The main objective of this study is to explore the promotion of heritage tourism at the Mikindani Historical site.
CHAPTER
ONE
GENERAL
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the study
Tourism is one of the largest socio-economic sectors
in the world.Cultural heritagetourism is considered as a form ofthe tourismindustry
which involves people visiting culture heritage sites away from their usual
residence for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and education. In
the words of Lwoga, heritage tourism is the practices of an activity remunerate
from within the place visited(Lwoga, 2011).
This is the fastest growing form of the tourism industry in the Sub-Sahara
due to the current development of science and technology which facilitate quick
movement of people, increase leisure time and economic possibilities (Mnaku,
2011). Cultural Heritages tourism provides employment opportunities, improve transport
and communication sector andincrease national income.
Cultural heritage tourism makes use of both tangible
and intangible cultural heritage as the core tourism resources that form the basic
reasons or attractions for tourists’ (Lwoga 2017).In the past three decades,
cultural heritage tourism focused overwhelmingly on the patrimony of the
privileged (example castles, cathedrals, stately homes), but there is now
widespread acknowledgment of everyday landscapes that depict the lives of
ordinary people (Timothy and Boyd, 2003). These include music, dance,
language,religion, cuisine, artistic traditions, and festivals. UNWTO and
UNESCO have singled out these aspects of culture as the most important tools
for socio-economic development in thedeveloping countries if well developed and
promoted.
1.1 Statement
of the problem
Tanzania is
one of the countries which are well endowed with plenty of cultural heritage resourcesincluding
archaeological and palaeoanthropologicalsites such as Oldivai Gorge in Arusha, Isimila
in Iringa, and historical towns such as Bagamoyo, mikindaniand Zanzibar stone
town.These heritage resources can be developed intoworld class tourist destination,
however most of them especially those found at Mikindani Historical site are not
well developed and promoted for tourism purpose.
Although
Mikindani Historical site has been recently declared as a conservation area by
the government, and the fact that the heritage resources found there, have
economic value, the site is still not well promoted for tourism development. Consequently,
this important historical town receive a few numbers of tourists regardless of
its natural photogenic beauty of the local scenery.
It is
therefore, for this reason the current study is proposed to investigate on the
promotion of heritage tourism in Mikindani historical site. This intention is
to
1.3 Objectives of study
1.3.1
General objective
The main objective of this study is to explore the
promotion of heritage tourism at the Mikindani Historical site.
1.3.2
Specific objectives
i) To ascertain number of tourists who visit Mikindani
Historical site per year
ii) To ascertain the country of origin of the tourists
iii) To identify promotional strategic for the
development of heritage tourism at the site
1.4 Research
Questions
i) How many touristsdoes the site attract per year?
ii) What are the countries of origin of the tourists
whovisit Mikindanihisrorical site?
iii) What
are the possible strategies for promoting heritage tourism at the site?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study will be of great importance to tourism
stakeholders especially the tourism planners and local community.
It will be
significant to the tourism planners because cultural heritage tourism is a form
of tourism industry which is emerge in southern of Tanzania particular in MtwaraMikindani. They will therefor forced
to come up with cultural heritage product that sweets the
costumes demands. Local community they
will understood clearly that cultural resource in their vicinity are important
and have economic value, therefor they
will develop a sense of protecting them for posterity.
1.6 Scope
of the Study
This study
will focus on Mikindani historical town to explore the promotion of heritage
tourism at this important historical site.The study intends to ascertain number
of tourists who visit Mikindani Historical site per year and their countries of
origin. It also intend to identify promotional strategic for the development of
heritage tourism at the site
1.8 Definition of key Terms used in the Study
Heritage tourism-Cultural heritage tourism is considered as a form of
tourism, involving people visiting cultural heritage sites away from their
usual residences for not more than one consecutive year, for the purposes of
leisure and education, and others that do not include the practice of an
activity remunerated from within the place visited (Lwoga, 2011).
Culture heritage- refers to our legacy “inheritance” from the past,
what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations, including
the natural and cultural, tangible as well as intangible assets with cultural significance/value
(ICOMOS, 1999). Culture comprises of processes including the ideas and ways of
life of people and the outcomes of those processes including buildings, art,
artefacts, customs, beliefs, traditions, habits and values (Richards,
2013).Cultural heritage involves aspects of culture that are considered as
inheritance and resulting from humanity’s interaction with or intervention in
the physical world, including tangible and intangible assets that have cultural
significance. In Tanzania, cultural heritage sites include the famous Olduvai
Gorge in Arusha, Isimila in Iringa, KilwaKisiwani and SongoMnara World Heritage
Site, Zanzibar Stone Town World Heritage Site, Bagamoyo Historic Town,Mikindani
in Mtwaraand many others.
Historical
site-is an official
location where piece of political, military, cultural or social history have
been preserved due to their cultural heritage value. A historical site may be
any building land scope, site or
structure that is a local, regional this also means the site be at least 50
years or older.
CHAPTER TWO
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.2
Literature review
Tourism is an important industry in many developing
countries providing foreign exchange, employment, incomes and public revenue.
It has become an important sector and it potentially constitutes one of the
fastest growing sectors. It is one of the top five sources of foreign currency
for 83 percent of developing countries. The contribution of tourism receipts to
total revenues in these countries is within the range of 80 to 20 percent
(Benavides, 2001). During 1980-87, for example, international tourist receipts
grew by 45 percent or six times faster than exports in general
Heritage
tourism in worldwide context mainly in Europe
In developing countries of Asia and Latin America tourism
contributed net foreign exchange n amounting to 2.6, 2.6 and 0.7 billion dollars
respectively in 1986 (Sinclair et al 1995). It is an important foreign exchange
earner in many of the Asian economies such as Thailand and Indonesia as well as
small-island economies such as Fiji, Jamaica, Bermuda, Maldives and Seychelles
(Sinclair, 1998). By 1994, tourism provided about 70 percent of total foreign
exchange earnings for Seychelles. Tourism became a major foreign exchange
earner for Nepal, its share in the total value of merchandise exports more than
trebled from 19 per cent in 1973-74 to about 60 percent in 1989 before
declining to 36 percent in 1992 (Shah and Gupta, 2000).
The heritage tourism in Europe is “one of the oldest
and most important generators of tourism” (Thorburn, 1986), and it retains its
central role in the European tourism industry to this day. According to the
European Union, “tourism, and especially cultural tourism in a broader sense,
deserve priority attention" as policy areas (Bernadini, 2010). Cultural
tourism has become recognized as an important agent of economic and social
change in Europe. Politicians now refer to cultural heritage as “Italdevelopment
strategies on the promotion of cultural heritage and the number of cultural
attractions is growing rapidly. Traditional cultural attractions such as
museums and galleries have to reassess their role as the pressure to generate
visitor income intensifies, and the need to compete with a new generation of
commercial tourist attractions grows. The opening up of new cultural tourism
destinations in Eastern and Central Europe will add to the growing supply of
distractions for theEuropean cultural tourist in future.
On the global stage, Europe has long enjoyed a
dominant position in international tourism and the cultural industries.
However, just as manufacturers are facing growing global competition, so Europe
can no longer be complacent about its leading position in the cultural tourism
market. Europe is losing market share in the global tourism market as a whole
(Brent-Ritchie, 2013), and it is also facing growing competition in the sphere
of cultural production and consumption.
The culture and tourism industries are now growing
fastest in those areas which used to be on the margins of global production. A
growing number of tourists are forsaking the Mediterranean beaches for the
palm-fringed delights of Asia and the Caribbean. The manufacture of CDs and
much other cultural software is now dominated by East Asia.
Heritage
tourism inAfrican context
Culture is a main ‘pull factor’ which influences
visitors’ initial decision to travel to destinations in different parts of
Africa. Researches in Cultural heritage tourism show that there is a great
variation in the level of tourism development in the 53 African countries.
Dieke (2000) contends that, the variation in the theoretical tourism
development continuum ranges from the dominant (example, most developed) to the
late entrants (example least developed). Within this spectrum of tourism
development, countries such as Kenya in the east, Mauritius and Seychelles in
the Indian Ocean, Morocco and Tunisia in
the North, South Africa and Zimbabwe in the South, and Cote d’ivoire and Senegal in the west, (the so-called African
success stories), have a well-established tourism industry. Whereas, other
countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Eritrea, Sierra Leone, Angola and Zambia, for one reason or another, have
limited tourism development, but by comparison
have considerable potential for future development.
However, even in those African countries, especially
in eastern and southern Africa, which are considered a ‘success story’, the
development of tourism is currently narrowly focused on a limited tourism
product based on wildlife safari and beach tourism. Even in those countries,
especially Senegal and Cote d’ivoire in West Africa which have developed
elements of cultural tourism, the product (usually referred to as ‘roots’
tourism) is targeted to a narrow market segment, mainly the Africa-Americans
and other Africans in the Diaspora. Thus, in most African countries, the rich and
diverse indigenous cultures (example the living heritage of the African
people), with Africa’s multiplicity of ethnic material and non-material culture
has not been developed for tourism. Nevertheless, the diverse indigenous
African cultures can be perceived as having a latent comparative advantage in
the development of cultural tourism because they possess unique cultural and
nature based attractions. According to Dieke (2000) these are the very tourist
attractions which people from major tourist generating countries are looking
for. Within this global context of
cultural tourism development, it is usually argued that with the rapid economic
growth and increasing affluence in most parts of the world, the number of
international and intra-country tourists visiting local communities and other
destinations in Africa will continue to increase in the foreseeable future.
Although the recent terrorist events in the USA may well have a detrimental
effect on global tourism in the short-term, in the longer term it is hoped that
the development of cultural tourism will continue to be a major growth sector.
At a more utopian level, political analysts argue that the development of
cultural tourism in Africa will in the long-run assist in the promotion of
cross-cultural understanding between the local host communities and tourists.
Tourism will, therefore, assist in removing existing stereotypes and
misrepresentations of indigenous African cultures. In this regard, cultural
tourism may well contribute to the promotion of international harmony and
cross-cultural understanding.
Heritage
tourism in Tanzania
Tanzania is one of the oldest known inhabited areas on
earth with fossil remains of humans and pre-human hominids dating back over two
million years. It is located in eastern Africa and covers 947,300 km². In terms
of population, there is more than 50 million people with more than 100
different ethnic groups with diverse cultures. The country has a tropical
climate with two major rainfall regions. One is uni-modal (December–April) and
the other is bimodal (October–December and March–May). Because the country lies
close to the Equator, the climate is generally hot and humid and the easterlies
winds cause rainfall in the eastern coastal region. The country is endowed with
unique and diverse natural and cultural tourist attractions. These include 16
national parks, natural and cultural world heritage sites such as the Zanzibar
Stone Town, KilwaKisiwani and SongoMnara, Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA),
the Serengeti National Park, the Kilimanjaro Mountain National Park, and many
others. While in 2006, the country received about 644,124 tourists and US$ 950
Million, in 2016, the country received 1,284,279 tourists and US$ 2,131.57 Million
(URT, 2017).
Tanzania is today greatly benefiting from cultural
heritage tourism, this isdue to the flow of tourists coming from all corners of
the planet just to see what is available then set aside for future generations,
and due to this it contributes much in the country income. (The Citizen,
Friday, 7 March 2014). In the country, the sector creates employment, generates
foreign exchange earnings and tax revenue and it supports 624,000 jobs in the
year 2010 (Mnaku, 2011). It provides jobs on the Mainland and a further 11,500
workers and 45,000 people engaged in tourist activities in Zanzibar (Tairo,
2011). In 2011, the tourism sector contributed 17.5 percent of the country’s
gross domestic product (GDP) and nearly 25% of the total export earnings, the
second foreign exchange earner after agriculture (Mnaku, 2011). This
contribution is from both natural tourism and cultural tourism. As a subsector,
cultural heritage tourism is powerful economic development because it creates
jobs, provides new business opportunities, strengthen local economies
andpreserving local traditions. In addition, it also provides an opportunity
for the tourists to see, understand and appreciate other cultures (URT, 1991).
Studies assert that, heritage attractions increase local value-added through
expanding tourist’s expenditures (entrance fees, tours, local transport and merchandising),
diversification of the tourism experience beyond wildlife, sun, sea and sand,
tourism product differentiation, as well as spreading tourism geographically
beyond the hotel and the beach. It is argued that about 70% of earnings from
tourism sector emanates from heritage tourism. Besides, heritage sites play a
major role in reflecting culturalheritage and they assist in ensuring that
people continue to be aware of their cultural identities, history and
traditions.
Cultural heritage sites are located in
different parts of the country. Although, there are many cultural heritage
sites (more than 200) inthe country, only 17 sites are being promoted. Of these,
four of them are inscribed as World Heritage Sites (WHS). The four WHS include
the Olduvai Gorge World heritage site, Ruins of KilwaKisiwani and Ruins of
SongoMnara World heritage site, Kondoa Rock Art World’ heritage site, and Stone
town of Zanzibar World heritage site. Other cultural heritage sites are Amboni
Caves, Engaruka Ruins, Caravan Serai, Ruins of Kaole, the Old Fort ofBagamoyo,
the Dr. Living stone Memorial Museum at UjijiKigoma, Ruins of Kunduchi, the
MwalimuNyerereMemorial Museum at Magomeni, Mbozi Meteorite, Dr. Living Stone
Tembe at KwiharaTabora, Ruins of Tongoni, Mkwawa Museum at Kalenga and Ismila
Stone Age Site, (Kamamba, 2012).In Mtwara region there are many heritage tourism
resources but are not be promoted like other party of Tanzania like Moshi,
Arusha and Manyara, thus why this
research it will focus on the explore the promotion of heritage
tourism at Mtwara historical site
2.0 Theoretical Literature review
According to Abend (2008), theoretical literature
review, as the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.
This study
will be guide by push and pull theory of tourism motivation.
Push and Pull theory
Push factors are defined as internal motives or forces
that cause tourists to seek activities to reduce their needs, while pull
factors are destination generated forces and the knowledge that tourists hold
about a destination (Gnoth, 1997). Most push factors are intrinsic motivators,
such as the desire for escape, rest and relaxation, prestige, health and
fitness, adventure and social interaction. Pull factors emerge due to the
attractiveness of a destination, including beaches, recreation facilities and
cultural attractions (Uysal and Jurowski, 1994). Traditionally, push factors
are considered important in initiating travel desire, while pull factors are
considered more decisive in explaining destination choice (Crompton, 1979,
Bello and Etzel, 1985).
The current
study is adopted by this theory because, Mikindani historical site her site
together with the cultural heritage resource therein act as a pull factor on
the other hand the desire for relaxation, adventure and source interaction push
people to visit the destination.
2.3
Research gaps The reviewed literature show that most of the study
conducted on tourism but they did not talk more on heritage tourism such as
Adam ( 2013) examine on performing arts
and promotion of tourism in Tanzania in Bagamoyo, Maximilian F. Chami and
Edwinus C. Lyaya (2015) assess satisfaction in cultural heritage tourism destinations
in Tanzania in Zanzibar Stone Town,
LuvangaShitundu (2003) investigate on the role of tourism in poverty alleviation
in Tanzania, Dr. Noel BisekoLwoga (2019) cultural heritage tourism and the community
in Tanzania,therefore the researcher has seen this gap. In northern party of
Tanzania the region like Arusha , Moshi,
and Manyara the heritage tourism are well developed and promoted, but in southern party of Tanzania such as Lindi and
Mtwara there are plenty
cultural heritage tourism like Kilwa historical town, beaches along the
Indian oceanandmikindani historical site ,but are note developed and well
promoted. This study is going to fill the gap
aboutthe promotion of heritage tourism onsouthern party of Tanzania by take Mtwara, to explore
the promotion of heritage tourism at Mikindani historical site
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0
Research Design
According to Creswell (2014), Research design is the
set of methods and procedures used in Collecting and analysing measures of the
variables specified in the problem of research. This study will employ both
primary and secondary data. The primary data for this study will be collected
by means of interview guider, questionnaire, andwhereas secondary data will be
obtained through the analysis of written documents like books.
3.3
Research area
This study will be conducted atMikindani historical
site found inMtwaraMikindani Municipality in Mtwara region.Geographically, Mikindani
historical site is located at Latitude 10° 15' 56.02"South and Longitude
40 ° 11' 10.88" East. Mikindani is one of the Swahili historical towns
dating back to the 9th century. Historically the town has seen
influences from Arabia, Portugal, Germany and UK.The study will be conducted in
this area because the site possessesoutstanding cultural heritage resources dating
back to the above mentioned regimes and could be developed and promoted for
tourism growth.
3.4
Population of the study
According to Mugenda (2008), Population of the study
is the entire group of individuals, objects, things or elements that share
common characteristics and may or may not be found in the same geographical
location. Therefore the populations of this study will be the host community
found at Mikindani historical town.
3.5
Sampling procedures and sample size
Sampling
Procedures
This study will use deliberate sampling to obtain
respondents for this study. They include the workers at the Old Boma Hotel and
the Antiquity officers at the Mikindani Historical site.The cultural officer of
MtwaraMikindani Municipality will also be involved in this study. These because
there high knowledge on the subject matter.
3.6
Data Collection methods
Sources of data for this study willbe both primary
data and secondary sources. Primary data are those which are collected afresh
for the first time and they happen to be original in characters include
questionnaire. Secondary data on the other hand are those that have already
been collected by someone else include documentary review (Kothari, 2004).
3.6.2
Questionnaire
The questionnaire is a list of questions given to
respondents to fill bythem. The researcher should begivena respondents a list
of questions and then returned back to the research. Both
Opened and closed questions will be set responds will
be requested to fill in the questions after reserving a clear explanation about
the purpose of the study.
3.6.4
Documentary Reviews
This is a method of data collection used to review
different documents preparedby other authors. The researcher reviewed the
documents with issues relatedto promotion of heritage tourism on Mtwara case
study of Mikindani historical site.
3.7
Data Analysis Strategies
According to Xia and Gong (2015), data analysis as the
process of inspecting, cleansing, transformation and modelling data with the
goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions and supporting
decision making. This research will employ MS Excel to get the figures, table,
frequencies and percentages in analysing quantitative data whereas the
qualitative data will be analysed by descriptive and explanatory strategy in order
to determining the promotion of heritage tourism in atMikindani historical
site.
PROMOTION OF HERITAGE
TOURISM AT MIKINDANI SITE
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR CULTURAL
HERITAGE STAKEHOLDERS AT OLD BOMA HOTEL, ANTIQUITY AND CULTURAL OFFICES AT
MIKINDANI HISTORICAL SITE
Dear
respondend, this questionnaireseeks
to obtain your valuable opinion about cultural heritage tourism at Mikindani
Historical Site. The main goal is to devise promotional strategies for heritage
tourism development at the site.
A: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
1.
Gender;Male [ ] Female [ ]
Age; 20-35[ ], 36-50[ ], 51-60[ ], 60 or above [ ]
2. How many
tourists do you reserve per year?
.................................................................................................
03. What is age
category of the tourist who visits the site?
(a) 20-30 [
]
(b) 31-40 [
]
(c) 41-50 [
]
(d) 50-60 [
]
(d)Above 60
[ ].
04. What is the county(s) of origin of the
tourist who visit MikindaniHistorical site?Put a tick
(a) Britain [ ] (f) France [ ]
(b) German [ ] (g) UK [ ]
(c) Italy [ ] (h) South Africa [ ]
(d) India [ ] (i) Any other
country………………………………………………
(e) Indonesia [ ]
05. How many tourists from Tanzania do
youreceive per year?
............................................................................................................................................................
06. What are the
strategies that could be used to promote heritage tourism at Mikindani
historical site?
(i)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii)………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(v)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(vi)………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What are the
challenges holding back the development of heritage tourism at Mikindani
Historical Site?
(i)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii)………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(v)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(vi)………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. What are
opportunities of heritage tourism to the people of MtwaraMikindani?
(i)………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii)………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(v)……………………………………………………………………………………………….
(vi)………………………………………………………………………………………………
REFERENCES
Ichumbaki (2012) . The
State, Cultural Significance and Management of Built Heritage Assets of Lindi
and Mtwara Regions, Tanzania. Unpublished MA (Archaeology) Dissertation,
University of Dar es Salaam.
Ichumbaki, (2011). Tanzania’s
Maritime and Underwater Cultural Heritage Assets: Strategies towards
Sustainable Conservation and Management. Paper presented during the Asia-
Pacific Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference in Manila
Ichumbaki, E.B.: 2009. Improving Collaboration in World Heritage: The Case of Ruins of
KilwaKisiwani and Ruins of Songomnara in Tanzania and
Kothari .C (2003), Research
Methodology: Method and Techniques,(2nd End) New Age International
Publishers, New Delhi.
Ndunguru, P.(2007), Lecture on Research Methodology for social science Research Information
and Publications Department, Mzumbe University
UNESCO Magazine (2010)
Dar es Salaam, UNESCO National
Commission, United Republic of Tanzania.
United Nations World Tourism Organization [UNWTO].
2010. Tourism Highlights, 2010 Edition, UNWTO.
United Republic of Tanzania (2002).Tourism Statistical Bulletin, Dar es
Salaam: Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism.
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