The relatioship between Contribution of natural gas and the development of the local community
STELLA
MARIS MTWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE
(A Constituent
College of St. Augustine University of Tanzania)
FACULTY OF
EDUCATION
The
relatioship between Contribution of natural gas and the development of the local
community.
A Case Study
Mtwara Rural District.
A Research
Proposal Submitted to the Faculty of Education in Partial Fulfilment of the
Requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Education with Arts at Stella Maris
Mtwara University College
SALIMU ABDALAH
STE/BAED/162891
2019
1.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the background of the
study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions,
significance of the study, scope of the study, conceptual framework as well as
definition of the key terms.
1.1Background of the
study
Energy
development in Mtwara is fundamentally a part of the overall national energy
strategy, which is based on the desire to move away from hydro-dependent power
sources, and the opportunity to achieve this through the development of natural
gas for energy development. An abundance of gas resources invariably raises the
hopes and expectations of governments, citizens, local communities, and the
various companies which provide the essential services of distribution,
exploration and extraction of this resource. Government hope for large and
consistent revenues, citizens expect that their standards of living will be
raised while local communities hope to see relief from poverty and
multinational companies expect high returns on the large-scale investments they
are obliged to make. De Beer (2006)
In
this context, certain types of conflict over gas resources are frequently and
readily observable, especially in fragile states. Local communities in the
immediate area of gas extraction are especially likely to mobilize if the profits
produced on their lands lead to no gains in their living conditions. Swanepoel
and De Beer (2006) This research therefore seeks to examine the gas conflict in
Tanzania and its impact on society. Inadequate studies have been done on this
problem elsewhere in the world. There is insufficient current scientific
literature available about the subject in Tanzania. Hardly there is no much
research has been conducted about gas conflict in Tanzania.
Tanzania
is one of the poorest countries in the world (World Bank 2006). The gross
national income (GNI) per capita is estimated at US$340, placing Tanzania as
188th of 208 countries (World Bank 2006). According to the Household Budget
Survey 2000/01 Tanzania (2002), almost half (48 percent) of Tanzania’s population
of 36 million people is unable to meet basic food and nonfood needs. However,
recent figures show the annual growth rate of the economy at 7 percent (World
Bank 2006). An abundance of gas resources invariably raises the hopes and
expectations of governments, citizens, local communities, and the petroleum
companies that provide the essential services for explorations, extractions,
and distributions. Governments hope for large and consistent revenues, citizens
expect that their standards of living will be raised, local communities hope to
see quick relief from poverty, and multinational companies expect high returns
from the investments they are obliged to make. Other actors―rebels, insurgents,
secessionists―sometimes see the possibility of using the illicit control of
petroleum resources and revenues to advance their own particular cause (World
Bank 2006).
Ross
(2004) often the high expectation and hopes of these various groups are tangled
in problems of weak governance, social tensions and corruption that further sow
the seeds of conflict. In this context, certain types of conflict over oil and
gas resources are frequently and readily observable, especially in fragile
states. Corrupt elites may use government power to seize resource revenues for
their benefit and to support political allies. Citizens who see national
patrimony usurped for personal enrichment may be frustrated and turn to
protest. Local communities in the immediate area of gas extraction are
especially likely to mobilize if the profits produced on their lands lead to no
4 gains in their living conditions and the extractive operations taking place
result in environmental damage that threatens their health and traditional
livelihoods (Human Rights Watch 1999)
1.2 Statement of the
problem
The
gas resource conflict links as a result of special historical conditions into
world politics. This account suggests that after the end of the Cold War
between the West and East, civil wars have taken on a distinctively economic
character which is essentially new. Duffield (2001). The new war argument
ascribes the reasons for this economic turn not primarily to factors that have
already been mentioned, but rather to processes subsumed under the heading of
‘globalization’ that have gained sway since the early 1990s. These include the
reduction or end of superpower financing of opposing civil war belligerents;
the further liberalization of world trade; and the growing demand and enhanced
competition for certain materials in the wake of the rise of China, India and
other regional powers.(Ibid)
Tanzania
faced great challenges with regard to either the violence between government
and rural neighbourhoods or investors from among the local citizens who abide
in the area. In most areas where natural resources have been discovered, this
has brought negative consequences to the citizens. (Collie, 2003) Despite the
plentiful supply of natural resources in Tanzania, its people are living in
abject poverty and the few elite enjoy the resources and exploit the
underprivileged majority. This is a menace that crept into the African
continent during the days of neo-colonialism, imperialism and the old
colonialism. However, we cannot always blame the imperialists for the
backwardness encountered currently and in the future, for how long shall we
continue to lick our wounds? Tanzania is now experiencing a new transition, but
some of its leaders have yet to develop away from imperialist tendencies.
Inspite of such studies this study is going to centre on the relatioship between contribution of natural gas and the development of the local
community in Mtwara rural district
1.3.1 General Objective
The
general objective of this study will be to investigate the relatioship between contribution of natural gas and the development of the local
community in Mtwara rural district
The
specific objectives of this study will be:-
·
To find out the contribution ofnatural gas to
thedevelopment of the local community in Mtwara
rural district
·
To examine the challenge that faces extraction
ofnatural gas to thedevelopment of the local
communityin Mtwara rural district
·
To identify the solutions to overcome
challenges facing extraction ofnatural gas to thedevelopment of the local community
The research questions that guided this study will be:
·
What is the contribution ofnatural gas to thedevelopment of the local community in Mtwara
rural district?
·
What is the challenge that the challenge that
faces extraction ofnatural gas to thedevelopment
of the local communityin Mtwara rural district?
·
What are the solutions to overcome challenges facing
extraction ofnatural gas to thedevelopment of
the local community?
1.5
Scope of the study
1.6 Significance of the Study
The study will expect to, the
study will help the government to know the contribution of natural gas to the
local community and know how to utilize those resources. Also to provide an in
deep data to the community to measure the presence of natural gas and the
development that they have at the moment. Moreover, motivate other scholars and
researchers to carry out research in other areas in order to establish a proper
use of natural gas in Mtwara rural areas. Lastly the study will help other
researcher to use this study as the literature review for those who will take
the similar study.
The
researcher anticipates some challenges that in one way or another will face
during the conduction of data collection. These limitations are the challenges
that may occur during the research process namely; The question of language
barriers from both the parents and students the researcher will provide enough
elaboration on the topic to clear any misunderstanding (language barriers),
shortage of money on the side of the researcher the solution is budgeting the
available resources, fear in giving the correct answers from the respondents
and little cooperation from the teachers at schools the solution is to go hand
in hand with the schools’ timetables to avoid disturbance to the teachers’
periods so as to gain more cooperation with them and to provide friendly
environment with respondents by giving them more freedom and secrecy of their
data. Lastly the study will be limited to public
schools in Mtwara rural district.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This
chapter will analyze and Indentify what has been already done to the researcher
problem meaning that that what other research have put into documentation so
that a researcher would not rewrite or reduplicate what has already been
written by previous scholars rather that a researcher would be in opposition to
revile Contribution, Challenges, also Challenges and gaps that filled as a way
to contribution, also Literature review made key issue patterning to the study.
2.1 Related Literature
People
have built their advanced societies by using inanimate energy resources.
Getis
and Fellmann (2008) defined energy as the ability to do work. Every form of
life and all societies require a consistent input of energy. if societies are
to survive, they must continue expand energy, However, they may need to change
their pattern of energy consumption as Traditional source become Limited. Eldon
and Bradly (2002)
Getis
and Fellmann (2008) says although people depend on a wider range of resources
contained in the biosphere, energy resources are the ‘’Master’’ natural
resources. we use energy to make all
other resources available. Without the energy resources, all mined, processed
and distributed. Energy is one of the most important of all the world’s
resources we need energy to keep us warm and to cook with, it gives us light and drive Machinery
for transport and Industries, Olly and
Steve (2006).
Olly
and Steve (2006) they pointed that, the world energy resources can be divided
into non-renewable and renewable energy sources. Crude Oil, natural gas, and
Coal have formed the basis of Industrialization are non-renewable energy
sources, Getis and Getis (2008).
the
three non-renewable fossil-fuel sources of energy-Coal, Oil and Natural gas;
Each year the world in the reality mainly the developed countries consumes an
amount of Fossils fuel that took nature some one million years to provide a
rate for in excess of their replacement, in the past, been relatively easy to
be obtained and cheap to use, but they have become major polluters of the
environmental. Waugh (2003).
Enger
and Smith (2006) they accessed that the alternative sources of energy are the
outcomes of non-renewable energy sources due to their increase of environmental
problems. Enger and Smith continued to say Toxic waste contaminates, oil spills
destroy shore lines and fuel produce Carbon dioxide thus adding to global
warming.
Waugh
(2003) argued that alternative source s of energy which are mainly forces of
nature which can be used over and over again are considered to be sustainable,
At present running water which is proudly known as Hydroelectricity is an
significance source of renewable energy on a global scale.
Today,
many countries regulates the amount of runoff allowed from mines, but
underground and surface mines abandoned before these regulations were enacted
continued to contaminate the water, Enger and Smith (2002)
Enger
and Smith (2002) they argued that because coal is difficult to transport and
often has high Sulfur content resulting in air pollution, people seek
alternative sources of fuel, increasing amount of Carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere are said to contribute to global warming.
2.1.1 Solar Energy
It
is, however, the direct capture of solar energy that is seen by many as the
best hope of satisfying a large proportion of future energy needs with minimal
environmental damage and maximum conservation of the earth’s resources, Arthur
and Jerome (2008).
Enger
and Smith (2002) portrayed on the sun is often mentioned as the ultimate answer
to the World’s energy problems; it is provides continues to supply of energy
that far exceeds the World’s demands. in fact the amount of energy received the
from the sun as the source of energy each day in six hundred times greater than
the amount of energy produced each day by all other energy sources combined.
Waugh
(2003) on insisting about the sun as the source of energy says the sun is the
primary source of the earth’s energy, without energy nothing can live and no
work can be done. Also Enger and Smith (2002) say solar energy is also being
used to generate electricity in a more conventional way.
However,
in the World is likely to have to look to these other sources of renewable
energy example Wave and Tides as the supply of fossils fuels become exhausted,
Waugh (2003).
Waugh
(2002) says Solar is safe ‘’station’’ although many individual have had solar
panels added, especially in climate sunnier that in British. It is hoped
globally that future improvements in technology will result in reduced
production cost, this would enable many developing countries especially those
ling within tropics, to rely increasingly up on solar energy, Waugh (2002).
2.1.2 Wind Power
Enger
and Smith (2002) at least 36 utilities include wind energy as a compound of
their green power programs ‘’green’’; Nevada and Texas require utilities to
provide some green electricity.
Variable
wind speed makes it unreliable as a primary energy sources; energy companies
and regulations view it as supplementary to Fossils fuel. A steady and depend able source of wind makes the use of wind
power more productive in some region than other wide, open areas such as great
plains in North American, are better suited for wind power than other
heavily wooded areas, Enger and Smith (2002)
Wind
mills offer many advantages as a source of electric power; they can turn
turbines directly do not use any fuel s and can be built and erected rather
quickly, Getis, Getis et al (2008).
Richard,
Boehm, et al (2002) says about seven thousands wind mills stands on an eighty
square-miles patch of hilly land near San Francisco. This wind Varies generate
electricity; In factors they Churn out
enough electricity every year to meet the needs of all the home in San
Francisco.
Phillipson
and Miller (2006) wind power is clean, but electricity cannot be generated when
the wind stop.
2.1.3 Hydro-Power
Another
hydroelectric power produce about 2.5 percent of the world energy commercially
traded energy. Europe has exploited almost sixty percent of potential. The
World energy Conference estimates that
the electricity produced by hydro-power
will increase six times by the year 2020; The Less developed countries which
have developed about ten percent of their hydropower will experience of this growth.
Enger and Smith (2002)
Chapmann
and Barker (1992) so without hydro-electric Power Chad, Cameroon, Rwanda and
Burundi are finding development difficult and the prospect for favorable
changes are small. In contrast, Africa has developed only 5 percent of its
potential, half of which come from only three dams Kariba in East Africa, Aswan
on the Nile, and Akasombo in Ghana, Enger and Smith (2002)
According
to Phillipson and Milner(2006) argued that Renewable energy sources are
generally cleaner than non-renewable energy sources, but as yet produce only
six percent of the World’s energy needs
solar power, wind power and hydro power are called alternative energy. African
nations still yet to develop in other type of alternative energy apart from
solar energy powers simply because can be expensive to set up, Phillipson and
Milner (2006).
Today
in East African, especially Kenya and Tanzania said to be the main suppliers of
Natural gas and Oil fuels after a huge discoveries of those natural resources
along the Indian Ocean, this will mark an a starting point of the two countries
to use Natural gas as there alternative source of energy, BBC Swahili
(Saturday, 2015).But the world now It needs an alternative source of energy
which have no or less environmental pollution which have low cost price. It
hoped, globally that future improvements in technology will result in reduced
production costs, Waugh (2002).
2.2 Conceptual
Framework
It
all about how the study will take place, For instance in case of this study,
the topic is all about the alternative source of energy on environmental
conservation. Therefore, Independent Variables are solar power. Wind power,
tides power, wave power and hydroelectric power which are alternative source of
energy, when applicable might lead to reduction deforestation, decrease of acid
rainfall and reduction of global warming which all of these will contributes on
environmental conservation. Consider the Diagram below.
Conceptual Frame Work
on Alternative Source of Energy to environmental Conservation.
2.3 Research Gap
Apart
of the above reports from various Scholars, the opportunity of the study will
base on why the alternative source of energy fails to be intensively applied in
Mtwara rural District, the study also will focus on determine the importance of
alternative source of energy on Environmental conservation.
Additionally,
the study will determine solutions in order to intensify the use of alternative
source of energy in Mtwara rural District.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
1.0 Introduction
This
chapter deals with various methods which were employed by the researcher during
the time of conducting the study. The sections presents; research design, area
of the study, the targeted population, sample size and sampling techniques,
research data collection methods,
research analysis and research presentation.
3.1 Research Approach
Research
approach is the specification of procedures for analyzing the information
needed to structure or solve the problem (Tendon, 1979). During the data analysis
the researcher employed both qualitative and quantitative approaches.The
quantitative approach was used for numerical data while qualitative approach was
used for all descriptive data that are in word form. The seasons behind why the
researcher used both the qualitative and quantitative approaches was that the
data which were obtained from the field where in form of numbers and words
forms. Therefore in order to bring the proper understanding and justifiable analysis
of information the researcher had to use the two approaches.
3.2 Research Design
Research
design is the specification of methods
and procedures for acquiring the information needed to structure or solve the
problem (Jack, et al, 2000). The study used social survey design which involved
the collection of information through movements and case study research design
where the researcher concentrated on the topic so that to get depth information
on the topic. The research design types
are explained below as follows;
3.2.1 Social Survey
Research Design
This
method involved the movement of the researcher from one place to another for
searching data from the respondents. For this study the researcher was moved
from the university or from home place to the field for collecting the data
this very important because it bring it helps the researcher to get more
information and accurate and reliable data.
3.3 Study Area
Description
The study was conducted in Mtwara
rural district as the one of the 5 districts of the Mtwara region of Tanzania.
It is bordered to the south by Mozambique, to the West by the Tandahimba
District, to the North by the Lindi region and to the East by the Mtwara Urban
District and the Indian Ocean. The Mtwara Rural District has 3,597km2.
According to the 2012 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Mtwara
Rural District was about 228,003. Also it’s administratively divided into 6
divisions, 17 Wards, and 101 villages. The district is located in the
followings Latitude in decimal degrees 10.5 and Longitude in
decimal degrees 40 and Latitude in degrees, minutes, and
seconds 10° 30' 00" S and Longitude in degrees,
minutes, and seconds 40° 00' 00"
E. The study will be conducted at Mpapura and Ziwani ward, , these wards found
inMtwara Rural District because most of these wards practice more Small Scale
Agriculture due to the nature of the land is very fertility and water bodies
such Kitere swamp that why people are involves in agriculture.
Agriculture
is the predominant economic sector in MtwaraRural. About 90 per cent of the agricultural output
is by small holder farmers, the main food crops being cassava, sorghum, millet
and with increasing importance maize and paddy. Cashew nut is the most
important cash crop. Sesame and groundnuts also contribute to the cash income
of the peasant farmer. Coconut is important along the Coast. This implies that
about 55 percent of the arable land is not yet exploited.It is known that about
two decades or so ago the region had chronic problem of food deficiency.
Considerable foodstuff had to be imported into the district. It is for this
reason that food production strategies aimed at increasing food production at
the district levels were formulated with the sole objective of achieving food
sufficiency at the household level throughout the Rural.
The
nature of climate in Mtwara Rural due to closer proximity to the equator and
the warm Indian Ocean, the area experiences Tropical Climatic Conditions
similar to all Tanzanian coastal areas. The area experiences hot and humid
weather throughout much of the year and has a Tropical wet and dry Climate.
Annual rainfall is approximately 1, 024 mm (40 in), and in a normal year there
are two rainy seasons; the long rains in April and May and the short rains in
November and December.
3.4 Targeted Population
The
targeted population will be local communities’ .The purpose of selecting this
population is to get reliable information on the given study.
3.5 Sample Size
Sample
size refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe to
constitute a sample (Tendon, 1979). The research expects to have 100
respondents as a sample size. Only the 50 respondents was as the sample size
where they provided information’s and the data that obtained will involve local
people on MtwaraRural district, 27will be local communities, 18 will be
charcoal producers, 3 forest official and 2 respondents will be forest
expertise’s . The studyalso involved both male and female because both sex are
highly affected by the problem. The study will expect to involve the
respondents with the age ranging from 15
and above in a provision of data this because this age group were among the
group that are highly affected and much involved in production hence they had the
lot of experiences and information.
3.6 Sample and Sampling
Techniques
Sampling
is the process whereby some elements (individuals) in the population are
selected for a research study. Sample is refers to the number of items to be selected
from the universe to constitute a sample. The sample size should be optimum
Kothari (2004).While the sampling techniques these refers to the different
techniques that are used by the researcher to obtain sample. The researcher used
the various techniques during the data collection of information from the
respondents in the field work as follows;
3.6.1 Simple Randomly
Sampling
Simple
random sampling refers to the technique of sampling where by each individual in
the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample has(Wilkinson,
et al, 1979). In this technique the researcher selected the respondent with
unconsciously this helped the researcher to obtain the deep, lot and accurate
data. This technique will be used to obtain the data from the local people and
charcoal producers from Mtwararural district.
3.6.2 Purposively
Sampling
Purposively
sampling is one of the techniques in which the person who is selectedas the
sample tries to make the sample representative, depending on his opinion or
purpose(Wilkinson, et al, 1979). Thus being the representation objective. This
technique will be used in the study and the technique will be used for the officials
and expertise’s who gave the data to the researcher the significant of the
technique gave reliable and valuable and the validity of information because
the officers as one with professionals and technical knowledge of knowhowon the
forest conservation and charcoal production.
3.7 Data collection
techniques
This
refers to the process of gathering specific information aiming at providing
facts. The study was involved more than one method of data collection because
the researcher will get sufficient results. It should be noted that all methods
of data collection have some limitation or short coming once was used
individually, the researcher is likely to get insufficient data that why the
researcher will use many techniques of data collection so that to get
sufficient and the detailed information. The techniques that will be used by
the researcher to get data the three
techniques will be used; questionnaires, interviews and observations;
3.7.1 Questionnaires
According
to Kothari (2004), Questionnaire is the method of data collection which
includes a list of questions which are distributed to the people concerned with
a particular topic with a request to answer the questions. The questions in the
questionnaires will be both objective and subjective because the questionnaire
were formulated on the bases of closed and open form which help the respondents
to fill and give their views and opinions toward the study.
The
researcher will usethe questionnaire where the questionnaire will be
distributed to the respondents in agreement of time to fill the questionnaires
and resend to the researcher after filling them that will be useful to the
people with ability to read and write hence the technique will provide an
opportunity of developing understanding and rapportinformation to the respondents to give
views on the study how the respondent were familiar with the topic.
3.7.2 Interviews
Interview
is the technique of data collection in which questions are asked in oral or verbal
between the interviewer or researcher and interviewee or respondent and
subjects responses are recorded(Kothari, 2004). In the study the researcher will
useboth structured and unstructured interviews which will help him to get deep
and much information from the respondents because the researcher was able to
clarify the questions that were not well understood to the respondents.
3.7.3 Observations
Observation
is the process in which the researcher involves the use of the sense organs in
collecting information or data such as the use of eyes, skin, tongue, ear and
nose(Kothari, 2004). The study will mainly involve the non participatory and participatory during
the collection of data from the respondents because thetechnique is one of the
most careful tools of data collection, through observation a researcher will
have a room to get real situation prevailing in the field.
3.9 Data Analysis
Techniques
The
data were arranged accordingly and analyzed accurately on the effects of human
activities on the climatic change particularly on the case of MtwaraRural
District. Data analysis will be done by the researcher after
getting information from the respondents through questionnaire, Interview and
observation. The researcher in this study will combine
both qualitative and quantitative data, thus different methods of data analysis
will be used. Qualitative data will be analyzed mainly by using content
analysis.
Content
analysis is a method which helps the researcher to analyze text in form of writing,
sounds or picture(Tendon,
1979). Content analysis will give the researcher an opportunity to organize
information into relevant categories or themes before arriving at the final
argument. Content analysis method to a large extent restricts the subjectivity
of the researcher in the process of data collection and analysis. The
qualitative data will be presented in narratives form. The research findings were organized and
presented through tables, charts and graphs. The reason behind why the researcher
will use both qualitative and quantitative approaches is due to the fact that
the data from the field will be in textual or descriptive and werenumerical form.
So the researcher had to use both in qualitative and quantitative form
3.10 Data Presentation Techniques
The
data that were collected from the field were presented through descriptive
statistics, chart, tables and graphs and computer programmers such as Microsoft
excel that will be helpful in the
presenting the data for the further research on the impacts of charcoal
production on forests conservation in Mtwara Rural District
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