The general objectives of this study was to investigate challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District a case study of three wards Tandahimba, Kitama and Miuta
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This
chapter consists background of the study, significance of the study, statement
of the problem, general objectives of the study, research question and
definition of key terms
1.1 Back ground of the study
Agricultural
extension services and advisory systems are essential in moving toward the
broader goal of increasing farm income and improving rural livelihoods through
disseminating improved technologies and practices. Technology transfer is
extension model which was prevalent during colonial times and re-emerged with
intensity during the 1970s and 1980s during the training and visit (T&V)
system. The stimulus for these investments was to speed up the dissemination of
green revolution technologies to farmers, mainly in Asian and African countries
(Benor and Harrison, 1977). Recently, facilitation extension approach has
evolved over time from participatory extension methods and now extension
focuses on getting farmers with common interests to work more closely together
to achieve both individual and common objectives.
Agricultural
extension, or agricultural advisory services, comprises the entire set of
organizations that support people engaged in agricultural production and
facilitate their efforts to solve problems; link to markets and other players
in the agricultural value chain; and obtain information, skills, and
technologies to improve their livelihoods (Birner et al., 2009). The
agricultural extension approach in Tanzania is currently demand driven,
involving farmers’ groups in the planning and implementation process. The
system is also integrating different extension providers. “The extension
services use a combination of dissemination pathways such as demonstration
plots/Farmer Field Schools (FFS), farmer field days and exchange visits/study
tours” (Mvuna, 2013).
Tanzanian
cashew production and exports shrank steadily under centralized marketing
policies, but have recovered under the liberalized policies. During the 1970s,
farmers were forced to abandon cashew groves as they were being resettled under
the Ujamaa villagisation scheme. They were located too far from their farms to
effectively attend to them and intercrop the young plantations. Combined with
the emergence of the powdery mildew disease (PMD), production continued to
decline. Since 1990, the Government of Tanzania has since made serious efforts
to reinvigorate the cashew sector with external support from the World Bank,
the then Overseas Development Agency (ODA) and other bilateral sources. These
efforts contributed to the recovery of the cashew sector, permitting it to
realize real growth driven by the liberalization of the sector in 1992. From a
meager output of 17,000 mt in 1987/88, output doubled every 3-4 years through
the 1990’s, eventually reaching over 130,000mt in the 2000/01 season. Prior to
liberalization, farmers obtained only 40 percent of the export value of the
crop; since liberalization the farmers now obtain about 60 percent of the
export value of the crop. The increase in producer prices and on time payment
of farmers has led to increases in cashew production (Birner et al., 2009).
In
the 1970s, the majority of the global cashew nut production (68 percent of
total) took place in African countries, particular Mozambique and Tanzania.
Over the following thirty years, production trends shifted, with Asian
countries emerging as the world leaders in cashew production. Today, India
commands about 40 percent of the international market in cashew production.
Other Asian countries, particularly Vietnam and Indonesia, are beginning to
expand. In Tanzania Regions known for cashew nut growing include Mtwara, Lindi
coast, Ruvuma and Dar es salaam, Export crops are handled through reasonably
concentrated marketing system and production even by smallholders relies on the
use of some purchases inputs (such as improved seeds, inorganic fertilizers and
crop protection chemical). Their domestic price is closely linked to world
market price (mediated through domestic exchange). Cashew nut has become one of
the major agricultural export crops in Tanzania and was the largest foreign
exchange earner in the year 2000 (Dr Alli F. Mandali, 2001).
In
the period between World War II and the early 1970s, Tanzania developed one of
the largest cashew nut industries in the world, with an initial export of 7,000
tones to India (Schachinger, 2001). Today the Tanzanian industry accounts for
at least 8 percent of the total 1.8 million met world production and it ranks
among the largest exporters of raw nuts. Cashew nut trade was started by
private traders, but they became marginalized by the government when it
introduced a single marketing system in the 1960s. The key players in the
primary marketing system were local primary societies, regional cooperative
unions and a national marketing board. This central system created marketing
inefficiencies which led to low producer prices for farmers which to a large
extent contributed to the decline in the sector which was registered in the
1980s.During the 1973/74 season, an all-time high output of 145,000mt was
attained but it dropped significantly to an all-time low of only 17,000mt in
the late 1980s (Afouda et al, 2006).
The industry almost collapsed in the 1980s. Annual production had dropped as low as 20,000 tons in 1986. This was largely due to various government interventions in the harvest and marketing processes. The Ujamaa program saw a shift in agriculture from cash crops to alternative crops. Furthermore, mass relocation of people and the collectivization of villages during the 1980s resulted in many farmers abandoning large estates and areas of the crop. The nationalization of cashew nut processing factories also contributed to the serious problems of the industry as these governmental institutions were poorly run and managed.
Cashew
nuts are consumed as food as well as marketed for export. The crop prefers
deep, well drained, light textured soils which facilitate extensive lateral
root extension (Martin et al., 1997; Mitchel, 2004).
Tanzania
is suffering from low agricultural productivity due to a number of factors
including inadequate extension services leading to ineffective dissemination of
technologies, poor market linkages, weak links between research and extension,
inadequate government support and disease (Ministry of Agriculture Food
Security and Cooperatives, 2007; Wambura et al., 2012; Churi et al., 2012).
Helping farmers to improve their productivity and products standards would
raise the contribution of agriculture to the national GDP and household
livelihoods. However, this can be achieved through improved disseminated
agricultural technologies.
Unfortunately,
combination of challenges led to the near collapse of the industry in the late
1980s in Tanzanian. A key challenge was the increasing financial difficulties
of the cooperative unions and the Tanzania Cashew Marketing Board, which
resulted in large quantities of unsold nuts at the farm or villages level at
the end of the buying season. The producer’s share of export price fell to 25
percent in the 1986/87 season and 1990 (Jaffee 1995).
Delivery
of quality agricultural extension services and improved technologies in
Tanzania has been a Centre of attention for a long time. Given the fact that
the majority of Tanzanians (more than two thirds) live in rural areas and
depend on small-scale agriculture for their livelihood and employment (URT,
2006), the Government’s efforts have been geared towards improving production
and productivity so as to attain food security and sufficiency at household and
national levels. These efforts are in line with the targets of the National
Development Vision 2025 which envisages achieving a high quality livelihood
through, among other things, food self-sufficiency and food security. (MAFC,
1996)
Research
and extension systems in Tanzania, have already worked out the necessary
practices to successfully produce and market the new crops and/or products
including cashew-nut which would increase profits for the farming communities
by expanding their supply of high value products to larger urban markets.
Cashew-nuts represent a small proportion of agricultural production in the
United Republic of Tanzania (URT), with about 300 000 hectare cultivated (2
percent of total area) producing approximately 100 000 tonnes per year (Nkonya
and Hurle, 2013). The main producing regions in the country include Mtwara,
Lindi, Coast, Ruvuma and Tanga. 3 According to the Government of the United
Republic of Tanzania (URT) (2012), the production volume of cashew nuts in
Mkinga District was about 887 Metric Tons for the season 2007/08 and ranked
first among the districts in Tanga Region. Productivity and quality in
cashew-nut production depends on disseminated technologies and farm management
like ploughing, intercropping, pruning, the application of pesticides and use
of improved planting materials as well as the knowledge with which these are
applied (URT, 2012).
1.2 Statement of the problem
The challenge facing farmers of cash nuts production
is a big problem which hinder cashew nuts production and many farmers in
different areas which at the end result into poor production. Peasants are
claiming on ware housing system that is not intend to develop cashew nut
growers in Tandahimba district for evidence in early 2000’s when warehousing
was introduced strikers and demonstrations rose, where by cashew nut producers
reacted over cooperative society lenders that they failed to pay back their
money, while the situation was caused by warehousing system, many efforts has
been made to overcome the challenges facing cashew nut production in the area,
including giving education to peasant on how to prepare farms to achieve good
harvest. A part from the efforts made yet there still challenges; This study
investigates on the challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba
district in order to solve the challenges that does not other researcher get
the solution and failure to achieve the goal to improve cashew nut production
in Tandahimba district.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The
main objective of this study is to examines the challenges facing cashew nut
production farmers in Tandahimba district in three wards and suggests possible
solutions for the solving challenges.
1.3.1 General objectives of the study
The
general objectives of this study was to investigate challenges facing cashew
nut production in Tandahimba District a case study of three wards Tandahimba,
Kitama and Miuta.
1.3.1 Specific objectives
i)
To examine economic challenges facing
cashew nut in Tandahimba District
ii)
To evaluate the environmental challenges
facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District
iii)
To examine the contribution of
Agricultural Marketing Cooperative society (AMCOSs) and Tandahimba Newala
Cooperative Union (TANECU) to the development of cashew nut production.
1.3 Research Questions
i.
What are economic challenges facing
growing cashew nut in Tandahimba District?
ii. What
are the environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba
District?
iii. What
are the contribution of Agricultural Marketing Cooperative society (AMCOSs) and
Tandahimba Newala Cooperative Union (TANECU) to the development of cashew nut
production?
1.4 Significance of the study
The study helps the other researcher to
use this study as a literature review for those who make the research on the
similar study
The study helps local community of
Tandahimba district to be able to know the challenges that facing cashew nut
production in their area
Also this study helps the government
identify the role of government in helping the farmers to eradicate the
challenges of cashew nut.
1.6 Scope of the study
The
study took place in Tandahimba District; Tandahimba is one of the 6
districts of the Mtwara Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to
the East by the Mtwara Rural District, to the South by Mozambique, to
the West by Newala District, and to the North by the Lindi Region.
Tandahimba District is located at latitude-10.45’00’’ and longitude 39.80’00’’.
According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the
Tandahimba District was 204,648. The Tandahimba District is administratively
divided into 22 wards. Under this study only three wards which are Kitama,
Tandahimba and Miuta was taken as a sample. The reason behind for choosing that
wards is to have rationally data which are easy for researcher to handle it.
Also that wards are the ward that produce much cashew nut in Tandahimba and
they consist many farmers that produce in large scale quantity.
The limitations are those
characteristics that limit the scope and define the boundaries of the study.
The following were the delimitation of this study;
Poor transport, because during that
time was rain season that’s way it was hard time to researcher to pass to reach
to area of study where peasant and other respondents were there (found).
Awareness among the respondents,
some peasants they did not understand and fear when interviewing, they were
thinking research is going to solve directly their challenges and other they
did not understand what is research because it seems in the area no more
research has been done.
Another
limitation of this study was insufficient fund for conducting research. This
research was expensive because it needed money for transport from one place to
another to reach the respondents during the collection of data, typing, printing
and binding, buying pens, and papers.
1.8 Definition of the
key terms
Peasant according
to advanced learner’s dictionary is similar farmer who cultivate within small
piece of land with either local or modern technology
Agriculture is
the process of cultivating crops and animal keeping
Longitude is
the imaginary lines drawn on the map to divide the earth into two parts from
east to west.
Latitude is
the imaginary lines drawn on the map to divide the earth into two parts south
to north
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This
section review various literature that provide information about the challenge
facing growing or production of cashew nut in Tandahimba district, the general
orientation of the section was to site and critique the previous work in the
relevant area reference and particularly quotations and findings was obtained
sources.
2.1 Reviewed literatures
Rweyemamu
D.C (2000) The Contextual Analysis of Cashew Nut Industry in Southern Tanzania
industry in particularly at farm level, is contained by several factors. These
included: inefficient and untimely supply of inputs, over-reliance of farmers
on loans for the procurement of inputs, frequent changes influenced by
political decisions, lack of technical package, lack of storage facilities,
transport problems and consumption with other crops such as maize for
resources. Liberalization aimed at providing competition and promoting
efficiency. Stakeholders are expressing divergent views as to how the cashew
markets for both inputs and outputs have performed since liberalization.
Research on the industry performance is timely and of paramount importance so
as to provide an in-depth understanding of the changes for much more sound
formulation of marketing policies.
Mkali
acting chairman of CBT in 2011 said “farmer cannot longer export all their nuts
forcing them to sale at low prices through value addition Tanzania will be able
to reduce the amount of raw cashew nuts exported and also fetch higher prices”
Cashew
nut in Tanzania facing different challenges from model of growing such as pests
and disease, lack of experts to monitor production effectively, market for
selling cashew nuts, policy, and support of government even if crop contribute
largely income to the government (htt://www.newafrica.com/agriculture/
Tanzania/cashew/policy.asp)
Nayar,
(1995). One major factors that affects the consumption of cashew nut in world
markets is competition from other tree nuts. The major importers in developed
countries contract their requirement for the whole year based on the sales from
previous years. If prices of a commodity fluctuate over a wide range, they will
not want to trade in that item for fear of incurring heavy losses. Since cashew
nut cultivation is not organized on o plantation scale in most producing
countries, year to year variation in yield is a regular features resulting in
wide price fluctuation for cashew kernels. On the other hand, almonds and
pistachios are grown in very large plantation in the United State and thus
their prices are steady year after year.
Sterpherd
and Falolfi, (1999) Development of smallholder export crop production has the
potential to bring direct benefits to a larger number of farm households within
a given district or region. Even households that do not benefit directly may
reap indirect benefits through increased demand for hired labor (often a
valuable source of income for the poorest). ‘Economic and Social Research
Foundation, Tanzania. Export crops are defined as those cash crops, which are
often traded on international commodity market and/or are grown primarily for
export markets.
Martin
et al (1997) Pests and diseases play an important role in determining nut
quality since they can cause premature nut fall, incomplete nut and damage to
the nut. Now that marketing has been liberalized, buyers can be more selective
about the nuts they purchase and this is reflected in the higher price they are
prepared to pay for clean nuts and for those from their land parts of Tanzania
which are reputed to have higher percentage out-turn and lower moisture
content.
Sijaona
et al (1987) Devastating effects of Powdery Mildew Disease is a major
constraint in cashew nut production in the country. The disease may cause a
yield loss ranging between 70 to 100% depending upon phytosanitary measures
taken other diseases, which appears to be a great threat to the industry,
includes Anthracnose (Colletrotrichum ssp), Dieback (Phamopsis spp) and wilt
problem.
Waller
et al (1992) without controlling powdery mildew disease there will be a crop
loss of more than 70% and the remaining production will be of poor quality.
Mansfield
(2001) there are also a number of other pests, such as Helopeltis bugs, coconut
bugs and mealy bugs which attacks young succulent shoots causing no flowering
and hence low cashew nut production if not controlled. It is therefore
necessary to undertake pest and disease control measures to cashew plantations.
Incorrect use of pesticide whether overdose or under dose, causes severe
effects. For example, applying lower rates than recommended ones make the
pathogen to build resistance against that fungicide.
Sijaona
(1984). On the other hand, excessive use of inorganic pesticides can lead to
high levels of the chemical above authorized limits in the kernels, unnecessary
environmental pollution and unnecessary additional cost to the farmer. Sulfur
in form of dust and wet table was the first fungicide to be recommended for the
control powdery mildew disease.
Topper
et al (1998). The supply of improved seeds and seedlings is undertaken by
government through Cashew Nut Development Centers and research substation and
trial sites under Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute. There are a total
of 10 such centers. In 1990s a Cashew Improvement Program was initiated by the
government with the aim of addressing factors which were behind the decline in
cashew production. These were technical factors affecting tree yields (mainly
lack of planting materials and powdery mildew disease), institutional factors
affecting production support to growers and market related factors affecting
farmer’s incentives.
Masawe
(2007). However other factors related to market factors (low producer prices),
no market show up, inefficient farmer organization, low local processing
capacity, poor extension services (little use of farming technology),
ineffective use of farm inputs, poor farmer training cannot be ignored.
Ellias
(1980). The factories were owned by the cashew nut Authority of Tanzania. All
factories were large scale mechanized types using either Italian or Japanese
technology. In the coming year cashew production declined due to various
reasons and was not able to feed the capacities of the factories. The decline
in production was partly due to farmer’s abandoning their farms in response to
being moved to communal villages.
Ashimogo
et al. (2006). During the time some buying agents have been reported to conduct
unethical marketing practices such as: buying outside designated centers,
buying using a single price (which is often low) for mixture of standard grade
and under-grade; and lack of regard to grading.
Cavalcant
(2007). To make cashew more environmentally friendly there is need to look into
aspects of reducing usage of industrial pesticides by developing appropriate
organic pesticides (other botanicals) or developing varieties resistant to
pests and diseases by using both conventional and biotechnology approaches.
Mneney
and Mantel (2002). The research on product development such as from cashew nuts
and apples to various product and training in cashew processing is provided for
stakeholders on demand and at recovery of direct operational costs. The Centre,
in the past has contributed to increasing quality and quantity of cashew nuts
(new varieties), increasing productivity (develop knowledge and technologies),
However there is still much need to research and investigate more efficient
methods of production such as multiplication by tissue culture to address the
demand for quality cashew seedlings and to sustain the growing industry capacity.
Akinwale
and Ayodele (1999). Identified the following constraints of cashew in Nigeria;
Land acquisition (about 60% of Nigeria cashew nut production is attributed to
small-scale farmers who manage between 2-4ha of cashew), unavailability of labor,
lack of technology, high cost of production, unstable market system, high
interest rate, low funding, inadequate infrastructural facilities such as rural
roads, electricity water supply and poor exit services. Inadequate availability
of good planting material, Prevalence of Powdery Mildew Disease, is a major
cashew production constraint Plant damage from sucking pests and mealy-bugs
affect both yield and quality of cashew, inefficient extension network and
inadequate farmer training, low nut quality and low farmer profitability and
lack of by-product usage.
Ezeagu
(2001). Reported that prices of cashew nuts in Nigeria both at local and
international markets impact significantly or its productivity, good market
prices are strong incentive for farmers, but when prices are low and even more
when they remain depressed for two years and beyond, cashew farmers are
frustrated and sometimes destroyed their trees. This does not encourage
production and it difficult for farmers to feel secure in their livelihood. It also
makes growers wary of investing in any inputs for cashew growing, since they
cannot judge what returns they might expect to receive for the crop at the end
of the growing season.
Ezeagu
(2002). Asserted that the perishable nature of cashew is also a limitation to
the development of processing option for cashew fruits and consequent
difficulties in transportation from rowing areas to distant processing plants,
when exporters of raw nuts resulting in higher prices of nuts for processors
and the non-respect of obligations by buying agents.
Akinwale
and Ayodele (1999). Observed that inadequate access to natural resources
including land, capital in terms of bottlenecks, composite from policy of the
government, inefficient system are problems faced by Nigerian farmers,
sufficient cashew nuts for processing.
Abubakar,
(1984). Cashew farming requires labor, which is also gender sensitive. Shows
that most (84.5%) of the cashew farmers are male while 15.5% are female. The
male domination of cashew farming activities as observed in the study area
could be attributed to the fact that women are given opportunity to cultivate
arable crops on their husband’s plots while access to permanent crop is usually
restricted to men.
Sijaona,
(1984). Sulfur in form of dust and wet table was the first fungicide tobe
recommended for the control of powdery mildew disease thereafter organic
fungicides including, Bayfidam, Topas, Anvil, Beayleton and of recent many
others generics fungicides have also been recommended for control of the
disease. Attempts were also made by some input suppliers to have a contact of
supplying pesticides to individual farmers on credit but it was found to be not
sustainable; credit recovery was slow and many farmers defaulted. Pesticides
and spraying machines (manual or motorized) under subsidy are mostly supplied
by private companies directly to the primary cooperative societies in bulk who
then distribute these to their member farmers. The input subsidy is limited to
a choice of inputs (fungicides, insecticides and motorized blowers) through
farmers also need to machinery such as chainsaws and other equipment for the
rehabilitation of farms.
2.2CONCEPTUAL FRAME
WORK
Back ground |
Independent variable |
Dependent variable |
Challenge facing
cashew nut production ·
Price fluctuation ·
Pests and disease ·
·
Marketing system ·
Higher cost of production ·
Poor provision subsidy ·
An adequate rainfall ·
Soil factors ·
Climatic change |
Impacts of challenges
facing cashew nut production ·
Poor yield ·
Poverty ·
Conflicts ·
Loss of revenue to government |
·
Age ·
Gender ·
Occupation ·
|
2.3 Research Gap
Most
of scholar who have done their research on cashew nut production have tried to
explain on challenges facing cashew nut industry in southern Tanzania as Dennis
C.R(2000) in his study on analysis of cashew industry after-market liberation
explain such as market, disease, lack of agricultural education to peasants but
most of their work has not specifically dealt in Tandahimba District, so in
this research we are going to investigate challenges facing cashew nut
production in Tandahimba District where most of the farmers and peasants there.
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter consists of research
approach, research design, study area, targeted population, sampling procedures
and sample size, data collection techniques and data analysis strategies.
3.1. Research approach
The
research was used both quantitative and qualitative methods. These two
approaches need each other in completing research (Banjade, 2017). Qualitative
method has been enable the research to get in-depth data (Mugenda &
Mugenda, 2003) more often the data is informing words and these words are often
grouped into categories research includes design, techniques and measure that
produce discrete numerical or quantifiable data.
3.2. Research design
This
research employ case study research design.
Burns and Grove (2003) define a research design as blueprint for
conducting a study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with
the validity of the findings. It is as plan that describes how, when and where
data to be collected and analyzed (Parahoo, 1997)
Case
study research design is a method of collecting information by interviewing or
administering a questionnaire to a sample of individual (Orodho, 2003). This
design aims to study existing relationship, prevailing practical, beliefs and
attitudes held, processes and effect of developing trends. It can be used when
collecting information about people attitudes opinions, habits or any of the
variety of education or social issues (Orodho & Kombo,2002)
This
study aimed at collecting information from farmers and agricultural officers in
Tandahimba District of Mtwara region.
3.3 Area of the study
The study was taking place in Tandahimba
District of Mtwara region; Tandahimba District is located at latitude-10.45’00’’
and longitude 39.80’00’’. Tandahiba Distrct 90% is comprised with Makonde and
10% other tribes such as Makua and Yao. Tandahimba district consists 22 wards.
The dominant ethnic group in Tandahimba District is Makonde. Tandahimba
District farmer apart from engaging in cashew nut cultivation and production
also they cultivate other crops such as cassava, ground nut, cowpeas, millet,
and some people keep chicken cows, goats, and ducks.The reason of choosing this study is that, I am familiar with this
area. The study was conducted in three wards tandahimba, kitama, and miuta.
Targeted population is the
population as whole group of people, animal or thing that is to be studied or
on which a researcher is based (Kothari, 2004). This study intended to use 400
respondents including peasants, cashew nut association leaders
of Kitama AMCOS, Tandahimba AMCOS, Miuta AMCOS, TANECU leader and Agricultural
officers
3.5 Sample size and sampling procedures
3.5.0 Sampling procedures
According to Kothari (2004),
sampling procedure refers to the technique or procedure that researcher would
adopt in selecting items for the sample. This study employed non-probability
sampling. In non-probability sampling, the purposive sampling used, while
probability sampling simple random techniques used in order to enable equal
participation of the respondents in the targeted population.
3.5.1 Simple random sampling
The study employed simple random
sampling technique in order to provide equal chance for each individual from
the population to participate in the study. This technique used in selectingpeasants,
cashew nut association leaders of Kitama AMCOS, Tandahimba AMCOS, Miuta AMCOS, TANECU
leader and Agricultural officers to be used as
respondent (Kothari, 2004). The
researcher counted all respondents then the respondents who counted even number
were selected to represents the others.
3.5.2 Purposive sampling
This is the type of sampling in which items
for sample is selected deliberately by a researcher (Omari, 2011).The
researcher selected the sample base on him/her knowledge and experience and
these people are believed to fulfil the requirement of the researcher considering
the focus of the study: challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba
District case study of three wards Tandahimba, Kitama, and Miuta that selected
to give the adequate and valuable information needed by the researcher because
are among of the area that produce cashew nut in Tanzania.
3.5.3 Sample size
According to Kothari (2004),
defined a sample size as the number of item to be selected from the universe to
constitute a sample. The study involved 40 respondents, as curry (1984)
insisting on the use of thumb rule in selecting sample size, whereby the sample
was obtained from the total population as he suggested in the table 3.1 below.
Population size |
Sampling percent |
0-100 |
100% |
101-1000 |
10% |
1001-5000 |
5% |
5001-10000 |
3% |
10000+ |
1% |
Source; Curry (1984)
Therefore, the total targeted population of this study was 400
from population, so according to thumb rule the sample size of this study was
in ten percent (10%) because it is ranging between 101 to 1000 targeted
population. Whereby the total population of 40 respondents taken as 10% of the
population, whereeight (8) agricultural officers, ten
(10) AMCOS leaders which has been select from three wards of Tandahimba
district, four (4) TANECU officers found in Tandahimba district and eighteen
(18) farmers who are able to select from three wards of the study namely
Tandahimba, Kitama, and Miuta. The researcher employed 50
respondents because the sample size was efficiency, reliable and flexible on
time and cost consideration. The sample size is calculated as follows 10/100 x 400=40. Therefore, the sample
size of this study was 40.
3.6 Data collection Techniques
In collecting relevant and appropriate data four methods employed
such as; interview, questionnaire and observation and documentary review. All
these techniques were expected to provide good and accurate information about
the topic under investigation.
3.6.1 Interview
According to Kothari (2004), the interview is a method used for
collecting data by involving presentation of oral verbal stimuli and reply in
terms of oral verbal responses. There searcher employed personal interview
which is face to face conversation. The method used to gather information from
peasants, AMCOS leaders, TANECU leaders and agricultural officers, because the
method enables the researcher to get data very easily.
3.6.2 Questionnaire
According to Kothari (2004), questionnaire is the series of
questions in a definite order on a form of paper. This method was used to give
respondents with freedom of expression that conveyed the real experience
pertaining of the research questions. The questions distributed to peasants,
AMCOS leaders, TANECU leaders and agricultural officers from the selected wards
whereby they have limited time to be in interview session and respond to the
questions. Also the method made them from bias and respondents to have enough
time to think about answers on the challenges facing cashew nut production. The
study employed questionnaire to collect data from 18 peasants, 10 AMCOS leader,
4 TANECU leaders and 8 agricultural from the selected
wards.
3.6.3 Observation
According to Kothari (2004), observation is the use of all senses
to perceive and understand the experience of interest to the researcher or is
an information sought the way of investigators own direct observation without
asking from respondents. Under this method the researcher visited to observe
the difficult life that experience cashew nut producers such as poor market,
diseases in selected wards. The purpose of using observation as the method or
instrument of data collection is to allow the researcher to view what people
actually do rather than what they say.
3.6.4
Documentary review
Document analysis is a form of qualitative research in which documents are interpreted by the researchers to give voice and meaning around an assessment topic (Bowen, 2009). Analyzing documents incorporates coding content into themes similar to how questionnaire or interview transcripts are analyzed (Bowen, 2009). These studying corporate documented materials as secondary sources of information. These corroborated the findings across data sets can reduce the impact of potential bias by examining information collected through different methods such as questionnaires and interviews.
3.7 Data Analysis
Kothari
(2004:122) defines the term analysis as computation of a certain measures along
with searching for patterns of relationship that exist data group. The data was
going to analyze by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) through
descriptive statistics so as to make data more accurate and consistence for
presentation. The analysis of data was
going present in form of table, graphs, and texts. The rationally of choosing
these methods is because they are simple and easy to be understood by the
reader
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA
ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION
4.0 Introduction
This
chapter presents the analysis, presentation of the data from the field and
research findings on the challenges facing cashew nut production in
Tandahimba District a case study of Kitama ward, Tandahimba ward and Miuta ward.
The analysis and presentations was done basing on the objectives which reflects
and provide answers for the research questions developed by the researcher in
chapter one.
i.
To examine economic challenges facing
cashew nut in Tandahimba District
ii.
To evaluate the environmental challenges
facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District
iii.
To examine the contribution of
Agricultural Marketing Cooperative society (AMCOSs) and Tandahimba Newala Cooperative Union
(TANECU) to the development of cashew nut production.
4.1 Demographic
Information of Respondents
The
demographic information of respondents was based on age, gender, level of
education, marital status as well as occupation of the respondents in the
District.
4.1.1Sex
of the Respondents
From
the findings, the genders of the respondents were
described as follow;
Table
4.1Sex of the Respondents
Sex
of the respondents |
Frequency |
Percentage
(%) |
Male |
22 |
55 |
Female |
18 |
45 |
Total |
40 |
100 |
Source:
Field Data (2019)
From
the study male, were 22 respondents that were equal to 55% while female were 18
respondents, which were equal to 45%.
Table 4.2Age of the Respondents
Age |
Frequency |
Percentage
(%) |
25-34 |
8 |
20 |
35-44 |
15 |
37.5 |
45-54 |
5 |
12.5 |
55+ |
12 |
30 |
TOTAL |
40 |
100 |
Source:
Field Data (2019)
The
data from the field revealed that 12.5% of the respondents are from the age
45-54, 20% were ranging from the age between 25-34 years. Also 37.5% of the
respondents were ranging from the age between 35- 44years, while 30% of the
respondents were ranging from the age of 55 and above years.
Figure
4.1graph show age of respondents
4.1.3 Level of Education of Respondents
The
levels of education of respondents were described in
the table below as follow;
Table 4.3Level of Education of Respondents
Level
of education |
Frequency |
Percentage
(%) |
Primary |
10 |
25 |
Secondary |
12 |
30 |
College |
10 |
25 |
University |
8 |
20 |
Masters |
0 |
0 |
PhD |
0 |
0 |
TOTAL |
40 |
100 |
Source:
Field Data (2019)
The
study revealed that 0%, 0% of the respondents have masters level of education,
20% have attained university level of education, 25% of the respondents have
attained college level of education, 30% have attained secondary education and
also 25% have attained primary education.
4.1.4 Marital Status of the Respondents
Table 4.4Marital
status of the respondents
Marital
status |
Frequency |
Percentage
(%) |
Married |
28 |
70 |
Single |
12 |
30 |
Total |
40 |
100 |
Source:
Field Data (2019)
The
data from the study shows that 70% of the respondents were married and 30% of
the respondents were single.
4.1.5Response rate among respondent
There
was almost 100% response rate to the questionnaires. It was seen that there are
many challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba district to
peasants. The response rate to question asking whether there is challenges facing cashew nut
production or no problems in cashew nut production in Tandahimba district
Table
4.5 There are challenges facing cashew
nut production in Tandahimba District?
WARD |
YES |
NO |
||
Frequency |
Percentage % |
Frequency |
Percentage % |
|
Kitama |
12 |
80 |
3 |
20 |
Tandahimba |
15 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
Miuta |
9 |
90 |
1 |
10 |
Source:field data 2019
80%
of respondents from Kitama ward agreed while only 30% disagreed, 100% of
respondent’sform Tandahimba ward said yes while 0% said denied and 90% of
respondents from Miuta ward said yes while 10% rejected.
Table
4.6showing number of respondents
Types of respondent |
Number of respondents |
Percentages % |
Agricultural officers |
8 |
20 |
TANECU Leaders |
4 |
10 |
AMCOS Leaders |
10 |
25 |
Peasants |
18 |
45 |
Total |
40 |
100 |
Source; field data 2019
The
table below show the number of respondents and its distribution in selection
the respondent research gives equal right to both male and female in which the
number of peasants were 18 which makes equal to 45%, AMCOS Leaders 10 which
make equal to 25%, TANECU leaders 4 which make equal to 10% and Agriculture
officers 8 which make equal 20%.
Figure
4.2A pie chart graph show number of
respondents
4.2 Economic challenges facing cashew nut production in
Tandahimba Distric
Table 4.7 the response on economic challenges facing peasants in
cashew nut production as provided by
peasant
Economic challenges facing peasants in
cashew nut production |
N0 of response |
Percentage% |
Pricesfluctuation |
3 |
16.7 |
Higher cost of production |
3 |
16.7 |
Marketing system |
2 |
11.1 |
Poor income to peasants |
4 |
22.2 |
Poor provision of agricultural
imputes/subsidy |
3 |
16.7 |
No loans for peasants |
3 |
16.7 |
Due
to thepresence of many challenges to peasants in cashew nut production, the
study showing that major economic difficulties such as price fluctuation cover
16.7%, higher cost of production 16.7%, marketing system (warehouse system)
11.1%, poor income to peasants 22.2%, poor provision of agricultural imputes
16.7% and no loans for peasants 16.7%, this show that most of the cashew nut
producers facing much in poor or low income earners which constitute 22.2% of
the responses.
4.2.1 Marketing system
Respondents
agreed that process of market liberalization as then hampered by the
intervention of local government administrations, which took advantage of the
revival of cashew nut productionto increase revenue through the imposition of
local levies. From year 1996 to 2000, the structure of the marketing system has
been relatively unstable.
Cashew
nut board of Tanzania (CBT) in the season of 2015/2018 marketing system was
unstable with reasons that Agriculture cooperative society such as kitama AMCOS
society was faced with debt some peasant did not payed their money up to day
that lead misunderstanding between AMCOS leader and peasants. Tandahimba AMCOS
also peasants they did not got their money in a specific time as well as Miuta
AMCOS that challenging them and lead uncultivated farms as well as kangomba
system raise as its possible for peasants to sell their cashew nut that they
did not send to godowns so to get money for basic needs.
4.2.2 Price problem for raw cashew nut
Respondent
comment that cashew nut production need much money to invest so as to produce
more so when at time of selling cashew nut price is low it discourages them to
produce more for instance from 2000 to 20014 there are much problem of cashew
nut price where by price soared to Tshs 300-1200 per kilo, but from 2016 to
2018 Cashew nut Board of Tanzania set an indicative price of Tshs 1200 per kilo
but it depend to the world market priceselling price is soared 2500-4000 Tshs
that encourage different changes of socio-economic development and improvement
of living standard of life of farmers but still there is the challenge of
changes the price in one season there is no permanent price for Kitama AMCOS in season 2016- 2018 some of peasants
receive 3500, other 3800 and other 2500 in one years as well as Tandahimba
AMCOS and Miuta AMCOS.
4.2.3 Poor income to farmers
Respondent
agreed that many of them failed to pay their labors. Some poorer farmers were under
threat of losing their farms for failure to pay back loans owned to Sulphur
blower owners and operators and failure to prepare their farm for the time.
Many farmers thought it would be difficult for them to do any cashew nut
husbandly, since there is no rationale toiling for a crop that had no market.
This factor alone would have seriously dented farmer’s income from cashew nut
which soared tremendously in much season 2002/2015. However, the impact of the
price collapse is made much worse as a result of partial market failure and government
interventions.
4.2.4 Poor provision of subsidy (Sulphur)
Respondents
comment that mostly of district authority for provision of Sulphur to peasants
and growers of cashew nut is not well settled and organized because is not
provided in time so that they spray for the right time which is not done and
made pests to attack disease and reduce the production of cashew nut and to
those agents no consistence of supplying Sulphur and other pest sides as well
as challenges of high prices to imputes.
4.2.5 Peasants facing obstacle on loans to boost their
farming system
Respondents
agreed that no clear and direct system of providing loans to cashew nut
producers since they lack capital to invest to their farms which made them remain
backwardness and bank which provide loans set high interest which made peasants
to remain stagnant for instance in 2017/2018 peasant of kitama ward, tandahimba
ward and miuta ward faced with this challenge.
4.2.6 Higher cost of production
Respondent
agreed that higher cost hinder cashew nut production so cashew nut they need
more money to invest in looking farms such as subsides like Sulphur, to employ
labors, means of transport to transport cashew nut from the farms to home or
market area or godown. Among of them they did not have enough money to produce
much compare to the low price of raw nut.
Figure
4.3 show economic challenges facing cashew nut
production
4.3
Environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District.
Table 4.8show
environmental challenges facing cashew nut production
Environmental challenges facing cashew
nut production |
N0 of response |
Percentages % |
Pest and disease |
3 |
37.5 |
An adequate rainfall |
2 |
25 |
Soil factors |
1 |
12.5 |
Climate change |
2 |
25 |
Source;
field data
(2019)
Table
above showing different environmental challenges facing cashew nut production
in tandahimba district such as pests and disease which covers to about 37.5%,
an adequate rainfall about 25%, soil factor 12.5% and climate change 25%.
4.3.1 Pest and disease
Production
of cashew nut is impaired mostly by problems associated with its insect pests.
In the last five years the insect pest of cashew nut increased thus, there is
need for national policy that will after year and over 286 species have been
reported so far. However, only Analeptes
trifasciata (steam girdler). Selenothrips
rubrocinctus (red-banded thrips) and Pachnoda
cordata (fruit scrapper), comprehensively studied while steam and root
borer in the region landraces of cashew nut is the same as those of (Plocaecderus ferrugineus L). These
insect species have been implicated with the Brazilian cashew nut biotype
(jumbo nut-size), Therefore, further exploration of the production level
similarly is seriously affected by three major diseases lasidiplodia theobromae (pat) (Giffon and Maubli), twig die-back
caused by L. throbromae) and root of
cashew nut seedling (caused by Pythium
ultimum, Trow). The farmers do not need Floral die-back reduces total nut
yield by and to travel long distances for the acquisition improved average. The
loss due to root cashew seedlings was eradicating the landraces of cashew from
peasants.
4.3.2 An adequate rainfall
Rainfall
tend to change year to year which act as challenges to the cashew nut
production in the region the means a year with low rainfall production tend to
lowest yield and vice versa production increased for example 2018 production
were decreased in same villages such as mwenge, miuta, namunda and tandahimba
that experience low rainfall in their areas.
4.3.3 Soil factor
Soil
is also a challenge facing cashew nut production in tandahimba district since
crop needs fertility and soil of high quantity of nutrient so due to
cultivating on the same area for long time soil tend to loss its nutrient
(humus) needed by crop, also peasants of the region tend to mix subsistence
crops such as maize, cassava and even grand nuts on the same land hence lost
its fertility.
4.3.4 Climate change
Is
a challenge facing cashew nut production in tandahimba district where by some o
other year climate tend to be hot that encourage more production but in other
area cool climate like chikongo, mihambwe due to that climate it leads high
production so it depends to the nature of soil especially in area of sloops
always tend to be cool climate and that area be the first to exploit the cashew
nut
Figure
4.4
graph of environmental challenges of cashew nut production
4.4 The contribution of Agricultural Marketing Cooperative
society andTandahimba Newala Cooperative Union (TANECU) to the development of cashew
nut production.
Table 4.9 show contribution of TANECU and AMCOS to the development of
cashew nut production
Contribution of
TANECU and AMCOS to the development of cashew nut production |
N0 of responses |
Percentages% |
To find market for
cashew nut |
5 |
35.71 |
To monitor subsidy
provision |
4 |
28.57 |
To unite cashew nut
producers |
2 |
14.29 |
To provide education
on cashew nut marketing and production |
3 |
21.43 |
Source;
field data (2019) |
The
table showing responses of respondents on reasons or contribution of
Agriculture Marketing Cooperative Societies and Tandahimba Newala Cooperative Union
to cashew nut production. Which are to find market for cashew nut 37.71%, to
monitor imputes provision 28.57%, to unite cashew nut producers 14.27% and to
provide education on cashew nut marketing and production 21.43%.
4.4.1 To find market
Agricultural
societies of Tandahimba AMCOS, Kitama AMCOS and Miuta AMCOS was the middle
point of collecting raw cashew nut to peasants through Godowns and send them
main Godowns of TANECU in tandahimba and send to auction market.
4.4.2 To monitor subsidy provision
Also
TANECU and AMCOS contribute on the provision and monitor subsidy to peasants.
When the authority wants to provide subsidy to peasants they make use of these
to supply as it was in the year 2017/2018 where by Sulphur (a powder subsidy)
were distributed to the peasants in each ward of Tandahimba district.
4.4.3 Unite cashew nut producers
Agricultural
societies done this through formation of those societies in which peasants has
to register as a member, through this association on producing through the use
of its cooperative for example 2012 in Kitama AMCOS was collect more cashew nut
that encourage to get bonus after government auction.
4.4.4 Provision of education to peasant
TANECU
and AMCOS organize workshop and seminars to peasants whereby each association
invite their members to discuss about the important to send their cashew nut to
his or her association group and educate them about the important of selling
their cashew nut in public way and not in illegal way.
Figure
4.5Chart
showing contribution of TANECU and AMCOS inthe cashew nut production
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction
This
chapter presents summary, conclusions and recommendations on the assessment to
the challenges facing cashew nut production of Tandahimba District a case study
of Tandahimba ward, Kitama ward and Miuta ward. The specific objectives which
guided the study are indicated below:
5.1Summary
The summary of
this study derived from specific objectives as follows:
5.1.1 To examine
economic challenges facing cashew nut in Tandahimba District
The
data collected from the field through questionnaire, interview and documentary
reviews from 18 peasants, 8 agricultural officers, 10 AMCOS leaders and 4
TANECU leaders revealed that among the challenges facing cashew nut production
marketing system, pests and disease, poor income to peasants, price fluctuation,
higher cost of production and poor provision of
subsidy.
5.1.2 To
evaluate the environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in
Tandahimba District
The
data collected through documentary analysis revealed that among of the
environmental challenges facing cashew nut production in Tandahimba District
are Pests and disease, An adequate rainfall, Soil factors andClimate change.
The
grade standards of cashew nuts have been developed to study their price-quality
relationship. Laboratory analysis, indexing, stepwise multiple regression
analysis and tabular presentation have been used for data analysis. Five grade
standards have been developed for cashew nuts, based on their composite index.
The results based on price-quality relation have revealed that the number of
nuts per kilogram, moisture percentage and cutting test affect the prices and
these factors could explain 98 per cent of total variations in prices.
5.1.3 To examine the contribution of AMCOS and TANECU to the
development of cashew nut production.
The
result of findings on the basis of the contribution of AMCOS and TANECU to the
development of cashew nut production in Tandahimba District used questionnaires
analysis and it was revealed that among of the contribution of AMCOS and TANECU
to the development of cashew nut are to provide education on cashew nut
marketing and production to the farmers, to unite cashew nut procedures, to
monitors imputes provision and to find market for cashew nut.
5.2 Conclusion
The
cashew farmers are relatively young with low level of education. There is
inadequate capital (finance) that can be used to expand their farm land as
65.5% of the respondents cultivate 0.10-5.99 which is too small for
commercially sized farm. Majority of the farmers are using local varieties on
their farms which they claim is the available planting materials in the area.
Other challenges of importance are insufficient price information, high cost of
transport, insufficient labor, lack of processing industries and lack of good
roads. These problems can be ameliorated by formulating and implementing
economic policies aimed at increasing the level of education which could
increase their level of receptivity of improved technologies of cashew
production. The government should provide soft loan to the cashew farmers to
enable them establish cottage industries in order to alleviate the constraints
of inadequate capital (finance) and lack of processing industries. There should
be a collaborative work between CRIN and ADP to enhance awareness creation and
easy access to adequate information such as recommended improved varieties by
cashew farmers in the study area.
5.3 Recommendations
In
order to overcome the challenges facing cashew nut production the study suggested
the following to be put into the consideration to the community and the
government as well.
5.3.1 Recommendation for Action
i.
Facilitation of the provision of
appropriate extension services through direct training of farmers by trainers
or by training extension officers.
- Tanzania should encourage
private organizations to work with farmers through Contract Farming where
the partnership will focus on scaling up the capacity of farmers and
support them to improve productivity but also access to the world Market
through among others, supporting them to address the Global Certification
Gap
- The government and other key
stakeholders need to ensure that WRS marketing model is rolled out fast so
that all the district and regions such as the Tandahimba District and
Mtwara Region adopt it. For the time being this model is the best for the
sesame industry.
- The government and other
stakeholders must ensure that the training programs are well organized and
implemented seriously with anticipated results. The specific kind of
education needed includes soil conservation technologies, processing
technologies, use of improved seeds and other modern farming techniques.
- Facilitation of access to
market information can be enhanced by linking the ITFS/ farmer’s
associations with internet service providers on fee basis. Creation of
linkages between input suppliers and ITFs through district based retail
outlets as well as promotion of private input suppliers at local levels
through establishment of input supply linkages with the importer of Sulphur.
5.3.2 Recommendations for further studies
The
goal of this study was to investigate on the investigation on challenges facing
cashew nut production in Tandahimba District focucing in three wards
Tandahimba, Kitama and Miuta. Despite the study’s helpful results, the
limitations of this study should be noted. First, the group sample was small
and was only composed of the participants of the same area. Future research
should focus on expanding the sample size, also to investigate the contribution
of government and stakeholders towards the development of cashew nuts
production in Tandaimba district.
REFERENCES
Abubakar M. (2003),Assessment of
potentials of Gum Arabic as an Economic crop among
Farmersin Sokot, University of
Ibadan. tate. Unpulished MSc Thesis.
Akinwale
T.O. and Ayodele E.A. (1999), Economic
importance of cashew, Quarterly Nigeria’s
Magazine Journal.2(9): 45-47.
Akinwale
T.O. and Ayodele E.A. (1999), Production constraints,
Quarterly Nigeria’s
Magazine Journal.2(9): 47-48.
Akinwale
S.A, (1989), Advances in cashew breeding
in Nigeria, in progress in trees crop research
Institute second Edition,
Ibadan Nigeria.
Aliyu
O. M. (2008). Compatibility and fruit set in cashew (Anacardium occidentale
L.).
Euphytica 160, 25–33.
10.1007/s10681-007-9517-0.
Ashimongo
G, et al (2008), Cashew profitability
analysis and projection of the sector’s future
Performance in Kenya, Malawi,
Mozambique and Tanzania.BACAS.
Bokulich
N. A., Thorngate J. H., Richardson P. M., Mills D. A. (2014). Microbial biogeography
of wine grapes is
conditioned by cultivar, vintage, and climate. Proc. Natl.
Acad.
Sci. U.S.A. 111, E139–E148.
10.1073/pnas.1317377110
Boonham
N., Glover R., Tomlinson J., Mumford R. (2008). Exploiting generic platform
technologies for the detection
and identification of plant pathogens. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.
121, 355–363.
10.1007/978-1-4020-8780-6_15 [Cross Ref]
Bragg
L., Tyson G. W. (2014). Metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Methods
Mol.
Biol. 1096, 183–201.
10.1007/978-1-62703-712-9_15 [PubMed]
[Cross Ref]
Brown
R, (1992), Honduran cashew fruit drying,
Report to fine dried food
Cavalcant
J. J, (2007), Quantitative breeding
strategies for cashew improvement.
Crop
Breeding and applied
biotechnology. Genetic control.
Errington,
M and Coulter, J.P (1989), The
international market for cashew nut products, Oversea
Development Natural Resources
Institute UK.
Kothari, C. R. (2004), Research
Methodology: Methods and Techniques, (Second Edition), New
Age
International Publishers
Ohler, J.G (1979), Cashew,
Department of Agricultural Research, Amsterdam.
Stepherd et al (1990), Export
crop liberation in Africa, A review FAO, Agricultural services
Rome.
Wimalsiri et al (1971), Cahew
apple win Industry Prospect Report, 44, Industrial Development
Board,
Sri Lanka.
APPENDIX I
QUESTIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL OFFICERS
My name is
Jafari Zubeda from Stella Maris Mtwara University College (a constitute college of St Augustine university of Tanzania). I am conducting a research as a part of my academic program;
this research is about “An Investigation on challenges facing cashew nut
production in Tandahimba district a case study of Kitama ward, Miuta ward, and
Tandahimba ward”. Please, I need your cooperation in this process of collecting
data which help me in academic studies only and not in other way. Put a tick
(√) on an appropriate section
PERSONAL
PARTICULARS
i.
Sex
a) Male [
]
b) Female [
]
ii.
Age
a) (a)
25-34 [ ]
b) (b)
35-44 [ ]
c) (c)
45-54 [ ]
d) 55+ [
]
iii.
Education level………………………………….
1.How do you know about Cashew nut farming?............................................................................. ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Account the contribution of the agricultural
officers on the production of cashew nut
(i)...........................................................................................................................
(ii).........................................................................................................................
(iii)........................................................................................................................
(iv).........................................................................................................................
(v).........................................................................................................................
3. Do you know the challenges facing cashew nut
in Tandahimba district?
Yes [ ]
No [ ]
4.
If the answer is YES in question 3 above mention.
i)...........................................................................................................................
(ii).........................................................................................................................
(iii)........................................................................................................................
(iv).........................................................................................................................
5.What
are the effort made by agricultural officers to overcome the challenges in
cashew nut production in Tandahimba District?
(i)...........................................................................................................................
(ii).........................................................................................................................
(iii)........................................................................................................................
(iv)........................................................................................................................
Thank
you for your time and cooperation
APPENDIX II
DODOSO KWA WAKULIMA
Jina langu ni Zubeda
Jafari
Stella
Maris Mtwara University College (a constitute college of St Augustine university of Tanzania).
Nafanya utafiti kuhusu changamoto za uzalishaji wa korosho wilayani Tandahimba
kata ya tandahimba, kitama na miuta.Tafadhari naomba ushirikiano wako katika
kupata taarifa muhimu kwaajili ya taaluma yangu. Weka alama ya tiki (√) kwenye
eneo stahiki katika mabano ( )
(a)TAALIFA
BINAFSI
i.
Jinsia
a) ME [
]
b) KE [
]
ii.
Umri
a) (a)
25-34 [ ]
b) (b)
35-44 [ ]
c) (c)
45-54 [ ]
d) 55+ [ ]
Hali
ya ndoa ,
(a)Nimeoa[ ]
(c) Sijaowa[ ] (d)Mjane[ ]
(e) Taraka [ ]
iii.
Kata……………………………. iv. Ngazi ya elimu………………………………..
(b)Maswali kwa mkulima
1.Unafahamu
nini kuhusu zao la korosho? …....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Unazifahamu changamoto zinazoathiri zao la
korosho wilayani Tandahimba?
Ndiyo [
] hapana [
]
3.kama
jibu ni ndiyo kwenye swali namba 2 taja hapa chini.
i.
..........................................................................................................................
ii.
..........................................................................................................................
iii.
.......................................................................................................................
iv.
........................................................................................................................
Asante kwa ushirikiano na muda wako
APPENDIX III
QUESTIONS FOR TANECU AND AMCOS
My name is Zubeda
Jafari
from Stella Maris Mtwara University College (a constitute college of St Augustine university of Tanzania). I am conducting a research as a part of my academic program;
this research is about “An investigation on challenges facing cashew nut
production in Tandahimba District case study tandahimba ward, kitama ward and
miuta ward”. Please, I need your cooperation in this process of collecting data
which sshelp me in academic studies only and not in other way. Put a tick (√)
on an appropriate section
PERSONAL
PARTICULARS
i.
Sex
a) (a)
Male [ ]
b) (b)
Female [ ]
ii.
Age
a) 25-34 [
]
b) 35-44 [
]
c) 45-54 [
]
d) 55+ [ ]
1.How do you know about Cashew nut farming?............................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Do you know the challenges facing cashew nut
in Tandahimba district?
Yes [ ]
No [ ]
3.
If the answer is YES in question 2 above mention.
i.
..........................................................................................................................
ii.
.........................................................................................................................
iii.
........................................................................................................................
iv.
.........................................................................................................................
4.What
are the contribution of TANECU and AMCOS to the development of cashew nut
production in Tandahimba District
(i)...........................................................................................................................
(ii).........................................................................................................................
(iii)........................................................................................................................
(iv)........................................................................................................................
Thank you for your time and
cooperation
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