married and 30% of the respondents were single.

4.1.5Response rate among respondent

There was almost 100% response rate to the questionnaires. It was seen that there are many challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba district to peasants. The response rate to question asking whether   there is challenges facing cashew nut production or no problems in cashew nut production in Tandahimba district

 

 

 

 

Table 4.5 There are challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District?

WARD

YES

NO

Frequency

Percentage %

Frequency

Percentage %

Kitama

12

80

3

20

Tandahimba

15

100

0

0

Miuta

9

90

1

10

Source:field data 2019

80% of respondents from Kitama ward agreed while only 30% disagreed, 100% of respondent’sform Tandahimba ward said yes while 0% said denied and 90% of respondents from Miuta ward said yes while 10% rejected.

Table 4.6showing number of respondents

Types of respondent

Number of respondents

Percentages %

Agricultural officers

8

20

TANECU Leaders

4

10

AMCOS Leaders

10

25

Peasants

18

45

Total

40

100

Source; field data 2019

The table below show the number of respondents and its distribution in selection the respondent research gives equal right to both male and female in which the number of peasants were 18 which makes equal to 45%, AMCOS Leaders 10 which make equal to 25%, TANECU leaders 4 which make equal to 10% and Agriculture officers 8 which make equal 20%.

Figure 4.2A pie chart graph show number of respondents

4.2 Economic challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba Distric

Table 4.7 the response on economic challenges facing peasants in cashew nut   production as provided by peasant

Economic challenges facing peasants in cashew nut production

N0 of response

Percentage%

Pricesfluctuation

3

16.7

Higher cost of production

3

16.7

Marketing system

2

11.1

Poor income to peasants

4

22.2

Poor provision of agricultural imputes/subsidy 

3

16.7

No loans for peasants

3

16.7

Due to thepresence of many challenges to peasants in cashew nut production, the study showing that major economic difficulties such as price fluctuation cover 16.7%, higher cost of production 16.7%, marketing system (warehouse system) 11.1%, poor income to peasants 22.2%, poor provision of agricultural imputes 16.7% and no loans for peasants 16.7%, this show that most of the cashew nut producers facing much in poor or low income earners which constitute 22.2% of the responses.

4.2.1 Marketing system

Respondents agreed that process of market liberalization as then hampered by the intervention of local government administrations, which took advantage of the revival of cashew nut productionto increase revenue through the imposition of local levies. From year 1996 to 2000, the structure of the marketing system has been relatively unstable.

Cashew nut board of Tanzania (CBT) in the season of 2015/2018 marketing system was unstable with reasons that Agriculture cooperative society such as kitama AMCOS society was faced with debt some peasant did not payed their money up to day that lead misunderstanding between AMCOS leader and peasants. Tandahimba AMCOS also peasants they did not got their money in a specific time as well as Miuta AMCOS that challenging them and lead uncultivated farms as well as kangomba system raise as its possible for peasants to sell their cashew nut that they did not send to godowns so to get money for basic needs.

4.2.2 Price problem for raw cashew nut

Respondent comment that cashew nut production need much money to invest so as to produce more so when at time of selling cashew nut price is low it discourages them to produce more for instance from 2000 to 20014 there are much problem of cashew nut price where by price soared to Tshs 300-1200 per kilo, but from 2016 to 2018 Cashew nut Board of Tanzania set an indicative price of Tshs 1200 per kilo but it depend to the world market priceselling price is soared 2500-4000 Tshs that encourage different changes of socio-economic development and improvement of living standard of life of farmers but still there is the challenge of changes the price in one season there is no permanent price for Kitama  AMCOS in season 2016- 2018 some of peasants receive 3500, other 3800 and other 2500 in one years as well as Tandahimba AMCOS and Miuta AMCOS.

4.2.3 Poor income to farmers

Respondent agreed that many of them failed to pay their labors. Some poorer farmers were under threat of losing their farms for failure to pay back loans owned to Sulphur blower owners and operators and failure to prepare their farm for the time. Many farmers thought it would be difficult for them to do any cashew nut husbandly, since there is no rationale toiling for a crop that had no market. This factor alone would have seriously dented farmer’s income from cashew nut which soared tremendously in much season 2002/2015. However, the impact of the price collapse is made much worse as a result of partial market failure and government interventions.

4.2.4 Poor provision of subsidy (Sulphur)

Respondents comment that mostly of district authority for provision of Sulphur to peasants and growers of cashew nut is not well settled and organized because is not provided in time so that they spray for the right time which is not done and made pests to attack disease and reduce the production of cashew nut and to those agents no consistence of supplying Sulphur and other pest sides as well as challenges of high prices to imputes.

4.2.5 Peasants facing obstacle on loans to boost their farming system

Respondents agreed that no clear and direct system of providing loans to cashew nut producers since they lack capital to invest to their farms which made them remain backwardness and bank which provide loans set high interest which made peasants to remain stagnant for instance in 2017/2018 peasant of kitama ward, tandahimba ward and miuta ward faced with this challenge.

4.2.6 Higher cost of production

Respondent agreed that higher cost hinder cashew nut production so cashew nut they need more money to invest in looking farms such as subsides like Sulphur, to employ labors, means of transport to transport cashew nut from the farms to home or market area or godown. Among of them they did not have enough money to produce much compare to the low price of raw nut.

Figure 4.3 show economic challenges facing cashew nut production

4.3 Environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District.

Table 4.8show environmental challenges facing cashew nut production

Environmental challenges facing cashew nut production

N0 of response

Percentages %

Pest and disease

3

37.5

An adequate rainfall

2

25

Soil factors

1

12.5

Climate change

2

25

Source; field data (2019)

Table above showing different environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in tandahimba district such as pests and disease which covers to about 37.5%, an adequate rainfall about 25%, soil factor 12.5% and climate change 25%.

4.3.1 Pest and disease

Production of cashew nut is impaired mostly by problems associated with its insect pests. In the last five years the insect pest of cashew nut increased thus, there is need for national policy that will after year and over 286 species have been reported so far. However, only Analeptes trifasciata (steam girdler). Selenothrips rubrocinctus (red-banded thrips) and Pachnoda cordata (fruit scrapper), comprehensively studied while steam and root borer in the region landraces of cashew nut is the same as those of (Plocaecderus ferrugineus L). These insect species have been implicated with the Brazilian cashew nut biotype (jumbo nut-size), Therefore, further exploration of the production level similarly is seriously affected by three major diseases lasidiplodia theobromae (pat) (Giffon and Maubli), twig die-back caused by L. throbromae) and root of cashew nut seedling (caused by Pythium ultimum, Trow). The farmers do not need Floral die-back reduces total nut yield by and to travel long distances for the acquisition improved average. The loss due to root cashew seedlings was eradicating the landraces of cashew from peasants.

4.3.2 An adequate rainfall

Rainfall tend to change year to year which act as challenges to the cashew nut production in the region the means a year with low rainfall production tend to lowest yield and vice versa production increased for example 2018 production were decreased in same villages such as mwenge, miuta, namunda and tandahimba that experience low rainfall in their areas.

4.3.3 Soil factor

Soil is also a challenge facing cashew nut production in tandahimba district since crop needs fertility and soil of high quantity of nutrient so due to cultivating on the same area for long time soil tend to loss its nutrient (humus) needed by crop, also peasants of the region tend to mix subsistence crops such as maize, cassava and even grand nuts on the same land hence lost its fertility.

4.3.4 Climate change

Is a challenge facing cashew nut production in tandahimba district where by some o other year climate tend to be hot that encourage more production but in other area cool climate like chikongo, mihambwe due to that climate it leads high production so it depends to the nature of soil especially in area of sloops always tend to be cool climate and that area be the first to exploit the cashew nut

 

 

 

Figure 4.4 graph of environmental challenges of cashew nut production

 

 

 

 

4.4 The contribution of Agricultural Marketing Cooperative society andTandahimba Newala Cooperative Union (TANECU) to the development of cashew nut production.

 

Table 4.9 show contribution of TANECU and AMCOS to the development of cashew nut production

 

Contribution of TANECU and AMCOS to the development of cashew nut production

N0 of responses

Percentages%

To find market for cashew nut

5

35.71

To monitor subsidy provision

4

28.57

To unite cashew nut producers

2

14.29

To provide education on cashew nut marketing and production

3

21.43

Source; field data (2019)

 

The table showing responses of respondents on reasons or contribution of Agriculture Marketing Cooperative Societies and Tandahimba Newala Cooperative Union to cashew nut production. Which are to find market for cashew nut 37.71%, to monitor imputes provision 28.57%, to unite cashew nut producers 14.27% and to provide education on cashew nut marketing and production 21.43%.

4.4.1 To find market

Agricultural societies of Tandahimba AMCOS, Kitama AMCOS and Miuta AMCOS was the middle point of collecting raw cashew nut to peasants through Godowns and send them main Godowns of TANECU in tandahimba and send to auction market.

4.4.2 To monitor subsidy provision

Also TANECU and AMCOS contribute on the provision and monitor subsidy to peasants. When the authority wants to provide subsidy to peasants they make use of these to supply as it was in the year 2017/2018 where by Sulphur (a powder subsidy) were distributed to the peasants in each ward of Tandahimba district.

4.4.3 Unite cashew nut producers

Agricultural societies done this through formation of those societies in which peasants has to register as a member, through this association on producing through the use of its cooperative for example 2012 in Kitama AMCOS was collect more cashew nut that encourage to get bonus after government auction.

4.4.4 Provision of education to peasant

TANECU and AMCOS organize workshop and seminars to peasants whereby each association invite their members to discuss about the important to send their cashew nut to his or her association group and educate them about the important of selling their cashew nut in public way and not in illegal way.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 4.5Chart showing contribution of TANECU and AMCOS inthe cashew nut production

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0    Introduction

This chapter presents summary, conclusions and recommendations on the assessment to the challenges facing cashew nut production of Tandahimba District a case study of Tandahimba ward, Kitama ward and Miuta ward. The specific objectives which guided the study are indicated below:

5.1Summary

The summary of this study derived from specific objectives as follows:

5.1.1 To examine economic challenges facing cashew nut in Tandahimba District

The data collected from the field through questionnaire, interview and documentary reviews from 18 peasants, 8 agricultural officers, 10 AMCOS leaders and 4 TANECU leaders revealed that among the challenges facing cashew nut production marketing system, pests and disease, poor income to peasants, price fluctuation, higher cost of production and poor provision of subsidy.

5.1.2 To evaluate the environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District

The data collected through documentary analysis revealed that among of the environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District are Pests and disease, An adequate rainfall, Soil factors andClimate change.

The grade standards of cashew nuts have been developed to study their price-quality relationship. Laboratory analysis, indexing, stepwise multiple regression analysis and tabular presentation have been used for data analysis. Five grade standards have been developed for cashew nuts, based on their composite index. The results based on price-quality relation have revealed that the number of nuts per kilogram, moisture percentage and cutting test affect the prices and these factors could explain 98 per cent of total variations in prices.

5.1.3 To examine the contribution of AMCOS and TANECU to the development of cashew nut production.

The result of findings on the basis of the contribution of AMCOS and TANECU to the development of cashew nut production in Tandahimba District used questionnaires analysis and it was revealed that among of the contribution of AMCOS and TANECU to the development of cashew nut are to provide education on cashew nut marketing and production to the farmers, to unite cashew nut procedures, to monitors imputes provision and to find market for cashew nut.

5.2 Conclusion

The cashew farmers are relatively young with low level of education. There is inadequate capital (finance) that can be used to expand their farm land as 65.5% of the respondents cultivate 0.10-5.99 which is too small for commercially sized farm. Majority of the farmers are using local varieties on their farms which they claim is the available planting materials in the area. Other challenges of importance are insufficient price information, high cost of transport, insufficient labor, lack of processing industries and lack of good roads. These problems can be ameliorated by formulating and implementing economic policies aimed at increasing the level of education which could increase their level of receptivity of improved technologies of cashew production. The government should provide soft loan to the cashew farmers to enable them establish cottage industries in order to alleviate the constraints of inadequate capital (finance) and lack of processing industries. There should be a collaborative work between CRIN and ADP to enhance awareness creation and easy access to adequate information such as recommended improved varieties by cashew farmers in the study area.

5.3    Recommendations

In order to overcome the challenges facing cashew nut production the study suggested the following to be put into the consideration to the community and the government as well.

5.3.1 Recommendation for Action

i.        Facilitation of the provision of appropriate extension services through direct training of farmers by trainers or by training extension officers.

  1. Tanzania should encourage private organizations to work with farmers through Contract Farming where the partnership will focus on scaling up the capacity of farmers and support them to improve productivity but also access to the world Market through among others, supporting them to address the Global Certification Gap
  2. The government and other key stakeholders need to ensure that WRS marketing model is rolled out fast so that all the district and regions such as the Tandahimba District and Mtwara Region adopt it. For the time being this model is the best for the sesame industry.
  3. The government and other stakeholders must ensure that the training programs are well organized and implemented seriously with anticipated results. The specific kind of education needed includes soil conservation technologies, processing technologies, use of improved seeds and other modern farming techniques.
  4. Facilitation of access to market information can be enhanced by linking the ITFS/ farmer’s associations with internet service providers on fee basis. Creation of linkages between input suppliers and ITFs through district based retail outlets as well as promotion of private input suppliers at local levels through establishment of input supply linkages with the importer of Sulphur.

 

5.3.2 Recommendations for further studies

The goal of this study was to investigate on the investigation on challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District focucing in three wards Tandahimba, Kitama and Miuta. Despite the study’s helpful results, the limitations of this study should be noted. First, the group sample was small and was only composed of the participants of the same area. Future research should focus on expanding the sample size, also to investigate the contribution of government and stakeholders towards the development of cashew nuts production in Tandaimba district.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

Abubakar M. (2003),Assessment of potentials of Gum Arabic as an Economic crop among

                 Farmersin Sokot, University of Ibadan. tate. Unpulished MSc Thesis.              

Akinwale T.O. and Ayodele E.A. (1999), Economic importance of cashew, Quarterly Nigeria’s

                Magazine Journal.2(9): 45-47.

Akinwale T.O. and Ayodele E.A. (1999), Production constraints, Quarterly Nigeria’s

                Magazine Journal.2(9): 47-48.

Akinwale S.A, (1989), Advances in cashew breeding in Nigeria, in progress in trees crop research

                Institute second Edition, Ibadan Nigeria.

Aliyu O. M. (2008). Compatibility and fruit set in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.).

                    Euphytica 160, 25–33. 10.1007/s10681-007-9517-0.

Ashimongo G, et al (2008), Cashew profitability analysis and projection of the sector’s future

              Performance in Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.BACAS.

Bokulich N. A., Thorngate J. H., Richardson P. M., Mills D. A. (2014). Microbial biogeography  

                    of wine grapes is conditioned by cultivar, vintage, and climate. Proc. Natl. Acad. 

                    Sci. U.S.A. 111, E139–E148. 10.1073/pnas.1317377110

Boonham N., Glover R., Tomlinson J., Mumford R. (2008). Exploiting generic platform 

               technologies for the detection and identification of plant pathogens. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.       121, 355–363. 10.1007/978-1-4020-8780-6_15 [Cross Ref]

Bragg L., Tyson G. W. (2014). Metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Methods Mol.

                 Biol. 1096, 183–201. 10.1007/978-1-62703-712-9_15 [PubMed] [Cross Ref]

Brown R, (1992), Honduran cashew fruit drying, Report to fine dried food

Cavalcant J. J, (2007), Quantitative breeding strategies for cashew improvement.  Crop

                Breeding and applied biotechnology. Genetic control.

Errington, M and Coulter, J.P (1989), The international market for cashew nut products, Oversea

                Development Natural Resources Institute UK.

Kothari, C. R. (2004), Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, (Second Edition), New    

                   Age International Publishers

Ohler, J.G (1979), Cashew, Department of Agricultural Research, Amsterdam.

Stepherd et al (1990), Export crop liberation in Africa, A review FAO, Agricultural services

                 Rome.

Wimalsiri et al (1971), Cahew apple win Industry Prospect Report, 44, Industrial Development

               Board, Sri Lanka.

 

 

 

APPENDIX I

QUESTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS

My name is Jafari Zubeda from Stella Maris Mtwara University College (a constitute college of St Augustine university of Tanzania). I am conducting a research as a part of my academic program; this research is about “An Investigation on challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba district a case study of Kitama ward, Miuta ward, and Tandahimba ward”. Please, I need your cooperation in this process of collecting data which help me in academic studies only and not in other way. Put a tick (√) on an appropriate section

PERSONAL PARTICULARS

i.         Sex                          

a)      Male       [      ]             

b)      Female       [      ]

ii.                   Age                           

a)      (a) 25-34          [      ]           

b)      (b) 35-44        [       ]     

c)      (c) 45-54         [       ]

d)     55+         [       ]

 

iii.                Education level………………………………….

1.How do you know about Cashew nut farming?.............................................................................     ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.   Account the contribution of the agricultural officers on the production of cashew nut

      (i)...........................................................................................................................

      (ii).........................................................................................................................

      (iii)........................................................................................................................

      (iv).........................................................................................................................

       (v).........................................................................................................................

3.  Do you know the challenges facing cashew nut in Tandahimba district?    

        Yes [       ]        No   [       ]

4. If the answer is YES in question 3 above mention.

i)........................................................................................................................... (ii)......................................................................................................................... (iii)........................................................................................................................  (iv).........................................................................................................................

5.What are the effort made by agricultural officers to overcome the challenges in cashew nut production in Tandahimba District?

      (i)...........................................................................................................................

      (ii).........................................................................................................................

      (iii)........................................................................................................................

      (iv)........................................................................................................................

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thank you for your time and cooperation

 

APPENDIX II

DODOSO KWA WAKULIMA

Jina langu ni Zubeda Jafari                                                                                                                        Stella  Maris Mtwara University College (a constitute college of St Augustine university of Tanzania). Nafanya utafiti kuhusu changamoto za uzalishaji wa korosho wilayani Tandahimba kata ya tandahimba, kitama na miuta.Tafadhari naomba ushirikiano wako katika kupata taarifa muhimu kwaajili ya taaluma yangu. Weka alama ya tiki (√) kwenye eneo stahiki katika mabano ( )

(a)TAALIFA BINAFSI

i.                    Jinsia                        

a)      ME    [      ]                                    

b)      KE     [      ]

ii.                  Umri                          

a)      (a) 25-34    [      ]           

b)      (b) 35-44    [      ]     

c)      (c) 45-54     [      ]

d)     55+              [      ]

Hali ya ndoa ,

(a)Nimeoa[   ]   (c) Sijaowa[     ]     (d)Mjane[    ]     (e) Taraka [   ]     

iii.                Kata…………………………….     iv. Ngazi ya elimu………………………………..

(b)Maswali kwa  mkulima

1.Unafahamu nini kuhusu zao la korosho? …....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.  Unazifahamu changamoto zinazoathiri zao la korosho wilayani Tandahimba?               

 Ndiyo [       ]       hapana   [       ]

3.kama jibu ni ndiyo kwenye swali namba 2 taja hapa chini.

        i.            ..........................................................................................................................

      ii.            ..........................................................................................................................

    iii.            .......................................................................................................................

    iv.            ........................................................................................................................

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asante kwa ushirikiano na muda wako

APPENDIX III

QUESTIONS FOR TANECU AND AMCOS

My name is Zubeda Jafari

from Stella Maris Mtwara University College (a constitute college of St Augustine university of Tanzania). I am conducting a research as a part of my academic program; this research is about “An investigation on challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District case study tandahimba ward, kitama ward and miuta ward”. Please, I need your cooperation in this process of collecting data which sshelp me in academic studies only and not in other way. Put a tick (√) on an appropriate section

PERSONAL PARTICULARS

i.         Sex                           

a)      (a) Male       [      ]             

b)      (b) Female   [      ]

ii.                  Age                           

a)      25-34         [      ]           

b)      35-44        [      ]     

c)      45-54        [      ]

d)     55+           [      ]            

 

1.How do you know about Cashew nut farming?.............................................................................     ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2.  Do you know the challenges facing cashew nut in Tandahimba district?    

        Yes [       ]        No   [       ]

3. If the answer is YES in question 2 above mention.

        i.            ..........................................................................................................................

      ii.            .........................................................................................................................

    iii.            ........................................................................................................................

    iv.            .........................................................................................................................

 

4.What are the contribution of TANECU and AMCOS to the development of cashew nut production in Tandahimba District

      (i)...........................................................................................................................

      (ii).........................................................................................................................

      (iii)........................................................................................................................

      (iv)........................................................................................................................

 

 

Thank you for your time and cooperation

 

 

Comments

Popular posts from this blog

International Law

KATIBA YA KIKUNDI